Parental Type Research Articles

Steatotic Liver Disease in Pediatric Obesity and Increased Risk for Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes.

To assess 1) the association between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in pediatric obesity and youth-onset type 2 diabetes, 2) the joint effect of MASLD and intermediate hyperglycemia on type 2 diabetes risk, and 3) the effect of obesity treatment on type 2 diabetes risk. A cohort study using the Swedish Childhood Obesity Treatment Register (Barnobesitas Registret i Sverige [BORIS]) (1999-2020) linked with national registers was conducted. We included 10,346 children with overweight or obesity and 59,336 matched control individuals. MASLD was defined by transaminases and diagnosis code, separately. Type 2 diabetes was ascertained from national registers. In the obesity cohort, median age at type 2 diabetes diagnosis was 16.9 (quartile 1 [Q1], quartile 3 [Q3]: 14.7, 21.4) years, median follow-up was 8.1 (Q1, Q3: 5.1, 11.7) years. Cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes at age 30 was 22.7% (obesity and MASLD), 9.9% (obesity alone), and 0.7% (control individuals). MASLD was associated with risk for type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 2.71 [95% CI 2.14-3.43]), independently of age, sex, degree of obesity, intermediate hyperglycemia, and parental type 2 diabetes. Joint effect of MASLD and intermediate hyperglycemia increased type 2 diabetes risk (HR 9.04 [6.38-12.79]). Optimal response in obesity treatment reduced the risk (HR 0.23 [0.09-0.57]). MASLD, defined by transaminases or diagnosis code, in pediatric obesity is associated with increased risk for youth-onset type 2 diabetes. MASLD interacts synergistically with intermediate hyperglycemia to dramatically increase the risk. Optimal response in obesity treatment reduces type 2 diabetes risk, despite MASLD.

ANALISIS PENGARUH POLA ASUH ORANG TUA TERHADAP PERILAKU SOSIAL ANAK DI SEKOLAH DASAR

The process of life begins with the family, and the process is different in every family. In general, a child's personality is a reflection of the family. Having a good personality requires a long process, and requires good cooperation between members. A good personality usually starts from good habits from an early age that start from parental parenting, and along with the passage of time, good habits will become a character and become part of a child's personality. The growth of a child's character is determined by the assistance of parents through the parenting style that is given every day in their lives. The better the parenting style, the better the social growth of a child. The purpose of this study is to see how the parenting style of children and how the parenting pattern affects the social behavior of children. This research method is a quantitative type of survey. The results were found through questionnaire data on the type of parenting and children's social behavior. The type of parental parenting that is dominant in children is permissive parenting, which tends to give freedom to children.

How carbon sources drive cellulose synthesis in two Komagataeibacter xylinus strains

Bacterial cellulose synthesis from defined media and waste products has attracted increasing interest in the circular economy context for sustainable productions. In this study, a glucose dehydrogenase-deficient Δgdh K2G30 strain of Komagataeibacter xylinus was obtained from the parental wild type through homologous recombination. Both strains were grown in defined substrates and cheese whey as an agri-food waste to assess the effect of gene silencing on bacterial cellulose synthesis and carbon source metabolism. Wild type K2G30 boasted higher bacterial cellulose yields when grown in ethanol-based medium and cheese whey, although showing an overall higher d-gluconic acid synthesis. Conversely, the mutant Δgdh strain preferred d-fructose, d-mannitol, and glycerol to boost bacterial cellulose production, while displaying higher substrate consumption rates and a lower d-gluconic acid synthesis. This study provides an in-depth investigation of two K. xylinus strains, unravelling their suitability for scale-up BC production.

Studi Deskriptif Gambaran Pola Asuh Pada Pelaku Pedophilia

Sexual violence is a phenomenon that often occurs in the world and in Indonesia. Data showed that victims of sexual crimes are dominated by the 13-17 age group, while perpetrators are dominated by the 25-44 age group. In this case, adults who commit sexual crimes against children are called pedophiles. This study aims to determine the type of parenting that is most highly applied to pedophilia perpetrators. This research uses descriptive quantitative methods. The research was conducted on inmates of correctional institutions with child protection cases. The results showed that the subjects in this study received permissive and authoritarian parenting types in the high category, while democratic parenting was in the low category. It can be concluded that permissive and authoritarian parenting are the types of parenting most often applied to pedophilia offenders.

Positive or Negative and General or Differentiated Effect? Correlation between Parental Involvement and Student Achievement

Parents can have a significant impact on student progress, but it is unclear whether generally influential forms of parental involvement can be identified or if they have a differential impact. Our research focuses on the impact of different forms of parental involvement (at-home and in-school involvement) on primary and high school students’ academic performance, and we also examine the differences between low- and high-status families. Our quantitative research analyzed data from all students that were in Grade 6 and Grade 10 in Hungary in 2019, and we conducted analysis using the Hungarian National Competency Assessment database (n = 183.366). We examined how parental involvement affects children’s mathematics and reading achievements. The results of our research were as follows: (1) Parental involvement type impacts student achievement. Home-based PI has a negative effect, while teacher–parent conferences and discussing school events have a positive effect. (2) The link between parental involvement and student achievement is weaker for higher-status families compared to lower-status families. Based on our results, the generalizability of the positive impact of parental involvement can be questioned because not all forms of it have a favorable effect on student achievement.

Associations of family socioeconomic indicators and physical activity of primary school-aged children: a systematic review

BackgroundFamily socioeconomic indicators (education, occupation, and household income) are key determinants influencing children’s physical activity (PA). This study aims to systematically review the current research about the association between family socioeconomic indicators and PA among primary school-aged children and to quantify the distribution of reported associations by childs’ and parents’ sex and according to analysis and assessment methods.MethodsA systematic literature research in multiple scientific databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SPORTDiscus and ERIC) was performed for literature published between 1st January 2010 and 31st March 2022. Only studies reporting statistical associations between an SES indicator of at least one parent (education, occupation, income, or an SES index) and different types and intensities of PA in primary school-aged children (6 to 12 years) were included in the analysis. The distributions of the reported associations were evaluated across and differentiated by sub-group analysis of assessment methods (objectively measured vs. self-reported PA) and analysis methods (univariate vs. multivariate models).ResultsOverall, 93 studies reported in 77 publications were included in this review. Most of the studies were conducted in Europe and used self-reports (questionnaires) to assess PA. Most studies used only a single SES indicator (commonly maternal education), and only two studies calculated an SES index. The majority of the studies focused on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), total physical activity (TPA), and organized physical activity (OPA). Results showed predominantly positive associations between SES indicators and OPA. In contrast, results regarding different intensities of daily PA (TPA, LPA, MPA, MVPA, VPA, LTPA) were heterogeneous, with overwhelmingly no associations.ConclusionOverall, the results expand the knowledge about the association between family socioeconomic indicators and children’s PA and disprove the hypothesis of a clear positive association. However, large multicenter studies are lacking using a real SES index as a predictor and analyzing gender-specific multivariate models.

Parental vaccine hesitancy and influenza vaccine type preferences during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic

BackgroundSeasonal influenza vaccine (SIV) greatly reduces disease burden among school-aged children, yet parental vaccine hesitancy remains a persistent challenge. Two types of SIV are available for children in Hong Kong and other locations: inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV), administered through intramuscular injection, and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), administered via nasal spray. We aimed to understand how vaccine hesitancy shaped parental preference for LAIV versus IIV, particularly amidst important public health events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the massive rollout of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns.MethodsWe employed a concurrent mixed-methods design. The quantitative part involves longitudinal surveys spanning three years, from pre-pandemic to post-pandemic periods, tracking parental vaccine hesitancy and preference for SIV types. The qualitative part involves 48 in-depth interviews, providing insights into parental preference for SIV types, underlying reasons, and related values.ResultsOur quantitative analyses show an overall increase in parental vaccine hesitancy and preference for LAIV over IIV after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and especially after the rollout of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign. Further logistic regression modelling based on the cohort data shows that higher vaccine hesitancy, coupled with the COVID-19 vaccination campaign rollout, predicts a greater preference for LAIV over IIV. The qualitative analysis complements these results, highlighting that LAIV’s non-invasive nature aligns with parental values of prioritizing natural immunity and concerns about overmedication, leading to a more acceptable attitude towards LAIV.ConclusionsLeveraging the higher acceptability of LAIV compared to IIV among parents with high vaccine hesitancy could promote childhood vaccination uptake.

Unmasking Orphan Students' Deep Psychological Defeat

General Background: Psychological defeat significantly impacts individuals' emotional well-being, particularly in vulnerable populations such as orphan students. Existing research often overlooks the nuanced experiences of orphans in secondary education. Specific Background: Orphanhood, encompassing the loss of one or both parents, creates unique psychological challenges that can affect students' emotional and academic performance. This study addresses the gap in understanding how these challenges manifest among orphan students in secondary schools. Knowledge Gap: Despite acknowledging the emotional difficulties faced by orphans, limited research has specifically explored psychological defeat among this group, particularly concerning the impact of parental loss and gender differences. Aims: This research aims to identify and measure the degree of psychological defeat among orphan students in secondary schools in Basra Governorate. The study also seeks to determine if psychological defeat varies by the type of parental loss and gender. Results: The study found that orphan students experience a high level of psychological defeat, with no significant gender differences observed. However, significant variations in psychological defeat were identified based on the type of parental loss (father, mother, or both). Novelty: This research introduces a newly developed scale for measuring psychological defeat tailored to the context of orphan students, filling a critical gap in existing literature. Implications: The findings underscore the need for targeted psychological support and interventions for orphan students, considering the type of parental loss. Recommendations include developing tailored counseling programs and support mechanisms to address the specific needs of these students and mitigate their psychological defeat. Highlights: High psychological defeat in orphan students, regardless of gender. Variations by parental loss type, significant differences found. New scale developed for measuring psychological defeat in orphans. Keywords: Psychological defeat, orphan students, secondary education, parental loss, emotional well-being

The multifaceted nature of early vocabulary development: Connecting children's characteristics with parental input types

The multifaceted nature of early vocabulary development: Connecting children's characteristics with parental input types

Maternal psychopathology is differentially associated with adolescent offspring neural response to reward given offspring ADHD risk

Reinforcement sensitivity is a hypothesized attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) intermediate phenotype but its role in transgenerational transmission of ADHD-linked psychopathology risk is largely unknown. We examined, in a carefully phenotyped, N = 123 sample of adolescents (Mage = 15.27 years, SD = 0.984; 61.78% boys), whether (1) parental psychopathology is differentially associated with fMRI-indexed neural response to reward receipt and (2) both maternal and paternal psychopathology are associated with neural response to reward; across adolescents at-risk for and not at-risk for ADHD. Indices of parental psychopathology were differentially associated with adolescent offspring neural response to reward such that across measures, parental psychopathology was negatively or not associated with offspring superior frontal gyrus (SFG) response to reward receipt in adolescents at-risk for ADHD, but parental psychopathology was positively associated with offspring SFG response in adolescents not at-risk. Further, across measures, greater maternal psychopathology was associated with blunted adolescent SFG response to reward in adolescents at-risk for ADHD whereas greater maternal externalizing problems were linked to enhanced adolescent SFG response in adolescents not at-risk. Across measures, paternal psychopathology was not associated with adolescent response to reward, in either group. ADHD risk confers differential reward-related susceptibility to the effects of parental psychopathology. Results also show this association is nonspecific in terms of parental psychopathology type but is specific to maternal psychopathology.

Associations between paternal autism traits and parenting from the Japan environment and children’s study

There are few studies on the parenting of fathers with autism traits. To investigate this issue, we examined the type of parenting performed by fathers with autism traits using data from a nationwide birth cohort study, the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Paternal parenting was evaluated by mothers or caregivers when the child was 2 years old. Father’s autism traits were measured using the Japanese version of the self-administered Autism Spectrum Quotient. Logistic regression analysis was performed to statistically analyze the data. Fathers with autism traits were significantly less likely to prepare meals for their child and helping them eat (adjusted OR (aOR): 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.23), to helping the child change clothes (aOR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.04–1.31). However, there were no associations between some parenting behaviors and autism traits (not changing diapers, not bathing with the child, and not playing with the child). Father’s communication skill difficulties by autism traits associated with a lower tendency to perform all types of parenting. Interestingly, there were association between difficulties with social skills or attention-switching and more performing change diapers. These results indicate it is important to respect the child-rearing that fathers with autistic tendencies are able to do, while supporting them in child-rearing that they are significantly less able to do than fathers without autistic tendencies.

The Impact of Using Collaborative Learning Platforms on Increasing Student Creativity

One of the student-centred learning (SCL) methods is collaborative learning. In collaborative learning, students are required to actively participate in learning together or in groups. And collaborative learning is also based on the needs of students to improve the quality of learning. This research is conducted to find out how the use of collaborative learning platforms can help students become more creative in collaborative activities. By understanding the different types of collaborative learning platforms, teachers and parents are able to incorporate the role of technology in students' learning process. In conducting this research, researchers used quantitative methods in the implementation of the research. The data obtained by researchers was obtained through distributing questionnaires presented by researchers through a goggle from application. The distribution of this questionnaire was carried out by researchers online, which then the results of the acquisition of the distribution of this questionnaire will be processed using an SPSS application. From this research, the researcher can conclude that the impact of using a collaborative learning platform on increasing student creativity shows positive results. With the use of collaborative learning platform, it can visualise abstract and complex concepts, opening opportunities for students to develop their imagination and creativity through rich visual exposure. Based on the results of this study, it shows that collaborative learning platform can enhance students' creativity as it allows students to interact more actively and interactively during the learning process. In addition, rich visual exposure enables better understanding and enhances students' creativity and imagination.

Typologising the corporatisation of parent roles in the ‘modern’ governance of Multi-Academy Trusts (MATs) in subordinated communities

ABSTRACT This article develops and explores a typology illuminating the types of parent roles in the governance of Multi-Academy Trusts in the corporatised field of school governance and leadership. Policy has positioned parents as objects of managerialist and corporatised practice. This article draws on data generated through observations and interviews with corporate actors and parents from three multi-academy trusts. Such a typology seeks to describe and illuminate how policy and practice entanglements have constructed parent role types as supporters, providers, monitors, local civic knowledge experts, mediators and partners. Thinking with Bourdieu’s concepts of field and capital, I explore how these types support the governance of trusts in the delivery of public accountabilities and management of risk. I make two contributions. Firstly, I provide a typology that can be used to describe and illuminate parent role types constructed in a corporatised field. Secondly, by exploring the typology through the corporatised practices of accountability and risk management, parents are revealed as enablers and products of corporate activity, with role types positioned hierarchically in the field, in dominated positions. This study challenges the homogenisation of the consumer parent relationship with governance as these types are constructed as products and enablers in corporate activity.

Who cares? Elucidating parental care evolution in extant birds.

Extant birds stand out among vertebrates in the diversity of parental care types they present, spanning absence of care to uniparental care by either sex, biparental care, or even cooperative care. Despite years of research, key questions remain regarding parental care evolution in birds. Firstly, the parental care type in the most recent ancestor of extant birds is a matter of controversy, with proposed ancestral states including no care, uniparental male or female care, and biparental care. Another unsolved question is the direction, order, and frequency of transitions between parental care types. We address these key questions using a database of 5,438 bird species (~50% of extant diversity) and modern phylogenetic comparative methods controlling simultaneously for model and phylogenetic uncertainty as well as potential confounding effects of state-dependent diversification. Our results indicate that the most likely ancestral state for extant birds is male-only care, with a posterior probability of 0.8. Transition rates across parental care types were generally low and heterogeneous; loss of parental care virtually never occurs and transitions away from female-only or cooperative care most often lead to biparental care. Given the low transition rates, future research should analyze the factors favoring the maintenance of care types.

The Relationship Between the Type of Parent's Work Towards the Occurrence of Speech Delay at the Grahahusada Gresik Hospital

ABSTRACT The child's ability to communicate begins with the social reactions that the child shows by responding to the presence of others. This study aims to determine which parental role variables are associated with the incidence of speech delay in children with special needs at Grahahusada Gresik Hospital. Analytical observational research with cross sectional approach. The population in the study was all children with special needs who were examined at the children's poly with complaints of delays in work. The variables studied in the study are; individual characteristics of children, Child Age Group, Caregivers and incidence of speech delay. Techniques in sampling with total sampling techniques and analyzed using the Chi Square test. It is known that the children in the study were dominated by male gender 71.8% with the age group of toddlers 83.3% and most of the children were cared for by their own biological mothers as much as 62.8%. known the results of the Chi Square test p-Value variable gender of children 0.073, age category of children 0.004, and Caregivers 0.108. Child age category is associated with the incidence of speech delay in children with special needs at Grahahusada Gresik Hospital. Keywords: Speech Delay, Children with Special Needs, Parents

Family resilience in a social-ecological context - emotional difficulties and coping strategies.

This research explored how crises such as the pandemic influence the family dynamic and the way that the parents and the children face new difficulties and challenges. The present study investigates children's and young people's emotional states, the dimensions of family resilience, and the types of coping strategies and parents' emotional states during the coronavirus pandemic. The final sample for the research was represented by 1,010 parents from Romania. The present scientific research is a transversal study with the scope to understand the emotional difficulties that parents and children/ young people face and the coping strategies that they adopt in a crisis, such as the time of the coronavirus pandemic. Parents with maladaptive coping strategies are more affected by the pandemic. Also, the results indicate that there is a significant correlation between parental coping strategies and the children's emotional states, and the adaptability level. Therefore, the high scores on the subscales which measure maladaptive coping indicate high scores of the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress of the parents. Family resilience, through the dimension of 'communication and problem-solving in the family' has a moderation role in the relationship between parental depression and the maladaptive coping strategy of rumination. Family resilience through 'maintaining a positive attitude' has a moderation role in the relationship between catastrophizing and the teenagers' level of adaptability. The results of the study pointed out the role and place of family resilience within the family system and how a period of crisis can affect this system.

Investigating the Impact of Parental Involvement on Student Academic Achievement

Parental involvement is considered as one of the most influencing factors of a child's academic success. Like primary caregiver’s parents shape child’s attitude, behavior and success at school. Parental involvement not only affects academic achievement , but also personal development too. Our research reveals that parental involvement contributes to a child's social interaction, overall well-being, self-esteem and intellectual development. Many scholars have found that a good connection of parent’s influence makes a positive outcome of a child’s behavior, regular attendance, and academic achievement. However, there is still a gap on how to find appropriate strategies and forms of parental engagement. The research purpose tries to examine the connection of different parental engagement types as school events, conferences, meetings, involvement in homework. The research concludes with the main findings and discussion that shows how parental involvement helps to achieve student’s success.

Shared Book-Reading Amongst Parents of Autistic and Non-Autistic Children

ABSTRACT Shared book-reading (SBR) is a commonplace interaction in the home, yet for families with autistic children, little is known about the types of books parents read with their children, their frequency of reading these books, or how this routine relates to those in families with non-autistic children. This study thus compared the frequency of SBR amongst parents of autistic/non-autistic children, focusing on various book genres (narrative, informational, alphabet, wordless). We also took parents’ variables (age, education, self-efficacy) into consideration. Participants were 216 parents (183 mothers, 33 fathers): 74 with autistic children (Mage = 6.56, SD = 1.33), and 142 without an autism diagnosis (Mage = 4.79, SD = 1.30). Parents of autistic children read wordless picturebooks, narratives, and alphabet books significantly more frequently with their children than those without autism, with no significant differences in terms of overall frequency of SBR. Understanding how these variables relate and interact can facilitate the creation of programmes that more effectively support families’ promotion of children’s literacy development, especially children with autism.

The Conceptual Metaphor PARENTS ARE ANIMALS: On Linguistic Terms Used Figuratively for Types of Parenting

The aim of this paper is to provide an analysis of English animal-related terms used figuratively with reference to types of parenting. To be more precise, we make an attempt to investigate the scope of the conceptual metaphor PARENTS ARE ANIMALS. What ignited our interest was the ubiquity of linguistic metaphors featuring animal terms employed with reference to types of parenting present in everyday language, thus we have decided to delve into what types of animals are typical source domains in metaphors of this type. The methodology adopted is the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, originally proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and further developed in numerous subsequent publications, especially those by Kövecses (2003, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2017a, 2017b). Our results are supported by evidence from the online Corpus of Contemporary American English and News on the Web Corpus, which may be said to corroborate not only the conceptual nature of metaphors as such, but also their impact on social cognition.

Major cardiovascular events and death in parents of children with type 1 diabetes: a register-based matched cohort study in Sweden

Aims/hypothesisParenting a child with type 1 diabetes has been associated with stress-related symptoms. This study aimed to elucidate the potential impact on parental risk of major cardiovascular events (MCE) and death.MethodsIn this register-based study, we included the parents of 18,871 children, born 1987–2020 and diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in Sweden at <18 years. The median parental age at the child's diagnosis was 39.0 and 41.0 years for mothers and fathers, respectively. The cohort also encompassed 714,970 population-based matched parental control participants and 12,497 parental siblings. Cox proportional hazard regression models were employed to investigate the associations between having a child with type 1 diabetes and incident MCE and all-cause death, and, as secondary outcomes, acute coronary syndrome and ischaemic heart disease (IHD). We adjusted for potential confounders including parental type 1 diabetes and country of birth.ResultsDuring follow-up (median 12 years, range 0–35), we detected no associations between parenting a child with type 1 diabetes and MCE in mothers (adjusted HR [aHR] 1.02; 95% CI 0.90, 1.15) or in fathers (aHR 1.01; 95% CI 0.94, 1.08). We noted an increased hazard of IHD in exposed mothers (aHR 1.21; 95% CI 1.05, 1.41) with no corresponding signal in fathers (aHR 0.97; 95% CI 0.89, 1.05). Parental sibling analysis did not confirm the association in exposed mothers (aHR 1.01; 95% CI 0.73, 1.41). We further observed a slightly increased hazard of all-cause death in exposed fathers (aHR 1.09; 95% CI 1.01, 1.18), with a similar but non-significant estimate noted in exposed mothers (aHR 1.07; 95% CI 0.96, 1.20). The estimates from the sibling analyses of all-cause death in fathers and mothers were 1.12 (95% CI 0.90, 1.38) and 0.73 (95% CI 0.55, 0.96), respectively.Conclusions/interpretationHaving a child diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in Sweden was not associated with MCE, but possibly with all-cause mortality. Further studies are needed to disentangle potential underlying mechanisms, and to investigate parental health outcomes across the full lifespan.Graphical