Types Of Paints Research Articles

Multivariate optimization of microwave-assisted digestion methods for Cu and Sn determination in antifouling paints using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

Antifouling paints containing Cu, Zn, organotins, and many organic booster biocides may be found in ships and watercraft hulls to avoid the fouling of marine organisms. This type of paint can be harmful to the environment, therefore, the monitoring of toxic elements and compounds in antifouling paints are of great importance to access its quality and potential toxicity to the environment. Hence, this work describes the development of microwave-assisted digestion methods for the determination of Cu and Sn in antifouling paints by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The factors: sample mass and solutions of HNO3, HF, and HCl were optimized using the central composite design (CCD). Dry ashing with a muffle furnace and laser ablation-ICP-MS were used for methodological comparison with the microwave digestion-assisted ICP-OES methods. All the mixtures of acids allowed efficient extraction of the analytes; however, the one that stood out was the use of HF, HNO3, and H2O2.

Combustion Toxicity of Fire Retardant Paint Based on the Fire Toxicity Index

Combustion products generated from combustible materials during a fire can cause harm to evacuating occupants in a building. To reduce the negative effects caused by combustion products, fire retardant paint should be applied on combustible materials in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations. Although fire retardant paint is an effective inhibitor of combustion, there have been concerns regarding the harmful effects of the chemicals in the paint such as phosphorus and boron. Therefore, in this study, combustion experiments and quantitative analyses were conducted using three types of fire retardant paint to predict the hazards of combustion and obtain basic data from analytical techniques such as cone calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. As a result, it was confirmed that these techniques can be used to obtain basic data for fire risk assessment and for determining the LC50 of three kinds of fire retardant paint.

Helping wildlife beat the heat: Testing strategies to improve the thermal performance of nest boxes

ABSTRACT Nest boxes are often deployed in an attempt to offset the loss of natural tree hollows following landscape disturbance (e.g., land clearing, logging and wildfire). However, nest boxes can experience more variable and extreme microclimates than natural hollows, which could harm animals that use them. In this study, we tested the thermal performance of candidate nest box designs prior to their deployment for greater gliders (Petauroides volans) in forests impacted by the 2019–2020 bushfires. The tests were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions to investigate the thermal response of different designs to radiant heat and changes in ambient temperature. We examined how paint type (i.e., no paint, white exterior paint, and reflective white paint), insulation thickness (0 mm, 20 mm, and 40 mm Foilboard), and insulation amount (i.e., number of sides insulated) influenced the internal temperature profiles of these nest boxes. We found that nest boxes with the reflective white paint had the lowest temperatures on the inside wall closest to the radiant heat source, but internal nest box air temperature did not differ among paint treatments. Similarly, the internal wall closest to the radiant heat source was cooler in nest boxes with thicker compared to thinner insulation, but there was no difference in internal air temperature between the two thicknesses. Both 20 mm and 40 mm Foilboard insulation resulted in significantly cooler air temperatures and internal wood panel temperatures compared to nest boxes without insulation. Fully insulated nest boxes and those with three of the four sides insulated exhibited less temperature variability and remained cooler than the less-insulated nest boxes. Temperatures inside nest boxes with more than one side insulated took longer to increase and decrease in a convective heat chamber, but importantly, never reached the heat extremes (> 40°C) of less insulated nest boxes. Fully insulated nest boxes also maintained heat longer than any other nest box type in a cold room. Understanding how different construction materials influence nest box temperature profiles and identifying designs that minimise thermoregulatory costs for animals is important for the safe implementation of nest box programs.

The Art Collector in Early Modern Italy: Andrea Odoni and his Venetian palace

Monika Schmitter’s book takes as its focus the art collector Andrea Odoni, exploring in depth his palace and its decorations, the types of objects and paintings on display, and the famous portrait painting of Odoni by Lorenzo Lotto. Rich in primary sources and well illustrated, Schmitter’s study links extant works (or similar ones) to descriptions of Odoni’s palace and the inventory of its contents. As the first monograph on Odoni, it takes a fairly straightforward and traditional biographical approach, but it is invaluable in its coverage of the uniqueness of the surviving records and works: it provides a whole picture of a collector, the architectural spaces of his palace, and the range of materials and works of art on display. The book is divided into seven chapters, the first two of which explore Odoni’s identity in terms of Venice’s social constitution, and Odoni as immigrant and cittadino. The discussion of the social structure of Venice revisits common ground, but Odoni’s placement within that structure is important in showing how unconventional his collection might have been for a non-noble, and certainly paves the way for more studies that move beyond the elite circles of Venice. The numerous references to Odoni as an immigrant are accurate, but his characterization would have been strengthened by situating him within the larger immigrant community: he came from a Lombard family and thus from a comparatively familiar peninsular setting. No answer is offered to the important question of how Odoni’s identity as a migrant from within the Italian peninsula compares with that of others who might have come from further afield to a global city such as Venice.

FORMATION OF POWDER COATING PROPERTIES IN THE SYSTEM "FILM-FORMING ‒ CROSS-LINKING AGENT"

The results of the influence of film formers of different types on the formation of the properties of powder paints and coatings based on them was showed. Powder coating are one of the most promising types of paints and varnishes for industrial use. Their main advantages are the absence of solvents, virtually waste-free coating technology (the degree of utilization of the powder in the application is close to 100 %), relative simplicity and efficiency in the production process of the coating. As a result of study it has been revealed that the use of powder coating systems of different chemical nature provides higher physical and mechanical characteristics of coatings in comparison with traditional systems based on liquid acrylic resin, which in its turn allows to consider such systems as an alternative for protection of construction metal products and structures against the mechanical influences. At the same time, it has been shown that a change in the film former and crosslinking agent in the composition of powder systems differently influences the formation of powder coating properties depending on the type of the film former and its characteristics (viscosity, glass transition temperature) as well as the type of the crosslinking agent. The use of systems "polyester film forming – TGIC", "polyester film forming – НАА" provide high physical and mechanical properties of coatings without deterioration of technological properties of systems, when using film forming with dynamic Brookfield viscosity values within 30oC). In turn, the decrease of the glass transition temperature index and the increase of the resin viscosity index negatively affect the formation of the technological properties of the powder systems and, accordingly, the physical and mechanical characteristics of the coating.

The Effect of Grooming on Five Commercial Antifouling Coatings

The majority of ships are coated with antifouling paint. These coatings can fail to completely protect from fouling due to mismatches between paint type and duty cycle, the presence of biocide tolerant fouling organisms, improperly applied, old or damaged paint, etc. Grooming antifouling coatings can provide a solution. Five commercially available antifouling coatings were applied to panels. Half of the replicates were groomed weekly, the other half were immersed and allowed to freely foul, undisturbed. Photographs were taken and panels were visually assessed monthly. Over the period of two years, all the undisturbed panels became fouled with a diverse community of macrofouling organisms including encrusting and arborescent bryozoans, barnacles, tube worms, oysters, tunicates and more. The groomed panels remained clean of macrofouling for an extended period of time, up to two years depending on the coating. Cover of biofilm was also low on groomed panels. Grooming was effective at maintaining different antifouling paints clear of macrofouling and decreasing cover of biofilms for up to two years of immersion.

Degradasi Lapisan Cat Pelindung Korosi Pada Plat Lambung Kapal Terhadap Aliran Air Laut, Air Tawar, dan Air Payau

Indonesia is a country consisting of islands and oceans. The existence of ships as a means of sea transportation plays an important role in connecting between regions separated by the ocean in human distribution and logistics needs. Part of the ships that often suffers damage due to operational and corrosive environments is the hull. One of the protections for the hull is paint coating. As a protector on the ship the paint layer is thinning due to friction with water media which can cause damage to the paint layer and reduce the protection function of the ship's hull plate from corrosion. This study aims to determine the effect of the flow of seawater, fresh water and brackish water on the hull paint. This research uses an experimental method, with the experimental variables were three types of paint which are applied to the steel plate remaining from the ship's hull installation. In this study, a comparison of the paint layer was calculated before and after the specimen placement process on water variable media for 7 days with a constant flow rate. The results of this study indicate that seawater media has the highest level of depletion in the hull paint layer.

The Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Art Teaching Taking Architectural Painting as an Example.

In the current era of technology, artificial intelligence has grown rapidly in such a way that it has established its presence in all fields. The purpose of artificial intelligence is to reduce human intervention and complete tasks with an enhanced result. In this research, we are going to study the application of artificial intelligence technology in art teaching, taking architectural painting as an example. Architectural painting is a type of painting that focuses only on architecture, including indoor and outdoor views of the buildings. In earlier stages, architecture was shown only in the background of paintings that had different objects as the main subject. Later, architecture itself became a mainstream genre in the field of painting. As has been shown by other researchers, the latest technologies such as Internet technology, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and artificial intelligence like deep learning technologies are deployed in art teaching. Artificial intelligence has made teaching easier. This proposed system makes use of Internet technology, WSNs, artificial intelligence, and lightweight deep learning models in the field of art teaching. The teaching method is enhanced by adapting to this new technology. For performing the analysis of the proposed system, the Limited Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (L-BFGS) art algorithm is implemented. This L-BFGS algorithm focuses on finding the local minima in any given application. In this art teaching of architectural painting, the proposed algorithm will aid in explaining the minute works to be noted while doing the artwork. The proposed algorithm is then compared with the traditional Gradient Descent, Adam, and Adadelta algorithms. From the results, it can be observed that the proposed algorithm has achieved accuracy of 97% and 98% in the training and testing phases, respectively.

FORMATION OF PRESCHOOLERS’ AWARENESS OF UKRAINIAN PYSANKA PAINTING REGIONAL FEATURES

The article characterizes the Ukrainian pysanka (Easter egg) painting as a kind of decorative and applied art and highlights its regional features of Dnieper Ukraine and Sloboda Ukraine. Classification of various types of painting, coloring, and ornamentation of Easter eggs is carried out. The focus is on the educational impact of pysanka painting on preschoolers’ personality formation, their cognitive processes development, and their knowledge and life experience enrichment. Criteria (the cognitive one, the ethnographic and regional one, and the productive and creative one), indicators, and levels (low, average, high) of preschool children’s awareness of regional features of Ukrainian Easter egg painting are defined. The developed authors’ method of acquaintance children with Ukrainian pysanka painting is presented. Forms and methods of preschoolers’ awareness of the regional features of pysanka painting formation are specified, and their efficiency is proved.

Measuring the originality of intellectual property assets based on estimated inter-asset distances

Originality criteria are frequently used to assess the validity of intellectual property (IP) rights such as copyright and design rights. However, the concept of originality is not universally nor unambiguously defined in the IP arena. In this work, the originality of an asset is formulated as a function of the distances between this asset and its comparands, using concepts of maximum entropy and surprisal analysis. A simple and suitably bounded formula is obtained, in which the originality of an asset writes as a ratio of two average distances: the harmonic mean of the distances from this asset to its comparands divided by the harmonic mean of the distances between the sole comparands. Accordingly, the originality of objects such as IP assets can be simply estimated based on distances computed thanks to machine learning extraction techniques or other distance computation algorithms. Application is made to various types of IP assets, including emojis, mobile phones, typeface designs, paintings, and novel titles. The results obtained illustrate how automatic originality assessments can be used to gather additional facts, which may be taken into consideration by IP professionals when assessing the validity of IP rights such as copyrighted works and design rights.

In situ investigation of synchrotron radiation damage effect of ancient paintings by time‐resolved ED‐XAS and IR combined techniques

AbstractAdvanced synchrotron radiation light is a powerful tool for archaeometry research. However, its applications to precious cultural relics, especially for color painting, have been hindered to some degree due to potential X‐ray radiation damage. Compared to inorganic mineral pigments, organic binders in the painting are easier to be damaged by synchrotron radiation X‐ray beam. The radiation damage effect of two typical painting samples, pure rabbit skin glue and the mixed sample of rabbit skin glue and zinc white, has been investigated by in situ time‐resolved ED‐XAS and IR combined techniques. The results show that the radiation damage effect of pure rabbit skin glue is more serious at low X‐ray energy (7775 eV). The radiation damage effect of the mixed sample increases significantly due to more X‐ray absorption by inorganic pigments. Furthermore, the radiation damage is more serious at the energy near Zn K‐edge and is somewhat slight at higher energy (13,054 eV). These damages are more obvious from the point of view of protein secondary structures. The irradiation damage effects increase more rapidly at the beginning and are not linear with the irradiating time. The results indicate that synchrotron radiation damage can be reduced effectively by using X‐ray energy far away from the X‐ray absorption edge of the major element in the pigments during XRF, XRD and CT experiments, or by using time‐resolved techniques such as QXAFS and ED‐XAS during XAFS experiments.

Thermal performance of building prototype with different cool roof structures in composite climate

ABSTRACT In the domestic sector, buildings contribute to about 55% of the total energy consumption for space heating and cooling. In this study, an experiment was carried out using a square shape building prototype made up of laminated plywood with Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) roof. Surface treatment of four types of reflective paints was applied on the RCC roof slab. Their performance was monitored in the summer season (April and May). Based on the peak temperature of interior and exterior roof layers, several important parameters, such as temperature, indoor thermal amplitude, time lag, decrement factor, thermal damping, thermal performance index, peak degree hours and thermal performance of each roof slab, were analysed. The application of cool roofs (CR-1, CR-2, CR-3, and CR-4) shows a significant reduction in indoor temperature (2.1°C–3.2°C), and indoor thermal amplitude (16.10%–27.94%) compared to a standard RCC roof. The drops in peak temperature of exterior and interior roof layers were 4.8°C–6.8°C and 3.9°C–6.3°C, respectively. A significant improvement was achieved in time lag and decrement factor (3–4 h more than the reinforced concrete roof), with energy savings varying from 10.58% to 13.73%.

A Comparison of Watercolor Painting and Boneless Painting: From Technique to Connotation

Watercolor painting is a western painting method, which is concerned with the relationships of light and shadow as well as brightness and darkness. Chinese painting includes brush painting and ink painting; there is a special painting method that is known as “boneless painting.” This technique involves painting directly with color without outlining, and it is between brush painting and freehand brushwork. Both, boneless painting and watercolor painting are rich in color expression, and their techniques have many similarities in expressing the relationship between man and nature as well as the inner feelings of the painter. Watercolor painting was introduced to China from the West at the end of the 19th century, and it soon became a popular type of painting. The technique of brush painting in boneless painting has a history of several thousand years, from the Warring States period to the Song Dynasty. It pursues the shape of modeling and focuses on realism. Boneless painting, on the other hand, is mainly concerned with flowers and birds, between brush painting and painting with a sense of style, without outlining, directly painting flowers and leaves with colors or ink. They are both painted with brushes on paper, and they use water as a medium to mix pigments. The wet and dry intensity of watercolor painting as well as the interplay of ink and colors in Chinese painting have both developed their own unique charms. The two different types of painting represent the cultural epitomes of two different nationalities. In contemporary times, the techniques of watercolor painting and Chinese painting can be learned from each other. This paper explores the different connotations and expressions of boneless painting and watercolor painting through the combing of watercolor and Chinese painting techniques.

On the synthetism of artistic thinking in Andrey Eshpai's symphonic painting "Suvorov's Crossing the Alps"

The article attempts to analyze the genre stylistics of Andrei Eshpai's symphonic painting "Suvorov's Crossing the Alps" - a composition combining traditions and innovations. The composer's interest in historical and patriotic themes and the personality of the commander A.V. Suvorov is emphasized. The compositional and dramatic features of the work, revealed through the specifics of language modeling, are chosen as the subject of the study. Awareness of picturesqueness as the main genre-forming factor made it possible to concretize the type of symphonic painting, to identify signs of theatricality in the text. Special attention is paid to programming as the key to understanding the plot of the essay. The author analyzes the language models of the text in the most detail from the perspective of the interdependence of the content and genre-stylistic components. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the musical material under study, which has not been studied before. The research process allowed us to draw conclusions about the uniqueness and individual author's interpretation of the work. It was found that the methods of concretization of the content of language models confirm the presence of a theatrical code not only in the compositional logic, but also in the text of the work itself. The antinomic nature of language models was discovered. Antinomianism in combination with transformational poetics, the high-wave principle of development allowed us to conclude that the combination of signs of symphonism and picturesqueness in the compositional and dramatic solution of the composition determines the universality and synthetism of the composer's thinking.

Analisis Pengendalian Kualitas Produk Kanopi di Bengkel Las Purnama Karya

The Purnama Karya weld workshop is individual business engaged in the welding industry that produces one of the products, namely the canopy. In the process of canopy production, there is no possibility if there are no results of products that have bad quality. This research uses Failure Mode and Effects Analysis method. The method contains steps for the identification failure mode against product or process by scoring each form of failure mode based on occurrence values, severity values and detection values. The purpose of this research is found out factors that cause canopy product defects, identify the types of potential defects that occur and identify the impacts that occur. The results show that there are defects that occur with the classification of 2 types of defects, welding and painting, where the most common types of defects are welding defects with a frequency of damage of 56.8% and there are also 16 causes of canopy product defects with details of 8 factors that cause weld defects and 8 factors that cause painting defects. The results of the provision of severity, occurrence, and detection are taken in the order of the 3 highest rankings taken from the results of RPN values.

Identification of Microorganisms Dwelling on the 19th Century Lanna Mural Paintings from Northern Thailand Using Culture-Dependent and -Independent Approaches.

Simple SummaryIn this study, we compared microbial communities in Lanna mural paintings in temples with different numbers of visitors using culture-dependent and culture independent approaches. The results showed that microorganisms could damage the colors that are used on murals. The process of degradation involved the production of organic acids and formation of the calcium crystal. Furthermore, we found that the site with higher number of visitors is associated with microbial contamination from humans while the site with lower number of visitors had higher saprotroph population. Further research into these microorganisms, their activities and functional roles may provide crucial information to aid the preservation of mural paintings.Lanna painting is a unique type of painting in many temples in the Northern Thai region. Similar to most mural paintings, they usually decay over time partly due to the activity of microbes. This study aimed to investigate the microorganisms from two Lanna masterpiece paintings in two temples that differ in the numbers of visitors using both culture-dependent and -independent approaches. The microorganisms isolated from the murals were also tested for the biodeterioration activities including discoloration, acid production and calcium precipitation. Most microorganisms extracted from the paintings were able to discolor the paints, but only fungi were able to discolor, produce acids and precipitate calcium. The microorganism communities, diversity and functional prediction were also investigated using the culture-independent method. The diversity of microorganisms and functional prediction were different between the two temples. Gammaproteobacteria was the predominant group of bacteria in both temples. However, the fungal communities were different between the two temples as Aspergillus was the most abundant genus in the site with higher number of visitors [Buak Krok Luang temple (BK)]. Conversely, mural paintings at Tha Kham temple (TK) were dominated by the Neodevriesia genera. We noticed that a high number of visitors (Buak Krok Luang) was correlated with microbial contamination from humans while the microbial community at Tha Kham temple had a higher proportion of saprotrophs. These results could be applied to formulate a strategy to mitigate the amount of tourists as well as manage microorganism to slow down the biodeterioration process.

Types of medicine paintings in herbaceous and woody medicines in Ben Cao Tu Jing

A total of 568 paintings of herbaceous plants and woody plants as medicine were involved in Ben Cao Tu Jing, accounting for 60% of the total drug illustrations and 76% of the botanical medicine paintings. These medicinal paintings can be classified into four types: original plant paintings, medicinal material paintings, plant and medicinal material paintings, and plant and their habitat paintings. The original plant paintings can be specifically divided into five sections: the whole plant paintings with roots, partial aerial part paintings with roots, plant paintings with ground lines, rootless plant paintings, and broken branch paintings. Among them, the drawings of " the broken branch paintings " and " the whole plant paintings with roots " are consistent with the basic principles of collecting plant specimens. Additionally, "the plant and medicinal material paintings " and "the medicinal material paintings "reflect that they were drawn based on the market survey of medicinal materials or collected medicinal materials specimens. These medicine painting demonstrate rich characteristics of medicinal plants and medicinal materials and a high artistic quality with realistic details.These paintings in Ben Cao Tu Jing echoes Tu Jing, combine the art of painting with the cognition ofnatural science, as the rudiment of early paintings of plant science.

What Kind of Paintings Inspire Children when Viewing Art?

AbstractViewing art inspires creativity, which can encourage learning in art education. A previous study revealed that the type of artwork and the way art is viewed affects adults' inspiration; however, no study exists concerning the way children are inspired by viewing art. Thus, the current study aimed to examine whether children's age group/grade level, art style (figurative or abstract), and artwork creators (children or adults) influence children's inspiration, and whether the effects of the art style and creators vary by children's age group/grade level. An online questionnaire survey was conducted with the help of 600 pairs of parents and their elementary‐school‐aged children. They were asked to view eight paintings that differed in terms of the artists and their individual style and they then rated their inspiration experience when viewing each artwork. The results revealed that children were more inspired when viewing abstract, rather than figurative, paintings, and the effect of the type of painting differed in the third and sixth grades. Additionally, children gained more inspiration by viewing paintings created by children rather than by adults; a difference observed in all grade levels.

Six Exercises from the “111 Training Module” in the Abstract Art Language Course for Painting Majors in Chinese Universities

In 2021, China will enter the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, and the Ministry of Education of China has put forward new requirements for higher education.The Ministry of Education requires the promotion of the integration of vocational education and general education during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period to meet the diverse needs of high-level talents for economic and social development. With the development of the country, the abstract painting courses of painting majors in Chinese colleges and universities should also make corresponding reforms to meet the requirements of the Chinese Ministry of Education.The scope of professional definition of this research is the professional number 130402, painting major, of the Undergraduate Professional Catalogue of Ordinary Colleges and Universities issued by the Ministry of Education of China in 2021.Painting majors include oil paintings, murals, Chinese paintings, prints and many other types of paintings. The title of the course in this study comes from the Decision of the Ministry of Education on Approving the 2018 National Teaching Achievement Award Projects issued by the text number: Teacher [2018] No. 21. In accordance with the provisions of the General University Undergraduate Major Catalog and Major Introduction compiled by the Higher Education Department of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, the abstract art language course is one of the core courses of the painting major.This research introduces the 6 classroom practice designs of 111 modules in the New Chinese Calligraphy Teaching Method I created. It mainly includes the guiding method of teaching materials and the arrangement sequence of classroom exercises and schematic analysis. Keywords: abstract painting teaching, new Chinese calligraphy teaching method, abstract sketching module, 111 training module, teaching design DOI: 10.7176/JEP/13-2-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2022

Describing Giorgione’s Tempest: Iconography, Genre, Interpretation

THE DESCRIPTION OF GIORGIONE’S Tempest (ca. 1507) written by the Venetian nobleman and art enthusiast Marcantonio Michiel in 1530 has played a fundamental role in nearly all attempts to interpret the picture’s puzzling iconography, but its implications have not been fully understood. This article analyzes Michiel’s words in light of his life history and his larger project of recording information about works of art, his handwritten notes later published under the title Notizia d’opere di disegno (1800). Much to scholars’ consternation Michiel did not unequivocally identify the subject of Giorgione’s painting, but he did interpret its poetic mood. Specifically, his syntax and words reveal that he perceived a sense of disquiet, even potential tumult, in the picture. His account further suggests that he responded to the scene not as if it were a narrative, but rather in the vein of an allegory, or more precisely, an impresa. This observation, together with the picture’s composition, proportion, scale, and inventive use of imagery, highlights the Tempest’s resemblance to a relatively new type of painting, the portrait back or cover. While it is not possible to verify that Giorgione painted the Tempest as a canvas cover (called a timpano), I argue that “portrait adjacent imagery” impacted Giorgione’s invention. I also demonstrate that the painting’s earliest known owner, Gabriele Vendramin, was an avid collector and patron of painting covers in various media. Seeing the Tempest in relation to the contemporary culture of imprese and painting backs and covers frees us from looking for a definitive solution to the “iconographic problem.” Instead, it allows us to comprehend the imaginative, idiosyncratic, and open-ended imagery as a means to contemplate personal and philosophical ideals concerning the regulation and cultivation of the self.