Types Of Open Spaces Research Articles

공개공지의 유니버설디자인 적용실태 연구

The purpose of this study is to analyze the actual condition as an analysis framework from the perspective of universal design in order to improve the qualitative level of public open space, which is a representative open space in the city, and to propose the development direction of public open space by diagnosing the current problems. The study was conducted in the form of reviewing the characteristics of the public open space through theoretical consideration and status survey on the public open space, and analyzing the target space according to the universal design analysis items and detailed indicators derived from the relevant guidelines. The analysis was conducted in Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, which has the largest public open space, and five public open space types were observed and surveyed. As a result of the investigation, accessibility was good, safety and convenience were generally good, and awareness was needed to be improved. The implications derived from this are as follows : First, the standard for the application of universal design in the public open space should be prepared. Second, the facilities installed in the public open space should be considered and installed from the user's point of view. Third, it is necessary to reorganize the design standards of the public open space notice board. To this end, the study concluded that the concept of universal design should be reorganized to reflect in the current guidelines, the 'Guidelines for Installing Public Open Space' and the 'Guidelines for Public Open Space Information Board'.

Ecosystem service values provided by National Parks to residential property owners

This paper focuses on the ecosystem service benefits to homeowners from living in close proximity to three National Parks. Knowing these ecosystem service benefits is of policy and management relevance as expansion of existing Parks and protected areas along ecosystem boundaries often requires acquisition of undeveloped private land or other multiple use public lands, something that local officials may oppose. While the effects on house prices from urban parks, and two other types of U.S. Federal lands have been studied, the effect of lands in the U.S. National Park System on house prices had not been studied at the time of this research. To fill this information gap, hedonic price models were estimated to calculate the effect on residential house prices of proximity to three National Parks (NPs). After controlling for other characteristics of the house, neighborhood, and several other types of open space (e.g., National Forests, County Parks), we estimate house sale prices were on average 9.8% higher for houses within 2 km of National Park boundaries. This house price premium represents the value of the ecosystem services received by homeowners from living in close to these NPs. Quantifiable information on local ecosystem service benefits may ameliorate some concerns by local governments about converting private land or other agencies' multiple use lands in order to expand NPs or protected areas to better reflect ecosystem boundaries rather than historical, and often arbitrary boundaries. In addition, quantifiable information on enhancement of property values may broaden stakeholder groups to include the real estate industry. Thus, our results may support agencies in better achieving their objectives of managing NPs as ecological units.

Evaluation of Changes in the Function of Green Open Spaces in Public Facilities in the City of Banda Aceh (Case Study: Blang Padang Field Area)

The existence of the Blang Padang Field as a green open space (RTH) in Banda Aceh City based on its natural weight, is included in the category of non-natural areas or built areas. This built area has ecological, social and recreational functions for the surrounding community in Banda Aceh City. This area is used as a tourism zone and public open space, where this area is often used as a gathering location or meeting friends for people who live and visit the city of Banda Aceh. People usually enjoy the atmosphere of the Blang Padang field by spreading mats or sitting directly on the green grass. Based on the type of open space, the Blang Padang field is included in the public open space category. According to the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14 of 2022, the proportion of green public open space in the city park consisting of at least 85% green cover and the rest being environmentally friendly non-green cover. This proportion can provide a balanced urban ecosystem which can increase the availability of clean air needed by people in urban areas. In addition, clean air can also increase the value of the beauty and comfort of a city. The condition of the Blang Padang Field area is currently starting to be used as an area of economic activity, causing a decrease in ecological quality, such as increasing air temperature and urban environmental pollution. The focus of this research is to evaluate the percentage of pavement area and green area in the Blang Padang Field area. The results can determine changes in function that occur in green open space in the area. The research method used is descriptive quantitative method. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, interviews, literature studies and documentation studies. The results showed that the area of Blang Padang is 95,521m2 (9.5 Ha). The pavement area is 28,442m2 (2.8 Ha) with a percentage of 29.77% of the total area. Based on the results obtained, the most concerning factor is the increase in the permanent pavement area. The use of pavement on the Blang Padang field has exceeded the minimum required limit. The pavement area is used as parking facilities for both two- and four-wheeled wheels, culinary facilities and sports facilities.

H-BET Historic Built Environment Typologies. Open spaces and SUOD events in the compact historic town

The relationships between the Built Environment (BE) and SUdden-Onset Disasters (SUOD) are increasingly the focus of hazard mitigation investigation. Specifically, in the Historic Built Environment (HBE), defined as the network of buildings, infrastructure, and open spaces of the compact historic city, recent and past events have shown the need for an elevation of the resilience of the resident community. Previous studies by the author’s research team have objectified the characterisation of HBEs prone to SUODs. What emerged was the primary importance of open spaces in the Built Environment as elements to be characterised with respect to possible emergency phases and BE user behaviour. Specifically, the Historic Built Environment Typologies (H-BETs) can help to evaluate user behaviour during and after the event. Focusing on the role of the classification of the open spaces, the paper presents the H-BETs and their potential role in the multi-risk assessment of the compact historic town. The specific risk conditions of the urban areas (e.g., crowding, the complexity of the overall form of BEs, characteristics of built elements, uses of BEs), and the physical characteristics of historic urban BE (e.g., the height of the built fronts, number, and type of accesses, the slope of the ground) are considered together in order to propose a classification of different type of open spaces, starting from morphological classes towards the definition of a complete typological categorisation, representative of the urban system’s variables that interact with the identified SUOD hazards.

H-BET Historic Built Environment Typologies. Open spaces and SUOD events in the compact historic town

The relationships between the Built Environment (BE) and SUdden-Onset Disasters (SUOD) are increasingly the focus of hazard mitigation investigation. Specifically, in the Historic Built Environment (HBE), defined as the network of buildings, infrastructure, and open spaces of the compact historic city, recent and past events have shown the need for an elevation of the resilience of the resident community. Previous studies by the author’s research team have objectified the characterisation of HBEs prone to SUODs. What emerged was the primary importance of open spaces in the Built Environment as elements to be characterised with respect to possible emergency phases and BE user behaviour. Specifically, the Historic Built Environment Typologies (H-BETs) can help to evaluate user behaviour during and after the event. Focusing on the role of the classification of the open spaces, the paper presents the H-BETs and their potential role in the multi-risk assessment of the compact historic town. The specific risk conditions of the urban areas (e.g., crowding, the complexity of the overall form of BEs, characteristics of built elements, uses of BEs), and the physical characteristics of historic urban BE (e.g., the height of the built fronts, number, and type of accesses, the slope of the ground) are considered together in order to propose a classification of different type of open spaces, starting from morphological classes towards the definition of a complete typological categorisation, representative of the urban system’s variables that interact with the identified SUOD hazards.

TYPOLOGY OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACE IN PERI-URBAN UNPLANNED SETTLEMENT. CASE STUDY: KAMPONG OF KALIPATEN, TANGERANG, INDONESIA

The growth of the Tangerang area reflects the urban growth trend which leads to a wider growth pattern to the area around the Major City. One indication of the growth is the character changed of settlements that previously had a rural character into urban character, especially in building density. The growth in the number of houses as residences has resulted in changes in the type of open space and its use. Aim: This research aims to identify the type and character of open spaces in unplanned settlements that are growth very quickly because of the area directly adjacent to the Gading Serpong new town. Methodology and Results: The method used is descriptive qualitative. The type of open space is measured by the criteria of location, form, function, and land status. The character of open space is studied by connecting the existence of open space with the social interaction of the residents of the settlement. Conclusion, significance, and impact of study: The findings that have been obtained from this research are that open spaces have five types with a very prominent spatial character, namely open spaces that arise through natural social processes, are not specially designed and have a very important role in bonding the social interaction of their inhabitants.

Public Behavior in Urban Parks during Pandemics as a Foundation for Risk Assessment by Park Managers: A Case Study in Saudi Arabia

Accessing parks without transmitting viruses would ensure not depriving people of parks’ health benefits during pandemics. This study attempts to develop a practical tool for park managers to assess the risk of contracting respiratory contagious illnesses, decide on meaningful mitigation measures, and monitor the effect of these measures. The assessment is based on the spatial and temporal behaviors of users at each park open space type (POST), particularly the behaviors that may impact the risk of illness transmission. The researcher created a checklist, including five factors relating to users: physical distancing, density, duration of stay, percentage of users wearing masks, and frequency of surface touch; then, the implementation of the tool was demonstrated by selecting a sample zone from Jeddah waterfront park, Saudi Arabia, while COVID-19 was active. User behavior data were collected at the POSTs of the sample zone, using behavioral mapping and tracking methods. After analyzing the data using ArcGIS Desktop and SPSS Statistics software, the data were used to fill out the composed checklist to assess the risk at POSTs. The findings indicated that the waterfront railing area, playground, and pier were the POSTs with the highest risk. By using the checklist, park managers can contribute to the success of non-pharmaceutical mitigation interventions at a local scale.

Combined effects of dominant sounds, conversational speech and multisensory perception on visitors’ acoustic comfort in urban open spaces

People’s perceptions are an important part of a landscape; however, little attention is paid to acoustic comfort in landscape planning and design for various urban open spaces. This study was primarily conducted to examine the effects of dominant sound types, conversational speech and multisensory perception on the subjective evaluations of acoustic comfort of open space based on an on-site questionnaire survey in typical urban open spaces. The results showed that as the first dominant sounds moved from being mechanical and anthropogenic to being nature-related, the acoustic comfort evaluations increased significantly within the dominant sound identification dimension. The subjective loudness of the background sound level and perceived speech intelligibility were significant indicators for acoustic comfort in each type of open space within the conversational speech perception dimension; decreased subjective loudness could contribute the most to higher acoustic comfort evaluations among indicators at the same perceptual levels (on a five-point scale). Olfactory comfort, thermal comfort, sunshine, and visual aesthetic quality of view were significant indicators for acoustic comfort depending on different types of open spaces within the multisensory perception dimension; increasing positive olfactory perception to the ‘very comfortable’ level could promote higher acoustic comfort evaluations than other indicators at the same perceptual level in multisensory interactions. In terms of the combined effects of the indicators within the three dimensions and the visitors’ sociodemographic factors, the combined indicators would better fit in predicting the acoustic comfort evaluations, in which the indicators of conversational speech and the multisensory perception were key determinants with high important values contributing to acoustic comfort evaluations.

Effects of Open Space Characteristics on the Spatial Distribution of Street Children: Experience from Ibadan, Nigeria

Against the background of seemingly uncontrollable social menace and environmental nuisance of street children, this study examined the effects of open space characteristics on the spatial distribution of street children in Ibadan, Nigeria. With open space types in the city as spatial units of data collection, enumeration of street children was carried out in each space type within 7 weekdays in the morning, afternoon and evening. Observation was also conducted to know the socio-economic and physical characteristics of the urban environment attracting the children. The study, which employed z-scores to compare the intensity of street children incidence across the spatial units, confirmed that the incidence was a function of the uses to which open space types were put as well as the disorderliness of urban physical environment (indiscriminate parking, formal and informal economic activities, and so on). The most important open space types that attracted street children were markets, mosque premises and junctions. Although, incidence of street children was a daily affair in Ibadan, it was highly pronounced in the evening on Saturday, Friday and Monday. The study recommended development of policy measures for regulating the use of open spaces, and giving adequate planning attention to roundabouts, religious centres (mosques in particular) and markets in urban centres. It also recommended public education and enlightenment programme on the negative effects of street children incidence by all stakeholders, and that the aspect of culture of the people that encourages child begging and alms giving should be discouraged in its entirety.

아파트단지 내 전면공지의 유형과 주민인식에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the types of frontage space as public open spaces in apartment complexes and the perceptions of residents about them. To this end, the types of open spaces in apartment complexes were examined, and the types of sidewalk-type frontage space were classified. As a result of the analysis, it was found that there were many sidewalk-type frontage spaces without sidewalks, which are publicly owned, and there were also many pedestrian spaces divided into public and private land. In addition, a survey was conducted to examine how residents perceive sidewalk-type frontage spaces. As a result of the survey, most of the residents did not know that the sidewalk-type frontage spaces were private lands, so it was confirmed that there was a possibility of a problem afterwards. Therefore, even if a sidewalk-type frontage spaces are planned, it is necessary to ensure that residents are fullly aware of the fact, and for this, surface rights must be established in the frontage spaces.

Urban open space resilience evaluation of air pollution disasters based on monitoring data of national monitoring stations in Hangzhou

Using air quality monitoring data of 2018, 2020 and 2021 from national monitoring stations in Hangzhou, the disaster cycles, with levels of ozone (O3), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and coarse particulate matter (PM10) were determined. The damage to human health from pollutants, which represents the loss of open space functionality, was determined by a review of the literature. Using the theory of resilience evaluation, a correlation was established between pollutant concentrations and system functions, and resilience performance curves of different types of open spaces were constructed for the urban open space pollutant disaster cycle to evaluate the resilience and related properties for open space responses to O3, PM2.5, and PM10 pollution disasters. The results indicate that open spaces in scenic and cultural areas are more resilient to pollution than residential areas and commercial transportation residential mixed zones. All open spaces were the most robust to PM10 and had the highest redundancy for O3 and PM10, while had the lowest redundancy for PM2.5. All open spaces responded most rapidly to PM2.5, partly because of larger scale meteorological changes in cities. All open spaces had the strongest resilience to PM10 disasters, followed by O3 disasters, with the worst resilience to PM2.5 disasters, with a resilience index range of [0.5, 1]. The results and methods can help enhance urban resilience by bringing new ideas and broadening urban resilience theory and research. The strategy of enhancing greenery in urban open spaces was found to significantly reduce the impact of air pollution disasters, thereby reducing human health damage to users of open spaces. This is significant for enhancing urban resilience and building urban health infrastructure.

Circle in Space—Space in Circle: A Study of Ratio between Open Space and Built-Up Area in Historical Circular Objects

Many cities nowadays explore different circular designs as new sustainable city concepts in different urban aspects. The new trend, as part of the adaptation for climate change, is a strategy of increasing the number of urban open spaces, and circular plan design could be a sustainable approach to urban development. This paper provides a historical overview of various examples of circular objects containing built structures and open spaces from the Neolithic to the present. The Built-Up Area (BUA) and Open Space (OS) relationships are shown histogramically for 36 objects arranged chronologically. The morphospace analysis was performed to determine any possible regularity in the relationships of parts of circular objects. For the purpose of this research, three variables were chosen. First, all selected historical examples of circular objects were divided into two main categories: objects with a total diameter smaller than 300 m and objects with a total diameter bigger than 300 m. Additionally, the selected circular objects were divided by their type of open space to better understand their spatial position. The largest number of analyzed objects belongs to the Parks–Gardens category, followed by settlements, and then earth works, sacral objects and circular buildings, with the smallest number of circular objects being in the category of allotments and plazas. The second variable was Jam area and % of Jam. The buildings are of different sizes up to several hundred m2, and the areas range up to several hundred ha. The total area to OS ratio ranges from 0% (for Large Serdab) to 100% (for multiple objects). There is a similar situation with the diameter ratios (total and “jam”). Additionally, the final variable was the historical position of the selected circular objects. Circular objects belong to all historical periods from the Neolithic to the present. The aim of this research was to explore the relationship between OS and BUA in various circular objects with different diameters of open spaces and find out if there was any regularity in this relationship. The morphospace analysis of this research indicates that there is no clear regularity in the relationship between the built-up area and the open space, but the aspects and research results shown here contribute to sustainability since the circular design approach could play a key role in future circular design processes.

COURTYARDS NEAR THE WATER. DESIGN FEATURES

For the first time, the article reviews a large amount of design material dedicated to courtyards near water and identifies the typology of courtyards based on their spatial structure. This type of coastal areas is considered from the perspective of environmental design and its main principle – harmonious coexistence of humans, artificial environment, and nature. The article discusses the principles and approaches to the design of this type of open spaces, and identifies the characteristic features of courtyards in modern residential complexes located near the water in European cities.

Analysis of Environmental Activities for Developing Public Health Investments and Policies: A Comparative Study with Structure Equation and Interval Type 2 Fuzzy Hybrid Models.

The design of elements which exert pivotal effects on leisurely physical activity (LPA) in open space is an important part of urban development. However, little research has been done about the influence and discrepancies of those elements in different types of open space. To research these issues and to guide the design of urban open space, a survey from 8 open spaces (2 curtilage, 2 neighborhood squares (NS), 2 parks, and 2 campus) is conducted and a questionnaire is administered. Simultaneous analysis of several groups (SASG) of Structure equation model (SEM) is used, and the effects and discrepancies are acquired. In addition to this situation, interval type 2 (IT2) fuzzy hybrid decision making model is proposed in the second analysis. In this framework, IT2 fuzzy decision-making trial, evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL), and IT2 fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods are used. The results show that the influence relationships between elements and LPA did exist in four groups. Another important conclusion is that there were discrepancies of influence among different space groups. Physical environment (PE) has the greatest influence on LPA in the curtilage, whereas facilities exert the most effect in NS group. Additionally, amenities only have significant impact in parks and facilities only exercise remarkable influence on duration on campus. In addition to them, it is also identified that key design elements are presented for different types of space and that design strategy is provided through 4 specific examples.

The effects of ‘publicness’ and quality of publicly accessible open space upon user satisfaction

There is a worldwide trend for planning bodies to allow, require, or encourage developers to provide open spaces in their properties for public enjoyment to complement the open spaces on government lands. The two types of privately owned open space and government-owned open space, both accessible to public, can influence on people’s quality of life. Whether and how the land ownership of open spaces would influence their performance and, in turn, affect user satisfaction has not yet been studied and is worthy of exploration. This paper aims to examine the interactive relationships among three variables: ‘publicness’, quality/performance, and user satisfaction in both types of open space in Hong Kong. A questionnaire survey was administered to users of privately owned open space and government-owned open space and found that satisfaction with government-owned open space was marginally higher than with privately owned open space, with respect to activity facilities, amenities, and the overall utilization. Nevertheless, the differences in satisfaction were mainly the result of open space quality rather than land ownership per se. This study also examines the determinants of satisfaction, open space provision, and management and trends in spatial use. Findings from this study can deepen the understanding of utilizing both government-owned open space and privately owned open space from the user’s perspective, which will help improve the planning, design, and management of open spaces in cities.

Morfologia urbana: estudo e análise dos espaços livres em um recorte do município de Cachoeira do Sul (RS)

Urban morphology studies developed from the city configuration are important in order to enable consideration on the needs of the place we live, that is, from the city level, as in a reduced analysis, focused on the neighborhood. Thus, morphological analysis serves to subsidize the actions performed by space producers and enables reflection on the impacts generated with each new building or intervention in the urban space. The object of study of the present work is the morphological analysis of a portion of the urban fabric of a small town of Rio Grande do Sul, which is characterized by residences of the population with highest purchasing power in the city, and also by places that present irregular buildings and illegal occupations. The typological study on the urban form has its focus on the analysis of open spaces and how they dialogue with the built spaces. Maps and analyzes identify the occupation of the territory and the different types of open spaces, whether public or private, green or built. The results show how these open spaces are presented and how they are used within the study area. This work presents a methodology for mapping and identifying the quality of free spaces, which, in turn, is very important to support further analysis in other parts of the city and to understand connections and free space systems within the municipality, in order to provide to public agencies a tool that helps in the planning and qualification of the spaces, both the existing ones, as well as future new spaces.

Pore structure analysis of ionic liquid-templated porous silica using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy

Abstract Fundamental understanding of the pore structure of porous materials is essential for designing materials and controlling their properties to realize various applications. In this study, we quantified the structures of micropores as well as the mesopores in ionic liquid (IL)-templated porous silica using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). Our PALS analyses distinguished three types of open spaces in IL-templated porous silica: (i) Vacancy clusters and/or microvoids, (ii) micropores between primary silica particles (1.0–1.4 nm in size), and (iii) mesopores (4–7 nm in size). Upon increasing the IL/SiO2 ratio, the size of the micropore between the primary particles decreased from 1.4 nm to 1.0 nm, implying that the sizes of the silica particles decreased because of the small volume of SiO2 compared with that of IL. In contrast, the sizes of the mesopores increased with the IL/SiO2 ratio, indicating that the open space expands according to the increase in the IL volume. In conclusion, the PALS method allowed comprehensive evaluation of the pore structure of the IL-templated porous SiO2. The relationship between pore structure and IL content will be used for optimization of the mechanical properties and chemical selectivity of porous SiO2.

Open space preservation in an urbanization context

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to address the question of open space preservation in an urbanization context. We study the possibility of preserving two different types of open spaces, namely, large open spaces at cities’ outskirts and small intraurban open spaces. Thus, we contribute to the debate of land sharing versus land sparing in an urban context. We analyze these questions by way of a theoretical microeconomic framework that takes into account both households’ preferences for open space and regulators’ interest in the preservation of natural habitat for biodiversity. We compare land use patterns at private equilibrium and when the social planner maximizes social welfare.

Determining the effect of multifunctional partitions on noise level at "Open space" offices

Multifunction partitions and their influence on noise levels were explored. It was emphasized that the existing systems of classification of building partitions explore them based on the convenience of their use, material, design, etc. At the same time, not enough attention was paid to their impact on the indicators of a decrease in noise levels in office premises. Partitions are made of different materials, having different properties; they are different in shape and enclosure of premises or workspace at different distances from the floor. In such cases, there arises a complicated problem of selecting certain types of partitions, which, as shown in the research, make it possible to solve the problem of optimizing working conditions and reduce the negative effect of noise on the health of employees. The performed research showed that the set problem of noise reduction through the use of partitions can be solved. The factors that should be especially taken into consideration include the height of a partition (degree of enclosure of the height of premises by a partition), material of partitions, existence of technological openings and the geometry of their location. It was revealed that double-layer walls, made of heavy materials (density ≈2,500 kg/m 3 ) and 100 % premises enclosure by height, can reduce the noise level by 2–3 times (from 90 dBA to 30–45 dBA). Glass partitions (glass pipes) of moderate heaviness (≈1,200 kg/m 3 ) reduce noise by 1.5–1.6 times. If enclosure of premises is not complete or there are openings, ventilation shafts, etc., the effect of influence of partitions decreases considerably, reducing it almost to zero. Significant influence of partitions takes place in the frequency range of 200–3,000 Hz at noise level of 40–60 dBA. Noise was explored in the premises of the Open space type, where various options of partitions were applied (glass pipes in metal casings, ceramic panels, foam plastic panels). The research found that partitions can have a significant impact on noise indicators, but only on condition of complete enclosure of premises by height, closed doors and construction channels in walls. It was established that the material of partitions does not affect noise indicators if the degree of premises enclosure is not complete (less than 100 %). The studies proved the relevance of scientific substantiation of partitions’ application and of determining the relations of premises enclosure with the factors that affect employees with a view to improving their working conditions. Improvement of working conditions, in turn, will make it possible to decrease professional diseases, minimize turnover, and increase work efficiency

IMPORTANCE OF THE RESIDENTIAL FRONT YARD FOR SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY: COMPARING SENSE OF COMMUNITY LEVELS IN SEMI-PRIVATE-PUBLIC OPEN SPACES

ABSTRACT Sustainable design is emerging as an increasingly important concern for the global urban population. Usually sustainable design is associated with economic, ecological and social aspects with the importance of the physical environment often ignored, particularly in the social sciences. However, the physical and social dimensions should be inseparable in the sustainable development agenda. Increasingly, urban designers are emphasizing the link between physical design and sense of community in public open spaces, but there is limited research on the importance of residential streets and associated semi-open public spaces, such as verges, and private spaces, like the front yard. Using the case study method, including observation and a survey in the suburb of Subiaco in Perth, Western Australia, this article explores the significance of residential streets and the space typology of front yards in comparison to other outdoor open space types. The analysis of the front yard's contribution to the street and community can inform designers, developers, planners, policy makers and residents to achieve a more attractive inner city living environment.