Type Of Offense Research Articles

Программа профилактики криминальной мотивации несовершеннолетних правонарушителей

Introduction. At the present day, the issue of the emergence of criminal motivation as a complex integrative phenomenon, involving a hierarchy of motives driving to committing crimes of various categories, is actual. Modern society is transforming, and therefore, due to the digitalisation of society, various types of juvenile offences appear and can be modernised. All these crimes have a harmful effect on the overall social well-being of the citizens. Modern juvenile delinquency and criminal motivation as a psychological and criminological phenomenon is studied subjectively. The criminogenic potential of modern juvenile delinquents, their psychological characteristics are analysed. Methods. Different methods were used: theoretical analysis, empirical: psychodiagnostic methods for collecting empirical data - "Value orientations" by M. Rokich; "Profile of feelings in relationships" by L. Kulikov; "Diagnosis of motivational structure of personality" by V. E. Milman; "Subjective assessment of interpersonal relationships" by S. V. Dukhnovsky; "Questionnaire of interpersonal relationships" by V. Schutz in the adaptation of A. A. Rukavishnikov; "Coping strategies indicator" by D. Amirkhan; "Life style index" by Plutchik - Kellerman - Kontetev, Projective technique "TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)", "Method of Motivational Induction" by J. Nytten, author's technique "Dominant Criminal Motive". The fourcomponent structure of criminal motivation is theoretically substantiated and empirically confirmed. The author empirically proved that criminal motivation consists of four components (cognitive, individualpersonal, emotional, behavioural). The specificity of the psychological content of criminal motivation of juvenile delinquents depending on the corpus delicti was determined (Malyushina, 2023a; Malyushina, 2023b). In order to prevent the emergence of crimes, it is necessary to develop new psycho-correctional programmes with juvenile delinquents. Various aspects of juvenile criminal behaviour are considered in the problem field. The effectiveness of the programme of psychological correction of criminal motivation by means of socio-psychological training was developed and empirically confirmed. Results. The materials of the research can be used in the professional activities of investigators, juvenile inspectors, in social rehabilitation centres when working with juvenile delinquents. The results of the research can be used for advisory and educational purposes, for monitoring the state of juvenile delinquency in order to identify tendencies to the manifestation of criminal behaviour of juvenile delinquents.

Circumstances to be ascertained during the investigation of high profile sexual criminal offenses

In the article has been emphasized that the circumstances to be ascertained are a mandatory structural element of the methodology of investigating high-profile sexual criminal offenses, because their establishment, in turn, is a prerequisite for achieving the goal of criminal procedural knowledge and solving the tasks of criminal proceedings. It has been given the list of circumstances to be ascertained during the pre-trial investigation of such types of high-profile sexual criminal offenses as: rape and sexual violence committed by a group of persons and/or parents, persons who replace them, and/or against minors; molestation of a child for sexual purposes; conducting a spectacular event of a sexual nature with the participation of a minor. It has been found that different approaches to the systematization of the circumstances to be ascertained during the pre-trial investigation have been formed in forensic science. They are mainly determined by the specifics of the mechanism of committing a specific type of criminal offense, which undoubtedly affects the formation of investigative and other evidentiary information. An analysis of scientific approaches to determining the range of circumstances to be ascertained (established) during the investigation of sexual criminal offenses has been carried out. It has been proposed to systematize the circumstances to be ascertained during the pre-trial investigation of high-profile sexual criminal offenses taking into account the mixed (criminal procedural and forensic) criterion. The following groups of circumstances to be ascertained during the pre-trial investigation of high-profile sexual criminal offenses have been singled out and characterized: circumstances characterizing the event of a criminal offence; circumstances characterizing the person of the offender; circumstances characterizing the person of the victim; other circumstances.

The Impact of Formal Education, Specialized Training, and Offense Type on Perceptions of Employability: Can Bias Toward Hiring a Person With a Criminal History Be Mitigated?

Though hesitations to hire formerly incarcerated individuals are often related to assumptions about a person's dangerousness, there remain legitimate reasons, such as limited formal education and basic skills, that prevent returning residents from finding work. Previous research suggests that hiring decisions are confounded by offense type, even if an employer would otherwise consider a person with a criminal history. Thus, it is unclear whether returning residents' level of education or training can mitigate barriers related to their offense history. Using hypothetical case vignettes of a formerly incarcerated job applicant, this study examined whether hiring decisions were influenced by education and offense type. A between-subjects design with a sample of 223 individuals recruited via MTurk was conducted. Results of this study were largely consistent with prior research suggesting that criminal history presents an obstacle when trying to obtain employment. Implications and future directions are provided in the discussion.

Theft as a type of property offense: problems of criminal law characterization

The article highlights the issues of criminal law characterization of theft as one of the types of criminal offenses against property. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the author emphasizes that theft is a fairly common manifestation of criminal behavior of a person. This necessitates its comprehensive study, including consideration of the issues of its criminal law characterization. It is noted that in the science of criminal law there are no uniform approaches to determining the criteria for criminal law characterization of theft. The most common are: corpus delicti; qualifying and specially qualifying features; distinction from related offenses and offenses defined by other branches of law.
 The author emphasizes that despite the legally enshrined concept of theft, there are a number of approaches to its definition in criminal law. When formulating them, scholars focus on a certain defining feature of theft. The author characterizes the element of secrecy as one of the most defining features of theft.
 The author focuses on the case law on distinguishing theft from other types of criminal offenses against property. The author analyzes both the statutory criteria for classification of theft and the criteria proposed by researchers of criminal law and criminology. Attention is drawn to the peculiarities of the objective side of this criminal offense, which is the basis for distinguishing theft from other offenses against property. It is emphasized that, according to the subjective side, theft involves only direct intent. It is noted that in the course of the criminal law characterization of theft, the issues of victimization factors (study of the category of a criminal offense victim, peculiarities of the victim’s behavior, etc.) The author concludes that the issue of both the criteria for criminal legal characterization of theft and their content and features remains controversial in criminal law science and requires further study.

Effectiveness of Forensic Computer Modeling for Predicting Wartime Crimes

This article emphasises the importance of computer models in forensics and their potential for predicting criminal activity and preventing offences in the context of military confrontation. The purpose of this paper is to determine the possibility of using computer models to analyse and predict criminal activity during military confrontation. The research employed the following methods: historical method of studying law, logical approach, qualitative method, method of analysis, and method of legal modelling. The study found that forensic modelling is mainly used at the pre-trial investigation or trial stage. The analysis of modern armed conflicts gives grounds to conclude about the high efficiency of computer modelling in preventing wartime crimes. The academic novelty is the obtained results of using computer modelling to prevent potential offences as opposed to its widespread use at the stage of pre-trial investigation. The research prospects include the possibility of the potential study of forensic computer modelling algorithms for accurate prediction of types of offences during the war.

Who gets screened and who tests positive? Drug screening among justice-involved youth in a midwestern urban county

BackgroundGiven high rates of substance use among justice-involved youth, justice systems have attempted to monitor use through drug screening (DS) procedures. However, there is discretion in deciding who is screened for substance use, as not every youth who encounters the system is screened. The aim of the current study was to examine factors associated with selection for and results of oral DS among justice-involved youth assigned to probation to better inform potential DS policy. Electronic court records from 4,668 youth with first-incident records assigned to probation in a midwestern urban county’s juvenile justice system between 2011 and 2016 were included in the analytical sample. Race/ethnicity, gender, age, number of charges and charge type for the current incident were included as independent variables.ResultsMultivariable hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated that males were more likely to be assigned to DS (aOR = 0.40, 95%CI [0.34, 0.46]), and more likely to test positive for use (aOR = 0.43, 95% CI [0.34, 0.54]) than females. As age increased, youth were less likely to be assigned to DS (aOR = 0.91, 95% CI [0.87, 0.94]), with non-significant differences in DS results. Greater number of charges were associated with a higher likelihood of being assigned to DS (aOR = 1.55, 95% CI [1.43, 1.68]). Youth with violent offenses were more likely to be assigned to DS than those with other offense types (property offenses, drug offenses, statutory offenses, disorderly conduct, and all other offenses), but less likely to test positive for use.ConclusionsMany factors were associated with differences in DS, but these factors were not always associated with differential DS results. Demographic or charge-based decisions may not be appropriate for DS assignment.

How Do Offender Ideology and Offense Severity Impact Punitive Attitudes Toward Politically Motivated Offenders in the U.S.?

How do punitive attitudes toward politically motivated offenders in the United States vary by the offender’s ideology? To address this, we conducted a survey experiment with U.S. adults (N = 1,100) in March 2023. Participants were randomly assigned to either the January 6th or Portland 2020 condition and indicated their punitive attitudes for three politically motivated offenses. Across ideologies, punitiveness toward politically motivated offenders increased with offense severity. Although some correlates of punitiveness toward typical offenders held for politically motivated offenders, most did not. Further, relationships varied as a function of offense type and offender ideology.

Examining the stability and change in age-crime relation in South Korea, 1980-2019: An age-period-cohort analysis.

The aggregate-level age-crime distributions in Western countries are predominantly right-skewed and adolescent-spiked. Based on Western data, Hirschi and Gottfredson (1983) asserted that this age-crime pattern is universally invariant across time and places. This study's overall goal is to rigorously examine Hirschi and Gottfredson's invariant premise within a non-Western country, focusing on the stability and change in the age-crime patterns of South Korea from 1980 to 2019. Specifically, two research questions are addressed: (1) whether the average age-arrest curves in South Korea diverge from the invariant premise after adjusting for period and cohort effects; (2) how period and cohort effects modify the age-arrest curves. To examine these questions, I applied the age-period-cohort-interaction model (APC-I) to analyze the official age-specific arrest statistics for various offense types from 1980 to 2019 in South Korea. Findings suggested that the age-crime patterns of homicide, assault, and fraud are characterized by spread-out distributions and advanced peak ages. After adjusting for period and cohort effects, most of the age-crime curves are still robustly divergent from the age-crime distributions found in Western countries. Cohort and period effects have modified the age-crime patterns, but arrests in South Korea are largely concentrated among midlife age groups older than 30. These results provide additional compelling evidence contesting Hirschi and Gottfredson's invariance thesis, underscoring the substantial impact of country-specific processes, historical context, and cultural factors on the age-crime relationship.

Some aspects of the abuse of rights in civil and economic proceedings

The article is devoted to the analysis of abuse of procedural rights in civil and economic proceedings. The views and approaches to the problem of abuse of rights available in the legal literature are considered.
 Based on the review of scientific literature, the conclusion has been made that there are two general theoretical constructs for understanding the concept of “abuse of procedural rights” within the framework of two approaches. The first approach involves the definition of abuse of procedural rights as misuse of procedural rights, and the second approach – as a type of procedural offence. The article analyses the national legislation on the subject matter of the study.
 It is argued that the abuse of procedural rights is a certain situation which participants to court proceedings find themselves in, whose rights are violated and are directly related to the rights of the person who abuses them. The exercise of procedural rights is carried out by one party to the dispute within certain limits, as long as it does not contradict the interests of the other party. Violation of these limits leads to the emergence and existence of such a legal phenomenon as abuse of rights.
 It is established that abuse of procedural rights means that one of the parties to a dispute, which formally has certain rights, unlawfully exercises them, violating the extent and type of behaviour defined by the procedural law, while taking advantage of the fact that these rights cannot be objectively clearly defined by means of direct prohibitions. In other words, when exercising their rights, the parties to the dispute do not take into account all the actual circumstances and do not take into account the possible harm to each other’s interests.
 Attention is drawn to the fact that the diversity of procedural rights in civil and commercial proceedings gives rise to a corresponding number of types of their abuse by the parties to a case. Due to the absence of a clear list in current legislation of the types of abuse of procedural rights and the existence of certain judicial practice in resolving this category of cases, it should be noted that there are various classifications by scholars.

Specific features of obtaining and using electronic evidence in criminal proceedings

The relevance and importance of this research is due to the fact that scientific and technological progress and rapid development of information technology in all spheres of public life have significantly influenced the emergence of new types of criminal offences. Criminals are using computer systems and other portable devices to commit unlawful acts with increasing frequency. Today, many criminal offences are being committed with the help of information technology around the world, ranging from simple online fraud to the threat of a territorial act. Therefore, one of the ways to record (document) such illegal activities effectively is to obtain (collect) electronic evidence by law enforcement agencies in criminal proceedings. In this regard, the key role is played by evidence, which helps to form an evidence base that makes it possible to notify a person of suspicion, send an indictment to the court and make a final court decision on the guilt (innocence) of a person in committing a particular criminal offence. Achievement of this objective undoubtedly necessitates a specific legal procedure for seizure of electronic evidence in criminal proceedings, which is not yet clearly defined in terms of its collection, leading to numerous cases of courts declaring such evidence inadmissible.
 In the course of the scientific research, the author of the article analyses the views of scholars on the interpretation of the concept of electronic evidence; provides the legislative interpretation of this term (unlike the CPC of Ukraine, other procedural codes enshrine the concept of electronic evidence); studies the case law on the issue of electronic evidence being admissible/inadmissible; and identifies the main features of electronic evidence, etc.
 Given the fact that the Russian Federation commits war crimes on the territory of Ukraine on a daily basis, the author states the need to collect and record evidence of such crimes from open sources, which will further ensure the prosecution of the perpetrators.
 In the course of studying the specific features of obtaining and using electronic evidence in criminal proceedings, the author applied general scientific and special scientific methods, in particular, dialectical, formal and logical, and comparative legal methods. The interrelated use of these methods allowed for a comprehensive study, where each of these methods was used at a certain stage of the examination of the specific features of obtaining and using electronic evidence in criminal proceedings.

Morality, self-control, age, type of offence and sentence length as predictors of psychopathy amongst female incarcerated offenders in South Africa.

There has been an increase in female incarcerated offenders nationally and internationally. Despite this trend, literature and research on female offenders remain limited compared to their male counterparts. Evidence of the relationship between certain personality disorders and offending behaviour has led numerous countries to prioritise identifying and assessing personality disorders among the offender population. Psychopathic personality traits may contribute to women's risk factors for expressing antisocial behaviours, resulting in their potential future incarceration. Thus, a need exists to understand possible factors that may predict the expression of psychopathic traits in females, which may have notable utility among female offenders. This study aimed to investigate possible predictor variables of psychopathy amongst incarcerated female offenders in South Africa. A quantitative research approach, non-experimental research type, and correlational research design were employed. A convenience sampling technique was used. The sample consisted of 139 (N = 139) female offenders housed in two correctional centres in South Africa who voluntarily participated in this study. Correlation analyses and hierarchical regression analysis procedures were conducted to analyse the results. Results indicated (i) a certain combination of predictor variables that statistically and practically significantly explained both primary and secondary psychopathy and (ii) individual predictor variables (e.g., Impulsivity, Simple Tasks, Risk-Seeking, and Self-Centredness) that explained both primary and secondary psychopathy statistically and practically significantly. This study provides valuable information about the possible predictor variables of psychopathy amongst female offenders within the context of South Africa. However, further research must be conducted to validate these findings and advance our knowledge on this topic.

Measures of a criminal legal nature, which are applied for criminal offences that encroach on pharmaceutical activity, outside the limits of criminal responsibility

The article deals with the measures of a criminal legal nature, which are applied for criminal offences that encroach on pharmaceutical activity, outside the limits of criminal responsibility.
 In the opinion of the author, such measures of a criminal legal nature are beyond the scope of criminal responsibility, such as: exemption from criminal responsibility; restrictive measures applied to persons who have committed domestic violence; coercive measures of a medical nature; coercive educational measures; forced treatment; special confiscation; measures of a criminal legal nature against legal entities.
 Attention is focused on the fact that clarifying the specifics of the application of some of these measures is directly related to the implementation of the norms of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provide criminal legal protection of pharmaceutical activity in Ukraine. After all, the relevant norms of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine provide for special types of exemption from criminal responsibility (Part 4 of Art. 307, Part 4 of Art. 309, Part 4 of Art. 311, Part 5 of Art. 321, Part 4 of Art. 321-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), and the definition of the concept of special confiscation in Part 1 of Art. 96-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine directly includes its application for certain types of the mentioned criminal offences.
 The article considers the specifics of the application of special confiscation (in particular, for such types of criminal offences that encroach on pharmaceutical activity and are provided for in Parts 2-5 of Art. 134, Art. 138, 142, 305, 306-308, Parts 2, 3 of Art. 309, Art. 312, 314-317, 320, 321, 321-1, 321-2, 322, Parts 2-4 of Art. 323, 324 f the Criminal Code of Ukraine).
 The author paid special attention to the specific content of the prerequisites and grounds in the legal constructions of special types of exemption from criminal responsibility provided for in Part 4 of Art. 307, Part 4 of Art. 309, Part 4 of Art. 311, Part 5 of Art. 321, Part 4 of Art. 321-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
 The author substantiates the relevance of the application of criminal-legal measures against a legal entity for the commission by an authorized entity of a legal entity on behalf and in the interests of this legal entity of criminal offenses provided for in Art. 142, 306, 307, 311, 312, 320, 321, 321-1, 321-2, 322 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.

Peculiarities of conducting an examination during the investigation of sexual criminal offenses

It has been emphasized that during the formation of the methodology of the investigation of sexual criminal offenses, it is necessary to highlight the procedural and tactical features of conducting individual investigative (search) actions. The necessity of distinguishing and characterizing the peculiarities of conducting an examination during the investigation of sexual criminal offenses has been substantiated. The importance of examination during the investigation of sexual criminal offenses has been revealed. It has been noted that the procedural procedure for conducting an examination during a pre-trial investigation of the investigated category of criminal offenses is defined in Part 3 of Art. 214, Art. Art. 223, 233, 237-239, 615 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. It has been found that the main tasks of the review during the investigation of sexual criminal offenses are: the search for traces of biological origin that could have been left by the offender and may later become objects of his identification, the detection of technical means of recording sexual acts and their broadcast, the detection of pornographic products , draft records, etc. Forensic recommendations on the tactics of conducting an examination have been formed, taking into account the type of criminal offense under investigation, the specifics of the trace picture, the type of examination and the stage of its conduct. It has been determined the peculiarities of the inspection of the area, which is the place of the event; the premises, which is the place of the event; things and documents (clothes and shoes of the victim and the suspect, notebooks, photos and videos, computers, mobile phones, etc.). The specifics of the review tactics of information and telecommunication systems, computer equipment and devices with a telephone function, which were used as means of preparation, direct commission and concealment of sexual criminal offenses, have been clarified..

Prospects of drawing on the results of researches are with application of poligrafe in finishing telling

In the presented article general directions and prospects of drawing on the results of researches are exposed with application of lie-detector in the process of finishing telling in criminal realizations. On the basis of the obtained data about economic feasibilities poligrafe and him software the list of spheres in that drawing on the results of such researches in Ukraine of most effective is exposed. The value of results of poligraf expert researches is reflected in the system of proofs. It is marked that except a tactical value in the process of finishing telling, the conclusion of expert can become founding of acceptance of such important decisions an inquisitional judge in realization, as realization of searches, temporal access to the things and documents, realization of complex of secret inquisitional (of criminal investigation) actions, setting of other judicial examinations and others like that.
 Certainly, that the results of judicial examination got in time with the use of poligrafe not only can come forward as basis for the construction of versions during investigation and determination of corresponding near-term inquisitional (of criminal investigation) actions but also included in the complex of proofs that there is base on a prosecution. It is marked that possibilities of judicial psychological examination with the use of methodology of lie-detector research are the unique method of realization of right for any personality to confirm veracity of the testimonies (including alibi), fix the position of collaboration with investigation, to lead to the openness.
 The list of psychical and physiology aspects, that can be set by an expert during application to the lie-detector for persons that is checked for involvement to offence, is presented. To such aspects, the following is attributed: to accentuation of personality or propensity to the feasance of separate types of offences; signs of pathological sexual perversions (paedophilias, necrophilias); presence of tracks bits are in memory of person about the circumstances of commission of crime; signs of twisting, saying nothing or constructing of information. Vision is exposed in relation to the complex of measures on the increase of prospect of deployment of possibilities of expert technology of the use of lie-detector in the process of finishing telling in criminal realizations.

ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ КІЛЬКОСТІ КРАДІЖОК В УМОВАХ ПОВОЄНОГО ЧАСУ В УКРАЇНІ

In the article, based on the probabilistic prognosis methodology, probabilistic indicators of the number of thefts in post-war Ukraine are calculated. There is the most powerful factors influencing acquisitive crime taking into account. The task is complicated by the reduced ability to obtain accurate socially significant information in wartime conditions, and this data greatly influences the accuracy of the prognosis. Prognostication under martial law is difficult when choosing a scenario that requires accurate input data, and the scenario approach calls into question the accuracy of the prognosis within the selected scenario. In this case, an option was chosen that seemed promising and is based on the use of probabilistic statistical methods, which are closely related to randomness. The dynamics of the postwar number of thefts should certainly be influenced by the state of alcohol abuse among criminals, as well as the likelihood of drug and other intoxicant abuse among criminals. And these probabilities also need to be forecasted. If during the war this indicator among the general population increased by one third and up to 11%, respectively, then after the war it should decrease among the general population and increase among the unemployed population, whose share will increase. As a result, it was found that a catastrophic scenario is unlikely, since the probable quantitative indicators of the number of thefts will be within the range of up to 5% of the indicator for the number of delinquent projected population of the country, equality to which or exceeding which would lead the development scenario exponentially, that is, completely uncontrolled development path. It has been established that the most favorable prognosis of the number of thefts in post-war Ukraine makes it possible to eliminate panic in this matter. However, the probabilistic prognosis does not exclude the possibility of exponential growth of this type of criminal offense in post-war Ukraine over the course of 4–5 years. Key words: probability, war, theft, crime, prognostication, factor.

Atypical Types of Criminal Offences Encroaching on Pharmaceutical Activity in Acts of Foreign Criminal Legislation

Purpose: To determine the atypical types of criminal offences encroaching on pharmaceutical activity in acts of foreign criminal legislation. Methods: This article is based on systemic analysis and comparative legal methods. Results and Discussion: We chose the way of systematization of atypical types of criminal offences that encroach on pharmaceutical activity in acts of foreign criminal legislation. Criteria for the systematization of atypical types of criminal offences encroaching on pharmaceutical activity are proposed. Implications of the Research: We have identified the impact of the construction of legal norms of atypical types of criminal offences encroaching on pharmaceutical activity in acts of foreign criminal legislation. Identification of atypical types of criminal offenses and their systematization were useful for finding out “damage” of certain fragments of pharmaceutical activity (its mechanism). Originality/value: We were asked the question of identifying the impact of the construction of legal norms of atypical types of criminal offences encroaching on pharmaceutical activity in acts of foreign criminal legislation. The norms of criminal legislation of EU (Germany), USA (the State of New York, the State of California), Brazil, Switzerland, Turkey, Estonia, Georgia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan were used. It was found that their “atypicality” does not mean errors of legal technique in acts of foreign criminal legislation, but is carried out on the basis of normative (blanket) legislation in the field of pharmaceutical activity.

The relationship between psychopathy facets and types of criminal offences

AbstractThe Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL‐R) is a widely used measurement of psychopathy comprising interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, and antisocial facets representing narrow‐band characteristics associated with the construct. However, there is little research on whether the distinct facets of psychopathy show specialised relationships with different types of criminal offences. The PCL‐R was administered to 138 adults incarcerated at a county jail. Arrests were coded into broad categories (i.e., crimes against persons, property or society), as well as for specific offence types (e.g. burglary, assault) using US crime definitions. Zero‐order correlations and zero‐inflated regression models showed significant relationships between: the lifestyle facet and property and societal crimes, mainly drug offences; the affective facet and crimes against persons; and the antisocial facet with all three major crime categories, as well as burglary, motor vehicle theft, robbery and assault. Overall, these results indicate that the PCL‐R facets offer unique information about specific forms of criminal behaviour.

Ethnic Inequalities in Sentencing: Evidence from the Crown Court in England and Wales

Abstract In recent years, there has been considerable policy and academic interest in the existence of ethnic inequalities in the Criminal Justice System. A large body of sentencing research has been dedicated to exploring whether ethnic minority defendants are treated more harshly than similarly situated white defendants. This paper extends this research utilizing Ministry of Justice linked criminal justice datasets and multilevel models to assess the effect of ethnicity and other defendant case and contextual factors on sentencing outcomes in the Crown Court. The analysis shows that legal characteristics such as plea, pre-trial detention, offence type and severity are important factors determining sentencing outcomes although they do not fully explain disparities in these outcomes between ethnic groups. Ethnic disparities in imprisonment persist and, in some cases, become more pronounced after controlling for defendant case and court factors. In contrast, ethnic disparities in sentence length are largely explained by legal factors, and after adjusting for other predictors of sentencing outcomes, observed differences between most (but not all) ethnic minority groups and the white British disappear.

Factors and Patterns Associated with Juvenile Delinquency with Reference to Juvenile Crimes in India

Objectives: This study aims to examine the patterns in juvenile delinquency based on factors including age, gender, offence type, and characteristics used in NCRB reports and to comprehend the various factors that contribute to juvenile crime. Methods: This study was done using the secondary data which was collected from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reports in the year of 2017 to 2021 by the Government of India. Result and discussion: The analysis of the aforementioned data reveals that there is a higher level of juvenile crimes in India especially in various states. It also shows that a significant proportion of juvenile individuals have unfortunately fallen victim to a multitude of socio-economic pressures, including poverty, inadequate parental guidance, limited access to education, and the influence of peer groups. The crime rate in India has exhibited a notable upward trend over the years, accompanied by a concerning decline in the rate of convictions. Conclusion: The issue of juvenile delinquency necessitates focused consideration and an approach that prioritizes the well-being of children, with an emphasis on safeguarding and proactive measures to prevent their involvement in deviant behaviour. Research Implications: The findings can have implications for policymakers and educators in the realm of pedagogy development. Additionally, it bears relevance for family members and other stakeholders who play a crucial role in fostering the comprehensive growth and development of children.

Economic crisis and crime: Money under the mattress during financial destabilization

The paper investigates the effect of a (semi-) deposit run during a debt crisis on crime rates. The study focuses on Greece’s protracted debt crisis (2009–2018) and analyzes the response of crime to deposit outflows. It shows that deposit outflows corresponded to a significant increase in property crimes (thefts and burglaries), but not other types of offenses. The study provides useful policy insights for regulatory authorities tasked with monitoring and decreasing the criminogenic effects of financial destabilization