Types Of Natural Fibers Research Articles

Green technology of natural fiber reinforced bio-composites as alternative sustainable product

Proactive strategies are being opted by metallurgical, foundry and manufacturing industries with respect to their experiences working with product designing based on product life cycle assessments. Without the consideration of the potential impacts on the life cycle, the development of new products would barely be sustainable. “Green” composites or bio-composites are fully degradable composites mainly consisting of a blend of biopolymer matrix and natural fibers which act as a reinforcing phase. In this study, natural bio-composite was reviewed as an alternative sustainable product. The types of natural fibers were also described as raw material of natural bio-composite. In addition, development natural fibers nowadays were mentioned. Furthermore, the application of natural fiber reinforced bio-composites was also presented.

PENGARUH PARAMETER PENGGURDIAN TERHADAP AKURASI LUBANG KOMPOSIT GONI-POLIESTER DENGAN TWIST DRILL

Composite is a combination of materials consisting of 2 or more materials lead to the composite material has different mechanical properties and characteristics as desired. Composite materials are divided into two types, synthetic fibers and natural fibers. Most of the natural fiber types use jute fiber, as it is a candidate as a reinforce material to produce lightweight, strong and environmentally friendly composite materials as mixing polyester composites. Although composites can be made according to the desired shape, the final work, such as the machining process, is also needed for making several shapes such as making holes with the drill process. Furthermore, twist drilling, can induce damage due to the imperfections of the holes that are produced, resulting asymmetrical holes. This allows complicate assembly and reduce its strength. The parameters use are spindle speed 100 rpm, 700 rpm and 1400 rpm and feeding 0,1 mm/rev, 0,2 mm/rev, 0,3 mm/rev, 0,5 mm/rev and 0,7 mm/rev. The results obtained that using 100 rpm and feeding 0.5 to 0.7 can make imprecise and resulted delamination of the hole. Increased spindle speed such as 700 and 1400 rpm and higher feed rate, resulted increase the accuracy of the hole

STUDI PERILAKU LEKATAN ANTARA BETON DAN NATURAL FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (NFRP) DENGAN UJI LEKATAN GESER

Reinforcement and repair of reinforced concrete structures using Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites have been widely used. However, the high price is one of the obstacles to applying it. Utilization of natural fiber as a Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer (NFRP) composite material is an alternative because, in addition to its abundant availability in nature, natural fiber also has low specific gravity, is environmentally friendly, and has a more economical production cost. In this study, natural fibers were used as a substitute for synthetic polymer fibers for strengthening and repairing reinforced concrete structures. This study aims to determine the bond strength between concrete and NFRP. The benefit of this research is to provide an overview of the behavior of the bonding strength of NFRP so that it can be applied to the reinforcement and repair of reinforced concrete structures. The bond strength behavior between concrete and NFRP was tested experimentally. The parameters used were the type of natural fiber (abaka, ramie, pineapple, Samia's silk), the type of adhesive (epoxy, polyester, thixotropic epoxy), and the number of layers of fiber. The test object used the form of a beam (100x100x300) mm and has a single reinforcement of 10 mm in the middle of the cross-section. The width of the NFRP is 50 mm with a bond length of 120 mm. Strain gauges are used on NFRP every 50 mm. In addition, strain gauges are also installed on reinforcement and concrete. A result, NFRP bonding can increase the tensile strength capacity of reinforced concrete beams. Bonding of type-b abaca fiber composite with polyester adhesive is the composite that gives the most significant increase in tensile strength capacity. The Beams with three-layer type-b abaka composite bonded with polyester adhesive experienced the highest increase in tensile strength capacity reaching 47.25%. The results of this study indicate the potential of NFRP as a retrofitting method and further research is needed so that it can be applied to reinforced concrete structures.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SERAT RAMI DAN BATANG PISANG TERHADAP KEKUATAN IMPAK DAN FLEKSURAL BASIS GIGI TIRUAN AKRILIK

Introduction : Acrylic denture in its use often results in fractures and one of the causes is due to poor mechanical resistance, especially to impact strength. Several methods to prevent broken acrylic, include the addition of fibers that function as reinforcement. There are 2 types of fibers, synthetic and natural fibers. Synthetic fibers are relatively expensive, so an alternative is needed, namely the use of natural fibers (Ramie and banana stem). This study purposed to determine the effect of adding ramie fiber and banana stem to impact and flexural strength of acrylic denture base. Methods : Experimental Laboratory, number of 60 samples consisted of 30 samples for flexural and impact tests. The sample was an acrylic plate; size 65x10x2.5 mm for Flexural Test and 80x10x4 mm (Flatwise impact method without notched) for Impact Test. The fiber concentration added was 1.6% of the sample weight. The sample consisted of 3 groups, namely control, the addition of ramie and banana stem fibers. Flexural test with UTM and Impact test with Charpy method. Results : Flexural and impact strength mean value of the ramie fiber group had the highest value (132.7459MPa; 7.9859 x 10-3Joule/mm2), followed by the control group (99.8499MPa; 4.2757 x 10-3Joule/mm2) and smallest value was in banana midrib fiber group (91.6865MPa; 3.0303 x 10-3Joule/mm2). The LSD test of significance(p) between each group in flexural and Impact Strength tests showed a significant difference (p<0.05). Pearson correlation test showed a significant positive correlation between the two tests. Conclusion : The addition of ramie fiber can increase the impact and flexural strength of denture acrylic, but it is different from the addition of banana midrib fiber because the presence of flavonoids (phenol compounds) it contains causes a decrease in the strength of denture acrylic.

Study on the workability, mechanical properties of fish tail palm fibre reinforced concrete-emphasis on fibre content and fibre length

In recent years, a new type of natural fibre known as fish tail palm fibre (FTPF) has been discovered, and several studies have been conducted to investigate the fibres physiochemical properties, strength attributes and therapeutic capabilities. Because the utilisation of these fibres in the concrete industry is limited, this research aims to employ varying volume fractions of fibres with different fibre length as micro reinforcement in concrete to improve the pre-cracking behaviour and post-peak strength of high-strength concrete composites. Fibre dosage of 0.1% and 0.2% have only minor impact on the slump when compared to 0.3% fibre dosage. The compressive strength of control specimen was 50 MPa (M50). The maximum compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of FTPF reinforced concrete specimens are 56 MPa, 5.11 MPa and 6.12 MPa, respectively, which was recorded for specimen with 0.2 Volume Fraction (VF) and 30 mm Fibre Length (FL). The increase in the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength is about 12%, 19% and 20% with the addition of 0.2% VF and 0.3% VF of fibres. Out of nine fibre-reinforced concrete mixes, specimen with 0.2 and 0.3 VF with 30 mm fibre length showed excellent mechanical strength. From the fractional analysis study, it can be concluded that the fibre length has about 40% contribution on the compressive strength of concrete followed by fibre length. When compared to splitting tensile strength, the fibre length and fibre volume fraction have almost equal contribution. In the case of flexural strength, the combined effect of fibre length and fibre volume has a contribution of about 46% in the strength properties of concrete.

A review on the limitations of natural fibres and natural fibre composites with emphasis on tensile strength using coir as a case study.

Natural fibres such as coir, jute, flax, and hemp have been considered for technical applications. These fibres, though with some desirable qualities such as low density and environmental compatibility, possess the common property of non-uniformity along their length and, as a result, variable diameter and variable cross-sectional area. Several other factors, such as gauge length, fibre species and origin, strain rate, method of extraction of the fibres, porosity and pore size distribution, have been identified to influence the tensile strength of natural fibres and limit their applications in composites. Besides, several authors have used different diameters for the same type of natural fibre, such as coir, resulting in significant inconsistency in the tensile properties. For the same type of coir fibre, and from tensile strength reports from ten authors, an average tensile strength of 120.97 ± 42.30 MPa was obtained. The average number of fibres used in most cases for the tensile test was less than the requirement for natural fibres. All these factors were addressed with the aim of improving the overall properties of natural fibres and their composites.

Revealing the intrinsic dielectric properties of mediterranean green fiber composites for sustainable functional products

The ability of biodegradable materials to be miniaturized and degrade at specific rates when subjected to certain bacterium types and/or a given range of temperatures has led to a newly emerging technology: organic transient bioelectronics. In this work, the electrical characteristics of new natural composite materials are presented. Four types of natural lignocellulosic fibers were used with polypropylene: black pepper, sumac, pomegranate, and lemon. The composites were prepared as flat smooth sheets with thicknesses ∼1 mm. The dielectric constant and the ac conductivity of the prepared samples were determined for the frequency range of 1 KHz to 4 MH. All measurements were performed at room temperature and humidity utilizing parallel plate capacitor technique associated with high precision Hioki IM3536 LCR meter. The frequency response of the composites under study shows similar behavior to that of the pure sample but with various percentage increments. The dielectric constant shows that the consistent dispersion was highly affected by filler content specially at the low frequency side of the spectrum. The maximum recorded increment was around 55% for 30wt.% sumac samples at 1 KHz. The effect of larger filler loading concentration on the incremental change of the ac conductivity was more obvious at higher frequencies.

Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer Composites: A Review

The cement production consumes many natural resources and energy, pollutes the environment, and cannot meet the current building materials’ green and sustainable development requirements. Therefore, geopolymers have gained popularity as cement replacements in recent years. Geopolymers have promising characteristics such as low energy consumption and carbon footprint, valuable compressive strength, fire resistance, flame resistance and good durability. However, these materials suffer from low tensile and flexural strength. Hence, fibres are added to overcome these issues and enhance their toughness index. Natural fibres are biodegradable, low-cost, renewable materials and widely available in many countries. This article reviewed previous Natural Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer Composites (NFRGC) studies, focusing on compressive strength, tensile and flexural strengths, and toughness. In addition, the available literature on the effect of the treatment methods of natural fibres on the mechanical properties of NFRGC has been addressed. The findings indicate that adding the appropriate type and content of natural fibres to geopolymer composites can enhance their mechanical properties. However, more attention should be paid to the effects of the pre-treatment of natural fibres on the performance of NFRGC.

Natural Cellulosic Fiber Reinforced Concrete: Influence of Fiber Type and Loading Percentage on Mechanical and Water Absorption Performance.

The paper reports experimental research regarding the mechanical characteristics of concrete reinforced with natural cellulosic fibers like jute, sisal, sugarcane, and coconut. Each type of natural fiber, with an average of 30 mm length, was mixed with a concrete matrix in varying proportions of 0.5% to 3% mass. The tensile and compressive strength of the developed concrete samples with cellulosic fiber reinforcement gradually increased with the increasing proportion of natural cellulosic fibers up to 2%. A further increase in fiber loading fraction results in deterioration of the mechanical properties. By using jute and sisal fiber reinforcement, about 11.6% to 20.2% improvement in tensile and compressive strength, respectively, was observed compared to plain concrete, just by adding 2% of fibers in the concrete mix. Bending strength increased for the natural fiber-based concrete with up to 1.5% fiber loading. However, a decrease in bending strength was observed beyond 1.5% loading due to cracks at fiber−concrete interface. The impact performance showed gradual improvement with natural fiber loading of up to 2%. The water absorption capacity of natural cellulosic fiber reinforced concrete decreased substantially; however, it increased with the loading percent of fibers. The natural fiber reinforced concrete can be commercially used for interior or exterior pavements and flooring slabs as a sustainable construction material for the future.

A modified resistance to compression (RtC) test for evaluation of natural fiber softness

Comfort is a key feature of any clothing that relates significantly to softness of the fiber, yarn and fabric from which is it constructed. A known softness assessment method for fibers is the resistance to compression test. This traditional test only provides a single force value for the resistance of a loose fiber sample using a fixed mass under compression. In this research, a modified resistance to compression test was introduced to show the effects of repeated compression, providing more information about the softness and resilience of selected fibers. Three different natural fiber types, including wool, cotton and alpaca were compared using this new approach. The results showed compression profiles were quite different for different fiber types as well as for the same fibers with different diameters. While the diameters of the wool and alpaca samples were similar (18.5 μm), the modified resistance to compression values were significantly higher for wool (with a peak value at 9.5 kPa compared to 2.1 kPa for alpaca). Cotton was different from wool and alpaca but showed a similar modified resistance to compression value (10.4 kPa) to wool. During cycles of compression, modified resistance to compression peak values decreased slightly and then tended to be constant. Even though the structures of wool, cotton and alpaca were quite different, there was no significant difference in the magnitude of decline in modified resistance to compression peak values. This means that the modified resistance to compression test is able to provide additional information on the resilience characteristics of different natural fibers, and can reveal the resistance behavior of fiber samples during cyclic compression.

Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites

Increased environmental awareness and the demand for sustainable materials have promoted the use of more renewable and eco-friendly resources like natural fibre as reinforcement in the building industry. Among various types of natural fibres, kenaf has been widely planted in the past few years, however, it hasn’t been extensively used as a construction material. Kenaf bast fibre is a high tensile strength fibre, lightweight and cost-effective, offering a potential alternative for reinforcement in construction applications. To encourage its use, it’s essential to understand how kenaf fibre’s properties affect the performance of cement-based composites. Hence, the effects of KF on the properties of cementitious composites in the fresh and hardened states have been discussed. The current state-of-art of Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Cement Composite (KFRCC) and its different applications are presented for the reader to explore. This review confirmed the improvement of tensile and flexural strengths of cementitious composites with the inclusion of the appropriate content and length of kenaf fibres. However, more studies are necessary to understand the overall impact of kenaf fibres on the compressive strength and durability properties of cementitious composites.

Comparison on oil and water absorption ability of various natural fiber

The natural fibers from trees, agricultural waste, fruit skins and others will be considered as recyclable and recently have been used widely as filler materials in polymer composites. As an alternative, natural fibers have become the attention of researchers to substituate the commercial, synthetic and costly fibers. Therefore, this study has used 6 types of natural fibers from local fruit waste in Malaysia, and investigate the ability of each of them to absorb oil and water. All natural fiber showed different absorption percentage within the testing period. The natural fiber which more hydrophilic goes to coconut shell, againts peanuts as the lowest in absorbing water. Meanwhile, coconut residue capable to absorb more oil than coconut shell which showed oleophobic behaviour. The cellulose content, the hollow or pores and also the types of natural fiber are the factors that affect the percentage of oil and water uptake.

A Review of Recent Advances in Hybrid Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRCs) have demonstrated great potential for many different applications in various industries due to their advantages compared to synthetic fiber-reinforced composites, such as low environmental impact and low cost. However, one of the drawbacks is that the NFRCs present relatively low mechanical properties and the absorption of humidity due to the hydrophilic characteristic of the natural fibre. One method to increase their performance is hybridization. Therefore, understanding the properties and potential of using multiple reinforcement’s materials to develop hybrid composites is of great interest. This paper provides an overview of the recent advances in hybrid natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. First, the main factors that affect the performance of hybrid fiber-reinforced composites were briefly discussed. The effect of hybridization on the mechanical and thermal properties of hybrid composites reinforced with several types of natural fibers (i.e., sisal, jute, curauá, ramie, banana, etc.) or natural fibers combined with synthetic fibers is presented. Finally, the water absorption behaviour of hybrid fiber-reinforced composites is also discussed. It was concluded that the main challenges that need to be addressed in order to increase the use of natural-natural or natural-synthetic hybrid composites in industry are the poor adhesion between natural fibers and matrix, thermal stability and moisture absorption of natural fibers. Some of these challenges were addressed by recent development in fibers treatment and modification, and product innovation (hybridization).

Tribological and Viscoelastic Behaviour of Jute, Prosopis Juliflora Bark, and Kenaf Fibers Reinforced Polyester Hybrid Composites for Engineering Applications

Utilizing biomaterials for every conceivable purpose area, such as automobiles, sporting goods, medical, civil, and textile industries, is the aim of the research field. Applications of Natural Fiber (NF) reinforced polymer composites in structural and tribological engineering are rapidly expanding. For the first time in this work, Prosopis juliflora bark and two different types of NF (jute and kenaf) were reinforced with polyester matrix by the hand layup method. The objective of the work is to determine the wear performance and viscoelastic properties of the new hybrid bio-composite. Under dry contact conditions, the tribological performance of the proposed hybrid composite material was evaluated using a range of process parameters, including sliding distance (1000-2000 m), applied load (10-50 N), and sliding velocity (1-5 m/s). The wear behaviour of the fabricated NF composite was greatly enhanced (17.5 x10-8 mm3 /N-mm) by the higher composition of kenaf fibers has been observed. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed that the manufactured composites had high storage modulus (4.1 GPa) and loss modulus (3.8 GPA). SEM was used to investigate and propose a potential wear mechanism for the developed composites by evaluating the exterior geomorphology of samples after wear tests. AFM provided details on the fiber surface properties of hybrid composites.

Selection of green composite materials for orthopedic prosthesis using analytical hierarchy process

A multi-criteria decision-making technique known as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to carry out the selection of the most appropriate constituent types of green composites, i.e., natural fibers and biopolymers. To perform AHP, six alternatives for each constituent of the green composite are selected, and a pairwise comparison is performed. The main criteria were considered the same for both natural fibers and biopolymers. However, for sub-criteria, 11 parameters were selected for natural fibers and nine parameters for biopolymers. The methodology is outlined for the implementation of AHP in material selection and performing simulations for finite element analysis (FEA). MATLAB is used to execute the AHP. However, for the synthesis of green composite, FEA was done on the model made of top-ranked constituents of green composite to test its mechanical characteristics and compare with the properties of the cortical bone using ANSYS. The AHP results ranked coir and polyglycolic acid as the most appropriate constituents among the considered alternatives for making a green composite by attaining an overall priority of 0.2390 and 0.2209 respectively. The consistency ratio for the selection fibres is less than 10% making the AHP results acceptable. On the other hand, consistency ratio in selection of biopolymers is 0.14 > 0.1 and the reason for this slight increase is due to the negative glass transition temperature values. The simulation results showed that the coir/PGA composite has a reasonable tendency to be used in bone plate implants.

Effect of hybridization on mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties of biocomposite

Environmental concern over synthetic materials and sustainability issues due to the reduction of fossil fuels have given rise to remarkable progress in the development of green products like biocomposites. Natural fiber is used as reinforcement in biodegradable, ecofriendly and economic composites. However, they lack desired mechanical properties at highly humid or aqueous environment, which limits their application in many fields. Hybrid biocomposites with more than one type of natural fiber has recently drawn great research due to their improved properties. This paper focused on the studies of mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties of pure woven cotton fiber/ polystyrene (WCF/PS) and hybrid woven palm-cotton fiber/ polystyrene (WPCF/PS) biocomposite. The mechanical properties of the samples were evaluated by a Universal Testing machine (UTM) and thermal properties by Thermo Gravimetric analyzer (TGA). Water absorption properties were analyzed by % weight gain method. The mechanical properties including tensile strength, tensile modulus and impact strength were found to be higher in hybrid WPCF/PS biocomposite. Higher thermal stability and less water absorption property were observed in the hybrid sample. This study reveals that improvement in properties could be achieved in biocomposite through hybridisation of palm fiber with cotton fiber, which would help to widen their research scope and commercial acceptability.

Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Carbonized Plant Fibers Reinforced Bio-Based Epoxy Laminates.

In this work, henequen and ixlte plant fibers were carbonized in a horizontal quartz tube furnace. Several carbonized and non-carbonized fiber fabric configurations were impregnated with a bio-based epoxy resin through the infuseon process. The infrared spectra revealed characteristic bands of styrene instead of organic compounds, representing that the carbonization procedure was adequate to carbonize the plant fibers. The porosity volume ratio for the non-carbonized henequen laminates showed the highest number of voids >1.9%, and the rest of the composites had a similar void density between 1.2–1.7%. The storage modulus of the non-carbonized and carbonized henequen laminates resulted in 2268.5 MPa and 2092.1 MPa, respectively. The storage modulus of the carbonized ixtle laminates was 1541.4 MPa, which is 37.8% higher than the non-carbonized ixtle laminates and 12% higher than henequen composites. The laminates were subject to thermal shock cycling, and tomography scans revealed no alterations on the porosity level or in the cracks after the cycling procedure. Thermal shock cycling promoted the post-curing effect by increasing the glass transition temperature. The viscoelastic results showed a variation in the storage modulus when the carbonized fiber fabrics were located between natural fiber fabrics, which was attributed to more excellent compaction during the infusion process. Variations in the viscoelastic behavior were observed between the different types of natural fibers, which influenced the mechanical properties.

Effects of alkaline treatments on natural fibers

In the present investigation, analyses of the effects of alkalinization on three types of natural fibers (fique, pineapple, and flax) were carried out. Two chemical treatments were carried out on the natural fibers, the first one by means of a surface treatment leaving the fibers immersed for 1 hour, 2 hours, 8 hours, and 24 hours using concentrations of 1% w/w, 2% w/w, 5% w/w, and 10% w/w of sodium hydroxide and concentrations of 23% w/w, 33% w/w, 44% w/w, and 50% w/w of calcium carbonate, finally sodium silicate was used at a concentration of 68% w/w leaving the fiber immersed for 24 hours. The second treatment was carried out in a chemical reactor in which the fibers were subjected to a temperature of 30 °C for 30 minutes and 60 minutes using sodium hydroxide in the same way sodium silicate compounds at concentrations of 1% w/w, 5% w/w, and 10% w/w and finally calcium carbonate was used at concentrations of 23% w/w, 33% w/w and 50% w/w for the same periods of time. Tensile tests, hydrophobicity, optical microscopy, X-Ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, stress analysis and Young’s modulus were performed. The results show the elimination of some fiber components such as lignins and hemicelluloses in the treatment with sodium hydroxide, an increase in the crystallization and improvement in hydrophobicity with the sodium silicate treatment, as well as an increase in the stress supported by the treated fiber compared to the natural fiber.

A review on applications of natural Fiber-Reinforced composites (NFRCs)

Owing to global environment concerns much effort have been made to provide biodegradable and eco-friendly materials for the coming generation of composite materials. Due to increased awareness about the natural fiber reinforced composite, these are being employed in various application to minimize the greenhouse gas emissions. Green composites are good alternatives to petroleum-based materials which are environmentally harmful. Instead of several benefits of natural fiber reinforced composites, there are some challenges working with them, such as high moisture content and poor compatibility between fiber and matrix, low fire resistance, lower durability, and lower impact strength of natural fibers. Keeping in view, this paper provides an up-to-date review on natural fiber and resin types, modification, physical and mechanical properties, applications and other properties of green composites so that green composites may be employed in a number of applications by better understanding their behaviour.

ANALISIS SIFAT MEKANIS KOMPOSIT POLYESTER YANG DIPERKUAT SERAT KULIT DURIAN (DURIO ZIBETHINUS MURR) AKIBAT VARIASI FRAKSI VOLUME

Durian rind fiber composite as a reinforcement is one of the interesting research areas. Some of the advantages associated with using natural fibers due to reinforcement in polymers are their non-abrasive properties and low-cost consumption. Durian rind when processed further can be made into cellulose fiber which can be used as a natural filler in unsaturated polyester composites. Among various types of natural fibers, durian skin fiber is an alternative polymer composite filler. Durian skin can be obtained easily because it is a family waste that has not been used. To get a new composite material made from durian skin waste, and to help the community and government in handling durian skin waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum value of the variation of the volume fraction of durian skin fiber on the impact strength and hardness strength according to the desired application. This study uses the Hand Lay Up method, in the manufacture of single fiber composites with variations in volume fraction of durian skin fiber: polyester matrix, namely, 10%: 90%, 20%: 80%, 30%: 70%, 40%: 60% and 50 %:50%. The results showed that there was an increase in the impact strength and hardness strength with the addition of the volume fraction, where the highest impact energy for the volume fraction of durian skin fiber was 50%: 50%, 0.7738 J, and the highest impact value was 0.0096725 J/mm² and energy the lowest impact is 10%: 90%, 0.461 J. and the lowest impact price is 0.0057685 J/mm². So it can be concluded that the impact strength and hardness of the durian skin fiber composite increased with the increase in the volume fraction of the fiber.