Mixed Type Research Articles

Difference in lesion reactivation between pure type 2 and mixed type 1 and 2 macular neovascularization and its influence on long‐term treatment outcomes

Aims/Purpose: To compare lesion reactivation and treatment outcomes between pure type 2 and mixed type 1 and 2 macular neovascularization (MNV) treated with anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).Methods: This retrospective study included 155 patients diagnosed with Type 2 MNV. After the initial loading injections, as‐needed retreatment was provided. The difference in first lesion reactivation after the initial treatment was evaluated between pure Type 2 MNV (pure type 2 group, n = 37) and mixed Type 1 and 2 MNV (mixed group, n = 118). The degree of change in the best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was also compared between the two groups.Results: The mean follow‐up period was 32.7 ± 13.7 months. Lesion reactivation differed significantly between the Type 2 (60.0%) and mixed (84.5%) (p = 0.004) groups. The degree of visual change during the follow‐up period also differed significantly between the pure Type 2 (mean 2.8 lines of improvement) and mixed (mean 0.2 lines of deterioration) (p = 0.008) groups. In multivariate analysis, lesion type (p = 0.012) and baseline visual acuity (p = 0.002) were significantly associated with ≥2 lines of visual improvement.Conclusions: Lesion reactivation and treatment outcomes differed between pure Type 2 and mixed Type 1 and 2 MNV. These results suggested the need for different treatment strategies for these two MNV subtypes.

Relative Comparison of Adsorption and Corrosion Inhibition Studies of Expired Vitamin B12 and C Over Mild Steel in 0.5 M H2SO4

In comparison to organic corrosion inhibitors, green corrosion inhibitors are in great need for mitigating corrosion of metals and alloys ascribed to their benign toxicity in addition to absence of heavy metals and toxic substances. Contemporary research conducted in this field is more focused on implementing an efficient approach towards corrosion mitigation. The present work highlights the evaluation of anti-corrosive potential of expired Vitamin B and Vitamin C over mild steel in 0.5M H2SO4. Gravimetric and electrochemical studies have been utilized as affirmatory tool for corrosion retarding ability of the synthesized derivative. Concentration increase brought a profound rise in corrosion inhibition efficiency whereas variation in temperature from 308 K-328 K retarded the protection ability of respective inhibitors whereas electrochemical studies presented depressed semi-circles in Nyquist plots and potentiodynamic values demarcated both inhibitors as mixed type. Furthermore, a comparison among the two tested vitamins has been drawn. Contact angle measurements have been involved here to confirm the inhibitors adsorption over mild steel surface. The present experimental work will provide future insights for researchers working in field of corrosion.

Fuzzy stability of mixed type functional equations in Modular spaces

In this article, our aim is to find some stability results for mixed type cubic and quartic functional equations in fuzzy modular spaces using the fundamental results of fixed-point theory. The fixed point method provides one of the effective techniques that can be used to investigate the fuzzy stability of a mixed type cubic and quartic functional equations.

FaStaNMF: a Fast and Stable Non-negative Matrix Factorization for Gene Expression.

Gene expression analysis of samples with mixed cell types only provides limited insight to the characteristics of specific tissues. In silico deconvolution can be applied to extract cell type specific expression, thus avoiding prohibitively expensive techniques such as cell sorting or single-cell sequencing. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a deconvolution method shown to be useful for gene expression data, in part due to its constraint of non-negativity. Unlike other methods, NMF provides the capability to deconvolve without prior knowledge of the components of the model. However, NMF is not guaranteed to provide a globally unique solution. In this work, we present FaStaNMF, a method that balances achieving global stability of the NMF results, which is essential for inter-experiment and inter-lab reproducibility, with accuracy and speed. Results: FaStaNMF was applied to four datasets with known ground truth, created based on publicly available data or by using our simulation infrastructure, RNAGinesis. We assessed FaStaNMF on three criteria - speed, accuracy, and stability, and it favorably compared to the standard approach of achieving reproduceable results with NMF. We expect that FaStaNMF can be applied successfully to a wide array of biological data, such as different tumor/immune and other disease microenvironments.

Impacts of bamboo dominance and die‐off on seedling dynamics in a tropical secondary forest (Brazil)

AbstractAulonemia aristulata is a tropical bamboo species of mixed rhizome type and monocarpic flowering that can become super‐dominant after anthropogenic disturbances in tropical forests. The synchronized reproductive events of flowering and die‐off of monocarpic bamboo systems provide a rare opportunity to evaluate the temporal effects of bamboo dominance on forest regeneration. To evaluate the effects of bamboo dominance on forest regeneration, we compared the structure (abundance, richness, composition) and dynamics (mortality, recruitment, survival and growth) of tree and shrub seedling communities from two non‐contiguous forests stands (bamboo‐dominated vs. non‐dominated sites) for 2 years, before and after a synchronized reproductive event. Bamboo dominated plots had higher abundance, floristic richness and recruitment of tree and shrub seedlings when compared with bamboo non‐dominated plots. Bamboo die‐off did not represent an opportunity to improve establishment and investment in the vertical growth (height) of seedlings in bamboo‐dominated plots. We postulate that the mode of rhizome extension seen in bamboos might be a consistent trait determining the spatial pattern of occupation and population structure and thereby playing a fundamental role in the pattern of native tree community establishment after bamboo die‐off. The formulation of a management approach is necessary in order to better understand the biological traits of bamboo species and their influence on the spatial pattern of occupation and population structure. Additionally, this influence may differently impact restoration and definition of management practices, including the need for direct intervention by manually controlling bamboo cover following die‐off to promote and maintain seedling establishment and diversity.

Impact of adjuvant treatment on survival in patients with 2023 FIGO stage IIC endometrial cancer: a retrospective analysis from two tertiary centers in Korea and Taiwan.

In early-stage endometrial cancer, aggressive histologic types (grade 3 endometrioid, serous, clear cell, carcinosarcomas, undifferentiated, mixed, and other unusual types) are associated with an increased risk of distant metastases and worse survival. However, the optimal adjuvant treatment for these patients remains controversial. The present study investigated the outcomes of different adjuvant treatments in patients with 2023 FIGO stage IIC endometrial cancer. We retrospectively identified patients with 2023 FIGO stage IIC endometrial cancer who underwent surgery followed by either adjuvant treatment or observation from 2000 to 2020 at two tertiary centers in Korea and Taiwan. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional-hazards models. We also analyzed recurrence patterns after different adjuvant treatments. A total of 272 patients were identified; 204 received adjuvant treatment postoperatively, whereas 68 only underwent observation. Adjuvant treatment was not associated with improved RFS or OS. Non-endometrioid histologic types (p=0.003) and presence of lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI, p=0.002) were associated with worse RFS, whereas only non-endometrioid histologic types impacted OS (p=0.004). In subgroup analyses, adjuvant treatment improved OS in patients with LVSI (p=0.020) and in patients with both LVSI and grade 3 endometrioid histologic type (p=0.007). We found no difference in locoregional and distant recurrence between patients undergoing adjuvant treatment or observation. In this study, the addition of adjuvant treatment was associated with an OS benefit for patients with LVSI, especially those with grade 3 endometrioid tumors.

First report of mixed Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units infection in Triatoma phyllosoma in the peri-urban environment of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Chagas disease, a zoonosis transmitted mainly by hematophagous insects of the subfamily Triatominae, is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, classified into six discrete typing units (DTUs: TcI-TcVI and Tcbat). Insect vectors were collected from 84 human dwellings in the municipality of Santo Domingo Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; 4.76% were infested. DTUs were determined using conventional and nested PCR. The infection rate was 43.6%. All insects were infected with TcI while one specimen showed mixed infection with TcII. This is the first report of T. cruzi mixed infection in Triatoma phyllosoma, its main vector in the study region.

Hydrogeochemical characteristic and water quality index of groundwater and streamwater at Nam Mu River basin, Lai Chau province in northwest Vietnam

Assessing the quality of groundwater and upstream water in regions experiencing water scarcity during the dry season, such as the mountainous districts of Northern Vietnam, holds immense significance in the management, utilization, and preservation of natural water resources. In this study, we collected and analyzed 54 samples of groundwater and upstream streamwater within the Nam Mu river basin in Lai Chau province during the dry season. These samples underwent thorough analysis for physicochemical parameters, major ion concentrations, and trace elements. Some results revealed a close relationship between streamwater and groundwater, indicating a similar chemical composition. These waters could be classified based on geological formations, yielding two primary water types in the area. The first type, characterized by Ca2+ - Mg2+ - HCO3 − is prevalent in Triassic terrigenous sediments. The second type is a mixed water type, ranging from Ca2+ - Mg2+ - Cl− to Ca2+ - Na+ - HCO3 −, primarily distributed in Permian felsic volcanic formations. These distinct water types are primarily the result of interactions between water and rock, precipitation processes, and ion exchange phenomena. Geochemical simulation results demonstrated the supersaturation of aragonite, calcite, and dolomite minerals, leading to the precipitation of carbonate minerals. Concurrently, the simulation indicated a tendency to dissolve minerals such as fluorite, gypsum, halite, and sylvite. The assessment of water quality using the WQI indicates that, in accordance with QCVN 01-1:2018/BYT 2018 standards, the majority of groundwater and streamwater are suitable for domestic use. However, exceptions exist in certain sample locations where water quality exceeds permissible standards, primarily due to elevated levels of Fe, Mn, and NO3 − concentration. Hence, it is important to implement water treatment processes for the water sourced from these specific locations before their utilization in daily activities to ensure the safety and well-being of the local population.

The Comparison of Lithium Carbonate Recovered from Single Type and Unknown Mixed Type of Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Simple Way Carbonated Water Leaching

Lithium is a rare earth element, but it is important in LIB manufacturing. Spent LIBs is a potential source of lithium. The research aim was to recover lithium from spent LiNCA and mixed LIBthrough selective leaching using carbonated water. The spent cathode and anode were separated by dismantling and dissolving using NaOH and hot water. The spent cathode was reduced by mixing with 20% spent anode and heating at temperature of 650 oC for 6 hours. The reduced cathodes of 25 g were mixed with 250 ml of water and flowed by 2 L/minute of CO2 gas for 150 minutes at ambient temperature. The residue was separated from filtrate. The reduced cathode and residue were examined by XRD and FTIR, while filtrate was heated for evaporating solvent to obtain precipitated Li2CO3. Theprecipitated Li2CO3 was 0,151 g/g of LiNCA and 0,034 g/g of mixed spent cathode. The characteristicsof Li2CO3 recovered from spent LiNCA closed to pure Li2CO3 even above the commercial Li2CO3 and met the requirements as an active precursor material for manufacturing LIB cathodes. Meanwhile Li2CO3 recovered from spent mixed cathode had some impurities and was needed further purification process.

Positivity and Periodicity in Nonlinear Neutral Mixed Type Levin-Nohel Integro-Differential Equations

In this work, we give sufficient conditions for the existence of periodic and positive periodic solutions for a nonlinear neutral mixed type Levin-Nohel integro-differential equation with variable delays by using Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem. Also, we obtain the existence of a unique periodic solution of the posed equation by means of the contraction mapping principle. As an application, we give an example to illustrate our results. Previous results are extended and generalized.

Mechanism of inhibitory action of fruit cake extracts as a new environmentally inhibitors of carbon steel corrosion

In this study the firstly study reported on the use of plum, cherry, nectarine and apple pomace extract as corrosion inhibitors of steel in water solution. Potentiodynamic polarization study showed that extracts act as a mixed type inhibitors with dominant cathodic effect. Linear polarization resistance method (LRP) assesses the time-related effect of inhibitors during open circuit potential corrosion. The results show that the inhibitory efficiency of our extract increases with increasing time formation protective film to reach 99 % in a concentration of 500 ppm. LC - MS and FTIR spectroscopy techniques can be concluded that several water-soluble interaction products of chemical reaction in NaCl are identified namely flavanol–anthocyanin and flavanol-aldehyde adducts. Subsequently, the iron-mediated complexation and oxidation of the extract components (flvonoids) in the aqueous solution were explored using UV-spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. With the passage of time, iron-mediated oxidative degradation and coupling reactions occurred, resulting in the production of hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. Consequently, the inhibition decreased after 24 h. The chemisorption type of interaction of the product formed in the inhibited solution forming the adsorption-polymerization layer with the steel surface is established. Based on the quantum-chemically calculated parameters of the electronic structure of flavanol–anthocyanin and flavanol-aldehyde adducts, it was established for the first time that the combination of reactive fragments in them, which are spatially located in different planes with a higher quantity of hydroxyl groups, increases their adsorption activity and, as a result, their inhibitory capacity.

NBis(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium dodecanoate and its constituents as inhibitors for Al corrosion and H2 production in acid medium

2-(2-Hydroxyethylamino) ethanol (EA), dodecanoic acid (DA), and a freshly prepared ionic liquid named bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium dodecanoate (ADD) were exercised as mitigators towards the corrosion of aluminum and the production of hydrogen in 2.0 M HCl. The study was performed by gravimetry, gasometry, potential-time measurements, and electrochemical methods. The examined concentration range of such inhibitors was varied between 5 × 10-6 M and 5 × 10-3 M. The amount of generated hydrogen is enhanced with temperature and lowered by increasing the concentration of the organic additive. Galvanostatic studies indicated that the utilized organic materials are effective inhibitors of a mixed type. The inhibition efficacy was found to increase with more additions of inhibitors and is lowered by temperature. ADD is the more effective inhibitor with a protective efficacy of 95.2% at 0.005 M and 298 K. The computed values of ΔGoads vary between – 35.48 and − 35.00 kJ/mol depending on the type of the organic compound and temperature that confirms the existence of a physical adsorption mechanism. The lowering in the Kads values with T confirms the escaping of several adsorbed organic particles from the contact metal interface. The thermodynamic adsorption functions, ΔG°ads, and Kads confirmed the spontaneous adsorption process, i.e., physical- and chemisorption mechanisms.

Experimental investigation on wear behavior of asphalt pavement based on three-dimensional surface texture scan technology

Functional-based failure assessment and design for the service life of pavements have gained significant attention, particularly concerning wear behavior. The long-term wear characteristics of asphalt pavements are influenced by various factors and can be simulated as surface texture wear. This study employs two different indoor accelerated loading abrasion devices to investigate the effects of temperature, load, mixture type, and number of abrasion cycles on asphalt pavement wear. Surface textures of asphalt pavements were captured using a structured laser light camera, and gray & depth data were collected at the same time. Texture indicators including estimated mean texture depth (EMTD), fractal dimension (FD), and optimized structure similarity index measure (SSIM) are utilized to assess changes in surface texture. Key observations based on the small abrasion simulation equipment include the need for specific acceleration conditions in low-temperature abrasion tests, the elimination of deformation effects for high-temperature wear analysis, and a three-stage wear trend, which is more pronounced under the heavy load condition (100 kg) with no unusual fluctuations. EMTD can be used to effectively distinguish textural differences between mixtures, while SSIM shows a good trend of wear for specific mix types. Long-term lead test with MLS-11 and higher data collection frequency has verified the regularity of EMTD and SSIM, and the three stages of the asphalt mixture wear. The BPN test results are used to cross-check the failure of the skid resistance function corresponding to the wear behavior.

Examining the Relationship between Severity of Thrombocytopenia and the Pattern of Malaria: A Hospital-Based Study

OBJECTIVES To determine the association between the severity of thrombocytopenia and the pattern of malaria. METHODOLOGY This descriptive cross-sectional study included 194 patients who tested positive for malarial parasites on peripheral smear examination. The study comprised smear-positive malaria cases, both males and females, who were Pakistani nationals aged between 8 and 50. Exclusion criteria were individuals with dengue, typhoid, immunocompromised status, liver disease, and pregnancy. Data were recorded for age, gender, the pattern of malaria (Plasmodium (P). vivax, P. falciparum, or mixed), and type of thrombocytopenia (mild, moderate, and severe). The association between the severity of thrombocytopenia and the pattern of malaria was determined using a chi-square test, with the analysis stratified by gender. RESULTSThe mean age of the participants was 28.58±11.70 years, with 114 (58.76%) being male. The lowest platelet count (64,627 ± 43,062) was found in cases of falciparum malaria, while the highest mean platelet count was found in cases of vivax malaria (130,919 ± 107,723), and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.004). The most common occurrence of severe thrombocytopenia was in falciparum malaria cases (n=11, 42.31%), and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.024). CONCLUSION Falciparum malaria has the lowest mean platelet count and more severe thrombocytopenia than vivax and mixed type.

A Retrospective Chart Review of the Head-Up Tilt Table Test at a Tertiary Care University Hospital

Objectives: Syncope is a non-traumatic and self-limiting transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) caused by momentary cerebral hypo-perfusion. It can be classified into orthostatic, cardiac, and vasovagal etiologies, distinguished using the up-tilt table test (HUTT). Our objective was to determine the characteristics of patients undergoing HUTT for TLOC. Methodology: We conducted a single-center retrospective chart review of patients aged > 16 years who underwent HUTT from January 2010 to March 2020 at the cardiology and neurology departments of Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan. Charts were reviewed for basic demographic data and indications and outcomes of HUTT. Results: Our study included 496 patients with 72.2% males and a mean age of 51.1 ± 19.08 years. Vasovagal syncope was the most common etiology (79.8%, 158), followed by orthostatic syncope (11.6%, 23), autonomic syncope (6.1%, 12) and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (2.5%, 5). Vasovagal syncope was divided into three subtypes, with the most common being mixed type (82.3%, 130), followed by pure vasodepressor (14.6%, 23) and cardio-inhibitory (3.2%, 5). The two most common prodromal symptoms were loss of consciousness (45.8%, 227) with or without preceding dizziness, followed by dizziness alone (34.5%, 171). Both symptoms had a statistical significance when compared to the diagnostic yield of HUTT testing (p<0.05). No significant correlation (p>0.05) was found between presenting symptoms, age, gender, and HUTT outcomes. Conclusion: The most common etiology of syncope is vasovagal, predominantly the mixed type. LOC and dizziness were significantly associated with the HUTT yield.

Representasi Pesan Moral Dalam Film Imperfect The Series

Discussions about films as a tool to convey messages are indispensable in public entertainment. With the development of the film world, Web series has recently become the talk of the community. One of the most popular is the series "Imperfect The Series" directed by Naya Anindita with a comedy-drama genre. The storyline is about boarding children with different personalities, regional origins and their purpose in boarding houses. Imperfect the Series. The semiotic theory of Roland Barthes is used by the author for research and the use of a qualitative descriptive approach is shown by dialogue, the behavior of the characters in one of the scenes. Based on the results of research and data analysis, it is obtained that there are two types of code mixing contained in the dialogue between characters. in the film Imperfect the series, namely the inner code mixing and outer code mixing. Friendship occurs because of the support of trust, acceptance and intimacy with each other. Acceptance is caused by good communication. Communication interpersonal is also an exchange namely the act of conveying and receiving messages reciprocally. The foundation of trust includes respecting each other and accepting differences. It is hoped that this research can serve as a reference for similar research in the future.

Mixed sequential type pantograph fractional integro-differential equations with non-local boundary conditions

Mixed sequential type pantograph fractional integro-differential equations with non-local boundary conditions

MYH13, a superfast myosin expressed in extraocular, laryngeal and syringeal muscles.

MYH13 is a unique type of sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (MYH) first detected in mammalian extraocular (EO) muscles and later also in vocal muscles, including laryngeal muscles of some mammals and syringeal muscles of songbirds. All these muscles are specialized in generating very fast contractions while producing relatively low force, a design appropriate for muscles acting against a much lower load than most skeletal muscles inserting into the skeleton. The definition of the physiological properties of muscle fibres containing MYH13 has been complicated by the mixed fibre type composition of EO muscles and the coexistence of different MYH types within the same fibre. A major advance in this area came from studies on isolated recombinant myosin motors and the demonstration that the affinity of actin-bound human MYH13 for ADP is much weaker than those of fast-type MYH1 (type 2X) and MYH2 (type 2A). This property is consistent with a very fast detachment of myosin from actin, a major determinant of shortening velocity. The MYH13 gene arose early during vertebrate evolution but was characterized only in mammals and birds and appears to have been lost in some teleost fish. The MYH13 gene is located at the 3' end of the mammalian fast/developmental gene cluster and in a similar position to the orthologous cluster in syntenic regions of the songbird genome. MYH13 gene regulation is controlled by a super-enhancer in the mammalian locus and deletion of the neighbouring fast MYH1 and MYH4 genes leads to abnormal MYH13 expression in mouse leg muscles.

Coefficient Identification Problem for the System of Heat and Wave Equations Associated with a Non-Characteristic Type Change Line

The solvability of the inverse problem associated with the search for an unknown coefficient at the lowest term of a mixed parabolic-hyperbolic type equation with a non characteristic line of type change is studied. In the direct problem, we consider an analog of the Tricomi problem for this equation with a nonlocal condition on the characteristics in the hyperbolic part and initial-boundary conditions in the parabolic part of the domain. To determine unknown coefficient, with respect to the solution, defined in the parabolic part of the domain, the integral overdetermination condition is specified. The unique solvability of the inverse problem in the sense of the classical solution is proved.

Evaluation of the differences in sexual functions of women who underwent transobturatuar tape surgery

Aims: The study aims to determine the changes in sexual function and life of patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and mixed type urinary incontinence (MUI) with transobturator tape (TOT) operation.
 Methods: 232 urinary incontinence patients who had only TOT surgery between the dates of May 2022- May 2023 were included in the study. Participants were similar in terms of demographic parameters. Participants completed several questionnaires, such as the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7), Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6), Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12), both before surgery and six months post-operative. 
 Results: While IIQ-7 and UDI-6 values, which measure the adverse effects of urinary incontinence, were 13.06±3.74, 7.03±2.61 preoperatively, they were 2.14±2.12 and 2.92±1.77 postoperatively. The FSFI values for evaluating female sexual function were 22.58±1.91 preoperatively and 26.62±1.80 postoperatively, respectively. The total value of the PISQ-12 questionnaire, which also evaluated sexual function, was 39.77±14.19 preoperatively and 46.61±0.97 postoperatively. There was a significant difference between the results of the surveys conducted before and after the operation.(p values: 0.0001, 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.0001, respectively).
 Conclusion: Having a TOT operation affects the sexual function and life of patients suffering from SUI positively.