Types Of Metaphors Research Articles

The costs of multimodal metaphors: comparing ERPs to figurative expressions in verbal and verbo-pictorial formats

ABSTRACT Psycholinguistic research on metaphor has focused on verbal material. Yet, metaphors frequently occur in a multimodal format, blending words and pictures to convey meaning. Here we compared verbal and multimodal metaphors by using item pairs where stimulus one was always a word (e.g., language in the metaphorical conditions and river in the literal conditions) and stimulus two was either a word (bridge) or a picture (the image of a bridge). The two types of metaphors elicited a similar N400 effect compared to literal pairs; at later latencies, visual metaphors were associated with a more pronounced negativity compared to literal pictures, whereas no effect was observed in the verbal domain. These findings indicate that both visual and verbal metaphors recruit conceptual operations reflected in the N400, but for visual metaphors, elaboration lasts longer. This difference in time course was driven by the low number of alternative interpretations and their closedness, pointing to the costs, rather than the facilitation, of integrating visual signs at an abstract level of representation.

The role of cognitive metaphor in the formation and presentation of Imam Ali’s Ideological System in Nahj al-Balagha

Cognitive metaphor, known as a set of mappings from the source domain to the target one, is to a large extent the basis of our understanding of the world; Therefore, it always occurs in our daily life and is used in various issues such as society, politics, law, philosophy, psychology, mathematics, etc. Considering the high capacity that this type of metaphor has in generating ideas, hypotheses, and theories, as well as persuading the audience and shaping behavior, it has been used as an efficient tool in Islamic holy texts; because these texts have conceptualized divine teachings and abstract concepts creatively and uniquely humans the correct way of life; understanding, analyzing and also transferring these teachings and concepts is possible with the help of conceptual metaphor. According to what has been said, it is necessary to use the cognitive approach in analyzing the discourse of Islamic holy texts; For this reason, the present study uses cognitive metaphor to analyze the metaphor: "THE WORLD IS AN INFERIOR ODIOUS OBJECT" in order specify the nature of the mentioned metaphor and explain how we understand it, and the role of this metaphor in creating transformation in human thought and behavior. The most important achievement of this research is that if the various conceptual metaphors in the world domain, which are the product of the scholarly and artistic conceptualization of Imam Ali (PBUH), enter the conceptual system of humans, it can change their vision and consequently their perceptions and actions, and in fact, lead to a fundamental cultural revolution.

Generic Metaphors Among Other Types of Metaphors as Ways of Describing War in Modern Media

Generic Metaphors Among Other Types of Metaphors as Ways of Describing War in Modern Media

Analysis of Conceptual Metaphor in “Dear Evan Hansen: The Novel”

Metaphor is one of figurative language which compares one different thing to another. This study is focused on the types of conceptual metaphor used in “Dear Evan Hansen: The Novel” by Val Emmich, Steven Levenson, Benj Pasek, and Justin Paul. The purpose of this research is to identify the types of conceptual metaphor used by the author in both the dialogue and the narrative text in the book. This research used descriptive qualitative method to manage a clear and systematic description about the metaphor found in the book “Dear Evan Hansen: The Novel”. The data were collected from the digital book and were elaborated based on the theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) about conceptual metaphor. Based on the acquired data, there are 155 conceptual metaphors were identified in the book “Dear Evan Hansen: The Novel”, including structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor.

Gerakan Shalat Sebagai Implementasi Islamic Center Di Kabupaten Deli Serdang Dengan Tema Arsitektur Metafora

The number of crime cases in North Sumatra continues to increase, one of the cases in Deli Serdang Regency, namely cases of violence against women and children. The factor is caused by imitating the technology media that is growing rapidly at this time. As a result, morale, morals and behavior are damaged inside. Therefore, to improve morals within oneself, positive activities such as religious activities are needed. For this reason, a container or place is needed that can support religious activities such as an Islamic Center. In the design of the Islamic Center, motivation is needed that can relate that the image of the building can improve bad morals, by imitating the visuals of the building in the form of prayer movements. This has been mentioned in the Al-Quran (QS: Al Ankabut (29: 45)) "Prayer can prevent from abominable and evil deeds". In this case the architectural theme that can be applied in the design of this Islamic Center is metaphorical architecture with a type of metaphor that can form a visual prayer movement that is real or the same as the original form, namely a tangible metaphor. The research method is in the form of a qualitative method by collecting data and quantitative methods for the results of the design of the Islamic Center

The Metaphorical and Metonymical Conceptualizations of the Term Sea (Hai) in the Four-Character Chinese Idioms

This paper investigates the term “sea” (hai) in the four-character Chinese idioms according to conceptual metaphor and metonymy theory, attempting to illustrate their conceptualization, determine their possible underlying motivations, and explore Chinese maritime thought and culture. Based on idiomatic expressions, three types of conceptual metaphors are identified: abstract qualities of concrete entities are the sea, abstract entity is sea, and a certain aspect of a human being is sea. Moreover, the four types of conceptual metonymies are the part for the whole, the whole for the part, the place for the product, and the place for the responsible deities or goddesses. They are motivated by a culture of worship of and accordance with nature, the pursuit of achievements in traditional Chinese literature, “man paid, nature made” as the attitude towards the ups and downs of life, and a self-centered conceptualization of the world. The maritime culture represented in these conceptualizations comprises fear of and respect for the sea, harmony between humans and the sea, and static–dynamic integrations of river, land, and sea. The findings show that the motivations of these conceptualizations do not only originate from the embodiment and Chinese philosophy of the unity of heaven and humanity but are also constrained by the most influential talent selection mechanism, the Imperial Examination System, as well as by agriculture, the foundation of the economy in ancient China.

Use of Metaphor as an Explanation Tool in Adverse Childhood Experiences Simulation Training.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have profound implications for adult health. Health care practitioners need effective communication tools for trauma-sensitive inquiries with patients. This study aimed to describe characteristics of effective metaphor use by health care trainees when discussing ACEs and health with adult patients, and to provide example metaphors for clinicians to use to sensitively address ACEs. Trainees engaged in a videorecorded simulation as part of a model to teach health care practitioners communication skills related to ACEs. Videos were identified in which the trainee used a metaphor to help explain ACEs during the encounter. Encounter segments that used metaphors were transcribed and metaphor type, duration, and recurrence were coded using a standardized rubric. Each metaphor was scored for effectiveness and basic statistical analysis was conducted. Of the 122 videos reviewed, 24 types of metaphors were used, with the most common being the overloaded backpack (n = 24). Mean metaphor duration was 37 s (SD = 24 s). Metaphors rated as effective were shorter and less variable in duration (31.8 s, SD = 14.7 s) than those rated as ineffective (39 s, SD = 34 s). No one metaphor performed significantly better and most of the metaphors were evaluated as being adequate or effective. Literary devices like metaphors may be efficient and effective explanatory tools to improve clinician communication skills and patient understanding in addressing sensitive topics, such as ACEs. Minimal time investment is required to employ metaphors in ACEs discussions. The authors found no single metaphor that to be clearly superior, indicating that patient-centered metaphor use may improve communication between clinicians and patients who experienced childhood trauma.

CORRELATION BETWEEN ENERGY METAPHOR AND EMPATHY TENDENCY

Creating a metaphor for the concept of energy can contribute to the determination of the mental structuring of the concept of energy. Pre-service teachers' metaphors about the concept of energy were classified according to traditional and scientific fields. The metaphors produced by the mathematics and science teacher candidates for the concept of energy consisted of structural and abstract concepts, approximately 60% of them were the continuity of life and 40% were science categories. While pre-service mathematics teachers mainly produce metaphors for biology, pre-service science teachers produce metaphors mainly for physics. Empathic tendency scores and levels of pre-service teachers were determined. Pre-service teachers have a high level of empathic disposition and predominantly see the other person's problem and emotion as their own. There was no quantitatively significant difference between traditional metaphor types and empathic tendencies. It is understood that the pre-service teachers have high empathic tendencies, and mostly in the sen stage, the concepts related to the continuity of life are primarily used in developing metaphors related to the concept of energy, and they tend to produce structural metaphors. Metaphor and empathy will contribute to the determination of mental models and the establishment of a connection between the fields of science. Keywords: energy metaphor creation, empathic disposition and relationship identification

The Communicative Function of Legal Transplants in Mixed Legal Systems

The article analyzes the definition of the communicative function of law from the point of view of legal communication between the dependent legal systems of the former colonies. In this context, the “evergreen issue” arises about legal transplantation, the legal transfer of norms and institutions and reception of nomadic legal constructs. The modern comparative lexicon uses three types of metaphors related to the interaction of legal systems and their law hybridization: anthropomorphic, communicative and mechanical metaphors. Among the best-known cases of legal transplantation, the authors pay attention to the spread of codes, the diffusion of common law, and the emergence of mixed legal systems. They explore the positivist concept of “legal transplants,” which appeared in comparative discourse thanks to the theory of Alan Watson. The article discusses the comparative opposition to this theory — the so-called cultural concept of legal transplants (transferists vs. culturalist debate), as well as the musical metaphor “legal transposition” and the process of diffusion of law in dependent legal systems. The practice of legal transplants in mixed common law systems and their application in practice are analyzed in national jurisdictions. The article shows criminal legal bijuridism and the process of the so-called “diffuse codification” in India, Canada, Australia and other British former colonies, which is an example of codistics communication of dissimilar political and legal cultures and circulation of model codes between them. In conclusion, attention is drawn to the discourse of the effectiveness, applicability and effectiveness of transplants. It is concluded that the success — failure discourse of legal transplants depends on the degree of communicativeness of transplanted and receptive constructs, their ability to “speak” in an understandable language for the host cultural environment of law.

Грамматические структуры и метафорическое содержание в китайских идиомах

The aim of this research is to clarify the typology and relationship of grammatical structures and metaphorical expressions within Chinese idioms. In this study, a corpus of 30,000 Chinese idioms was compiled from various idiom dictionaries, and 1,000 idioms were randomly selected, annotated, and categorized based on their internal syntactic structures, grammatical functions in sentences, metaphor types, and metaphorical content for statistical analysis. The innovation of the research lies in employing a corpus to conduct a quantitative analysis of the prevalent syntactic structures and the most common types of metaphorical usage found in Chinese idioms, as well as to explore the quantified relationships between them. The findings reveal that Parallel Structure, Attributive Structure, and Subject-Predicate Structure are the most prevalent internal syntactic structures of Chinese idioms, while the structural metaphor is the most widely used conceptual metaphor. However, no significant correlation was observed between the internal syntactic structure of Chinese idioms and metaphorical content, grammatical function in sentences.

공감각 가치속성에 근거한 공감각 메타포가 브랜드 경험상황에 있어 소비자의 지각적 가치에 미치는 영향

Understanding consumer value has become an essential requirement for winning competition not only in the design field but also in the marketing field. This is because consumer value is expressed in the subconscious of a person's unconsciousness, and the unconscious is influenced by sensory stimulation and once the stimulation is received, it does not disappear. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to confirm the influence of the brand experience situation on the consumer's value according to the synesthetic metaphor stimulation. For this purpose, an experimental study was conducted with low-cost airlines, which have contact points between physical and non-physical experiences in the service experience environment, as the research object. The research method was to conduct prior research on synesthesia metaphors based on literature research on synesthesia modality. In order to find synesthesia metaphors of value attributes that are influenced and influenced at the unconscious level, synesthesia value attributes (vision, hearing, action) were derived using the laddering technique, and synesthesia metaphors of three elements were used as independent variables (vision+hearing, vision+action, hearing+action), an experimental study was conducted with consumers' perceptual value as the dependent variable as the basis for setting the stimulus for the experimental study. Through experimental research through questionnaire evaluation, the synesthesia modality metaphor and its influence on consumers' perceptual value were confirmed through binary analysis. As a result of the study, the synesthesia modality metaphor did not have a more positive effect on consumer perceptual value than the unisensory modality metaphor. However, depending on the type of synesthesia metaphor, it has a more positive impact than unisensory stimulation, and ‘action metaphors’ have the highest impact in constructing synesthesia metaphors.

Ontological Metaphors and Interdiscursivity/ Recontextualization in Iranians’ Political Comments on Instagram

With the significance that linguistic or discursive creativity has achieved in the last decade, it becomes incumbent on researchers to examine this phenomenon in political discourse in varying contexts. Therefore, in this study, the researchers sought to examine five ontological metaphors (at a linguistic/pragmatic level) as well as interdiscursivity and recontextualization (at a discourse analytical level) in Instagram comments in the Iranian context. Accordingly, the researchers employed Al-Hindawi and Al-Saate’s (2016) model of ontological metaphors as well as Jones’ (2010) interdiscursivity and recontextualization as discursive strategies. The analysis of Instagram comments indicated that overall Iranian social media users drew on various types of ontological metaphor in their Instagram comments. More specifically, among the ontological metaphors, metonymy and idiomatic expressions were the most commonly used metaphorical strategies followed by simile, with hyperbole and personification being the least frequently utilized metaphors. Additionally, results indicated the Iranians users’ resort to interdiscursivity and recontextualization as discursive strategies in their attempt to bring about political and social change. More specifically, the users employed ideas from various discourses such as sports, religion and literature to emphasize the need for political and social change. The findings may have implications for linguists, discourse analysts, politicians, and pragmaticians.

Analysis Metaphors Lyric Song In Petal For Armor By Hayley Williams

This thesis aims to analysis the use of conceptual metaphors in the songs on the album Petals for Armor by Hayley Williams by focusing on discussing the meaning that is in each song. This study uses a qualitative analysis process on the lyrics chosen based on the use and diversity of metaphors contained in the text of the song lyrics. The data were analysis using a descriptive-analytical approach, which involved identifying and classifying the conceptual metaphors that appear in the lyrics of the song. Based on the results of this thesis analysis, there are 21 conceptual metaphors found in the song lyrics in the Petals for Armor album. The results of the analysis show that the album Petals for Armor contains various types of conceptual metaphors that are used to describe and express the author's experience to be understood by listeners through writing metaphors in each of the song lyrics.

Neural network of metaphor comprehension: an ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis.

The comprehension of metaphor, a vivid and figurative language, is a complex endeavor requiring cooperation among multiple cognitive systems. There are still many important questions regarding neural mechanisms implicated in specific types of metaphor. To address these questions, we conducted activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses on 30 studies (containing data of 480 participants) and meta-analytic connectivity modeling analyses. First, the results showed that metaphor comprehension engaged the inferior frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, and middle occipital gyrus-all in the left hemisphere. In addition to the commonly reported networks of language and attention, metaphor comprehension engaged networks of visual. Second, sub-analysis showed that the contextual complexity can modulate figurativeness, with the convergence on the left fusiform gyrus during metaphor comprehension at discourse-level. Especially, right hemisphere only showed convergence in studies of novel metaphors, suggesting that the right hemisphere is more associated with difficulty than metaphorical. The work here extends knowledge of the neural mechanisms underlying metaphor comprehension in individual brain regions and neural networks.

Metaphorical framing of children’s digital media addiction in media discourse

The paper investigates figurative construal of children’s excessive use of electronic devices in articles that tackle the issues of children’s media addiction, as well as concentration and attention span, which are considered to be affected by this excessive use of technology. In giving their opinion on the topic, authors of articles resort to the use conceptual metaphor – a cognitive device where more abstract concept (a target domain) is being understood through the use of another, more concrete concept (a source domain). Authentic language data reveal the use of metaphorical linguistic expressions such as ‘digital overdose’ and ‘electronic cocaine’, which send a disturbing message that children are ‘overdosing’. This detailed analysis aims to investigate: (a) the types of metaphor (according to Steen’s 2010 three-dimensional model of metaphor analysis) in articles on children’s media addiction; (b) whether ADDICTION metaphors are dominant and deliberate; (c) their communicative function – the rhetorical function intended by the authors, as well as their rhetorical effects on recipients (notably, parents);(d) the implications of their combination with other metaphors within a sentence or a paragraph; (e) the possibility of resorting to alternative metaphor use.

Communication and Conflict: Interpersonal Metaphor in the Movie Carnage

Interpersonal metaphor, as one constituent of grammatical metaphor in systemic-functional grammar, is mainly represented by metaphor of mood and metaphor of modality. The language of the movie Carnage is abound with interpersonal metaphors in diverse context of “communication” and “conflict” respectively. By summarizing the application of two types of interpersonal metaphor in specific contexts of “communication” and “conflict”, interlocutors’ purposes of using interpersonal metaphor in communicating with others and the communicative effects they intend to achieve can be analyzed to further reveal the functions of interpersonal metaphor and contribute to people’s better understanding of the art of language.

PECULIARITIES OF THE UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS IN THE FANTASY NOVEL GENRE

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of metaphor translation in fiction, in particular in a fantasy novel. Characteristic features of metaphor are considered, namely universality, conceptuality, systematicity. The classification of metaphor types according to the time and space indicator is analyzed, namely ontological metaphor, orientational metaphor, and structural metaphor. The main methods of metaphor translation are given – full translation, addition / omission, replacement, structural transformation, traditional accordance, parallel naming of metaphoricality. Hypothesesconditions for the translation of metaphors are listed on the example of English and Ukrainian languages: 1) metaphors in the attributive function are more characteristic for English than for Ukrainian; 2) phrasal metaphors are more numerous in Ukrainian than in English; 3) conceptual metaphors can be represented in English and Ukrainian by structurally different equivalents and 4) syntactic-functional and lexical-structural differences of metaphorical equivalents in different languages can prompt the translator to resort to semantic modulation or, in particular, descriptive translation. In the next part of the article, examples of metaphors from Stephen King's novel are presented, and metaphors are highlighted, then divided according to the principle of otological, orientational and structural. For each type, translation methods are analyzed and a comment is provided. Thus, ontological metaphors were translated using substitution, omission, addition, full translation, traditional accordance, and structural transformation. To reproduce structural metaphors, the translator chose to use substitution, omission, addition, full translation, the method of traditional accordance, structural transformation, replacement of a lexical component. Orientation metaphors were reproduction by replacing a lexical component, addition and omission, full translation, structural transformation, traditional accordance.

Subjective Experience of Word Production Difficulties in Aphasia: a Metaphor Analysis of Autobiographical Accounts

ABSTRACT Background and aims The subjective experience of neurological symptoms provides useful information for assessment, intervention and care. However, research in the subjective experience of aphasia is limited. Word production difficulties are universal to aphasia, and interdisciplinary research has produced sophisticated models of the multiple stages and processes involved. Critically, this word-production research does not incorporate the subjective experience of symptoms. We carried out a metaphor-led discourse analysis on autobiographical accounts written by people with aphasia, to determine whether subjective descriptions of word finding difficulties are consistent with the stages and processes of psycholinguistic models. Method Metaphor-led discourse analysis was used to identify, code and interpret metaphorical expressions describing word production difficulties in 12 English-language autobiographical accounts written by people with aphasia. These expressions were then analysed to determine the systematic metaphors (i.e., the related concepts which are used consistently to describe a particular topic). Two distinct types of systematic metaphor emerged in the analysis: conventional systematic metaphors frequently recurring throughout all or most of the accounts; novel systematic metaphors used in one or two extended passages in an overlapping subset of the accounts. Results and discussion 4020 metaphorical expressions described word production, predominantly using conventional metaphors about communication and cognition. The conventional metaphor WORD-PRODUCTION AS MOVING OBJECTS OUT OF A CONTAINER was the most prevalent, with elaborations and variations allowing mapping of different symptoms. Other conventional metaphors included: WORD PRODUCTION AS A JOURNEY/HUNTING/HERDING THROUGH A LANDSCAPE, allowing description of effortful or partial retrieval, neuroplastic recovery, and internal strategies; APHASIA AS BODILY IMPAIRMENT, which described various symptoms in terms of different body parts, including self-monitoring difficulties; and APHASIA AS FRAGMENTATION AND PERSONIFICATION OF SELF and SELF AS MACHINE/COMPUTER to describe a disrupted sense of agency and attention. Novel systematic metaphors were used to describe certain symptoms: APHASIA AS SILENCE and APHASIA AS SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE were used to describe a lack of ‘inner speech’, and APHASIA AS A DISMEMBERED TREE to describe problems making semantic associations. Conclusions and implications This research demonstrates the many consistencies of subjective descriptions of word production difficulties in aphasia with theoretical models, but also shows that some subjectively salient symptoms, in particular attentional and self-monitoring difficulties, and a lack of inner speech, are not captured by all theoretical models. Careful attention to the way that people with aphasia describe their symptoms can provide a valuable source of information to be integrated with objective measures.

Figurative Language Found in the Life Support Album by Madison Beer

The study aims to identify the many types of figurative language found in Madison Beer's album Life Support. Knickerbocker and Reninger's (1974) theory was employed to determine the figurative language found in Madison Beer's album Life Support. The information was gathered by downloading and listening to each song on the Life Support album, as well as reading up and taking notes on the lyrics. The data were analyzed using a qualitative method. Madison Beer's Life Support album contains eight out of ten types of figurative language, according to the study's findings. There are 12 data in simile, four data in personification, metaphor, irony, and metonymy, three data in synecdoche, and two data in each type of metaphor and paradox. A simile with 12 facts is the most prevalent figurative language used in Madison Beer's Life Support Album. Keywords: Figurative language, Song lyrics, Song album, English literature

Metaphor production in the bilingual acquisition of English and Polish.

Metaphor acquisition research has focused mostly on metaphor comprehension in monolingual children. Ours is the first study to examine metaphor production in young bilinguals. A quantitative method was employed whereby sixty-two children aged three to six, with English and Polish, were tested on their ability to produce primary (e.g., a long day) and perceptual resemblance metaphors (e.g., You're my sunshine) in response to elicitation tasks. A univariate ANOVA revealed that the main factors to affect the production of conventional metaphors in bilingual children are their chronological age and their verbal skills in both English and Polish. No significant effect was found for nonverbal IQ, metaphor type, or testing language. These results are discussed in the context of both Conceptual Metaphor Theory, which has been concerned with the study of primary (and other conceptual) metaphors, and Structure Mapping Theory, which has focused on the use of perceptual resemblance metaphors. Usage-Based Theory is brought in to explain lexical effects in metaphor production.