Type Of Marriage Research Articles

Applying computational classification methods to diagnose Congenital Hypothyroidism: A comparative study

Abstract Introduction Infants diagnosed with Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH) can have normal or near-normal cognitive abilities if their disease is diagnosed at an early stage. The newborn screening program plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of infants having CH. However, human error and lack of a proper method for detailed interpretation of the data gathered by the screening programs affect the success rate and consequently, the cognitive outcomes. Data mining techniques can notably assist experts in diagnosing CH or in choosing the best medication. Methods This cross-sectional study investigates the Support Vector Machine (SVM), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID), and Iterative Dichotomiser-3 (ID3) for diagnosis of CH. The newborn screening data of 4812 infants, registered in the Health Center of Alborz province, Iran, in 2016, was used to train and test the corresponding classifiers. Since this dataset is imbalanced, we combined the mentioned classifiers with Bootstrap aggregating (Bagging) and boosting techniques, to avoid the negative effects of this problem on the classification results and to achieve more accurate classifiers. Results The SVM-Bagging technique had the best performance, with precision and specificity of 100%, recall of 73.33%, F-measure of 84.62%, and an accuracy of 99.58%. Results show acceptable capabilities of this classifier to analyze newborn screening data. The overall results also demonstrate that besides blood test results, other factors such as gender, type of marriage, type of delivery, family history of thyroid disease, and chronic diseases, contributed in identifying infants with a high risk of CH. Conclusions Results showed acceptable capabilities to analyze CH screening data for the SVM-Bagging technique. This method can be considered as a diagnostic tool to assist experts in recognizing infants suspected of having the disease, and can increase the effectiveness and accuracy of diagnosis and treatment of CH at an early stage. This also reduces costs of postnatal therapy as compared with CH when diagnosed at later stages.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake and early continuation among pregnant and post-partum women within maternal and child health clinics in Kenya: results from an implementation programme

Pregnant women in settings with high HIV prevalence are at increased risk of HIV acquisition and subsequent vertical transmission. We implemented and evaluated a novel programme to provide pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in maternal and child health clinics in Kenya. In collaboration with Kisumu County Department of Health, we integrated PrEP delivery within 16 maternal and child health clinics in Kisumu County (Kenya). Women and girls older than 15 years seeking maternal and child health services who tested HIV negative at that visit or within a month and were willing to receive PrEP counselling were interviewed to assess for HIV behavioural risk factors and offered PrEP. Correlates of PrEP initiation and continuation were assessed using Poisson regression in univariate and multivariate analyses. Potential correlates included in our analyses were age, marital status, marriage type, whether pregnant or post partum, gestational age (if pregnant), and HIV risk factors in the previous 6 months. Reasons for the decision to discontinue after having decided to initiate PrEP were evaluated. Women who initiated PrEP were followed up 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after initiation. Between Nov 20, 2017, and June 13, 2018, 9376 pregnant and post-partum women were assessed for behavioural risk factors and willingness to initiate PrEP. Overall, 2030 (21·7%) initiated PrEP, and 2027 had the status of their partner captured (153 [79·3%] of 193 women with partners living with HIV, 1178 [37·2%] of 3165 women with partners of unknown HIV status, and 696 [11·6%] of 5997 women with HIV-negative partners). Predictors of PrEP initiation in the multivariate analysis were: being younger than 24 years (adjusted prevalence ratio 1·14, 95% CI 1·02-1·28); having a partner living with HIV (6·96, 5·46-8·89) or of unknown HIV status (3·08, 2·50-3·81); gestational age of less than 26 weeks (1·22, 1·02-1·47); having been diagnosed or treated for a sexually transmitted infection (1·57, 1·20-2·06); having been forced to have sex (1·82, 1·38-2·42); having experienced intimate partner violence during the previous 6 months (1·65, 1·10-2·48); having shared needles while engaging in injection drug use (2·43, 1·69-3·50); and recurrent use of post-exposure prophylaxis (1·96, 1·36-2·82). Overall, 786 (38·7%) of 2030 women who initiated PrEP continued use after the first month, with 104 (68·0%) of 153 women who had a partner living with HIV continuing use. Having a partner living with HIV was the only predictor of PrEP continuation at 1 month in the multivariable model (1·98, 1·54-2·55). Frequent reasons for discontinuation were side effects and low HIV risk perception. No incident HIV infection was reported among women on PrEP. Many women attending maternal and child health clinics had risk factors for HIV and elected to use PrEP, indicating that routinely accessed maternal and child health clinics can be an effective platform for PrEP delivery for young women. As PrEP awareness rises, PrEP provision in routine clinical settings such as maternal and child health facilities might contribute to decreased HIV incidence among young women. US Department of State.

Relationship between parental consanguinity and digit ratios (2D:4D) among Turkish newborns in Sivas.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of parental consanguinity on the 2D:4D digit ratio of newborn infants, whose parents were the first cousins. The study included healthy and full-term newborn infants, delivered in a hospital, at the gestational ages from 37 to 41 weeks. A total of 225 newborns and their parents were included in the study. Of these 225 newborns; 100 were inbred and 125 were outbred infants. We used a Vernier caliper to measure the length of the second and fourth digits of the newborns (accuracy: 0.01 mm). Controlling for education and number of pregnancies, male newborns had lower digit ratios than female newborns, for both left and right hands. There were, moreover, differences between inbred and outbred samples. We determined that inbreeding was related to a reduction in the digit ratios regardless of the side of the hand and the sex of the infant, showing a consistent tendency to appear more masculine. Interaction between marriage type*sex was highly significant. Parental consanguinity appears to cause fetal masculinization of digit ratios by increasing fetal stress among Turkish newborns.

Les formes coutumières du mariage en Istrie, au Haut Moyen Âge et au début de l’époque moderne

In the Middle and Early Modern Period Istria, today part of Croatia, was divided into the Austrian and Venetian part. In the paper the focus was mostly on the Venetian part, while the Austrian one was only sporadically mentioned. The analysis was based on Marriage Parish Registers of Rovinj and Savicenta, Books of marital litigation, Books of marital absolution and wedding licence from the Diocesan Archives in Poreč and Istrian towns’ Statutes. The paper deals with property relations in marriage, especially with three types of marriages in Istria (Istrian, Slavic and Venetian). Special attention is given to marriage gifts (dos, contradote and basadego), age of marriage and choice of the partner. In the paper are also observed usages in the case of marrying widows (mattinata, charivari), wedding witnesses and the privatization of marriage at the end of the modern period which was unlike of the Middle Ages and early modern period when the wedding ceremony was more a public than a private event.

The Israeli national population program of genetic carrier screening for reproductive purposes. How should it be continued?

The Israeli population genetic screening program for reproductive purposes, is a population-specific screening that includes all known, severe diseases and relatively frequent in a specific population (carrier frequency at or above 1:60 and/or disease frequency at or above 1 in 15,000 live births). The carrier screening program is free of charge and offers testing according to disease frequency in the different groups within the population.The extraordinary technical changes that occurred in the last decade as well as the changes in the type of marriages within the Israeli population necessitate a revision in the basis of the program.The screening should include instead of only the relatively frequent variants, all the variants that were reported among patients causing a severe disease for which the natural history is well known without regard of their frequency. The population-specific screening that determine which variants are included according to the origin of the couple should be abandoned for a general screening including either all the Jewish population or all the Israeli Arab population.

Divorce in Turkish and Moroccan Communities in Belgium.

This paper focuses on divorce amongst Turkish and Moroccan Belgians, with a specific focus on the effect of partner-choice patterns. Divorce patterns of marriages established between 01 January 2001 and either 31 December 2003 (descriptive part), or 31 December 2005 (event-history analyses) are analysed and compared to marriages established between 01 January 1988 and 31 December 1990. We distinguish three marriage types: transnational marriages (i.e. marrying a partner from Morocco or Turkey), local intra-ethnic marriages (marrying another Moroccan of Turkish Belgian) and mixed marriages (i.e. marrying someone with a Belgian or other Western-European citizenship). To research divorce rates, we analysed population data from the Belgian national register, using piecewise constant log-rate event-history analyses with effect coding on all marriages taking place between 01 January 2001 and 31 December 2005 (N Turkish = 9631, N Moroccan = 17,786). First, the results reveal that in the past 15years, divorce rates have doubled within Turkish and Moroccan migrant groups. Second, divorce rates are much higher amongst the Moroccan group. Third, there are clear differences between marriage types. Local intra-ethnic marriages have the lowest divorce levels, mixed marriages the highest, and transnational marriages take up a middle position.

Innovation diffusion: how homogenous networks influence the uptake of community-based injectable contraceptives

BackgroundStudies have shown that social networks influence health behaviors, including the adoption of health innovations. This study explored the potential for early adopters of community health worker-delivered injectable contraceptives (CHWDIC) to influence the uptake of this innovation by women in their social networks.MethodsThis Social Network Analysis (SNA) study was conducted in Gombe, Nigeria. Twenty women who were early adopters of the CHWDIC were recruited. Each participant (ego) listed ten women of reproductive age (alters) with whom they related. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect from each ego, data about the nature of her relationship with each alter (ego-alter relationship), whether she talked about CHWDIC with each alter, and whether her listed alters talked to each other about CHWDIC (alter-alter relationship). Data were also collected on age, marital status and education level for each ego and alter. Data were analyzed with UCINET social network analysis software. Variables of interest include homophilia (similarity), density (number of ties as a proportion of possible ties), degree (popularity) and betweeness (frequency of connecting actor pairs who otherwise might not communicate).ResultsThere were 20 egos and 200 alters. Between two thirds (alters) and three quarters (egos) of the women were 30 years or older. All of the egos and 196 (98%) of alters were married. Most of the networks had similar (homophilic) actors according to certain sociodemographic characteristics - ethnicity, age, education and type of marriage. More than 90% of the networks had density greater than 50%, suggesting high cohesion in most networks. The majority of actors in these networks used injectable contraceptives. In some of the networks, few actors with the highest prominence (betweeness centrality) were not users of injectable contraceptives.ConclusionThe study illustrates the application and feasibility of ego SNA in identifying champions and opinion leaders among women of reproductive age group. It also shows the influence of social networks on the diffusion of community-based injectable contraceptives, and how homophilic and dense networks may have positive health externality. The interrelatedness of network members’ decision to adopt a health innovation was also demonstrated by the findings of this study.

Sexual Activity of Patients Undergoing Testicular Sperm Extraction.

IntroductionFor couples who wish for a baby, sexual activity (through intercourse) is the only way to conceive naturally. However, the sexual activity of men undergoing testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and factors that influence it among affected couples are not clearly understood.AimTo examine sexual activity among infertile men undergoing TESE and to identify factors that influenced it.MethodsMarried Japanese male patients undergoing TESE were included. Sexual activity during the previous month was surveyed using a questionnaire, and potential predictive factors influencing sexual activity were examined.Main Outcome MeasuresTwo hundred twenty-six married men who answered a questionnaire regarding sexual frequency were reviewed retrospectively.ResultsThe patient mean age was 35.8 ± 7.5 years (range 23–67) and the mean age of their partners was 32.9 ± 4.5 years (range 23–44). Most couples (n = 193) were in their first marriage, and 33 were remarried. The mean marriage duration was 52.6 ± 42.2 months (range 1–192). Microdissection TESE and conventional TESE were performed for 152 and 74 patients, respectively. Overall, the mean sexual activity during the last month was 3.6 ± 2.6 times (range 0–15). Marriage duration was negatively correlated with the frequency of sexual activity (r = −0.23; P < .01). There were no correlations between sexual activity and patient age, partner age, marriage type (first marriage or remarried), testicular volume, or serum total testosterone concentration. Regression analysis showed that marriage duration (odds ratio = 1.01; 95% CI, 1.003–1.019; P = .009) and testicular volume (odds ratio = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88–0.99; P = .033) were significant predictors of low sexual activity (0–1 times/month).ConclusionThe sexual activity of patients undergoing TESE was almost the same as reported previously. Patient age, partner age, testicular volume, and serum total testosterone concentration had no correlation with the reported frequency of sexual activity.Taniguchi H, Matsuda T, Nakaoka Y, et al. Sexual Activity of Patients Undergoing Testicular Sperm Extraction. Sex Med 2019;8:30–35.

The influence of Muslim marriages on entrepreneurial intentions of women entrepreneurs

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of Muslim society marriages – forced, arranged or marriages of choice/love, on women entrepreneurial intentions (EI), with reference to Ajzen’s (2002) theory of planned behaviour. It is postulated that marriage type has a significant influence on women household dynamics towards EI and business growth. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative methodology was used and a total of 20 semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with Muslim married women entrepreneurs operating home-based and market-based small businesses. Findings The findings show that all these three types of married women entrepreneurs are active in the entrepreneurial process. However, the authors found different paradoxes in their EI and desire for business growth based on their marriage choices or marriage-related constraints that may have been imposed on them. Research limitations/implications Qualitative research on a small sample size certainly presents a limitation on the generalizability of this work, because it is difficult to capture data regarding this sensitive issue. Future research could also be carried out in other cultural and religious traditions. Social implications The paper provides good insights to understand the entrepreneurial journey of Muslim women entrepreneurs in the conservative society based on their marriages options. Originality/value The contribution of this research is twofold. First, the paper offers a theoretical perspective related to female EI and business growth based on religious marriages. Second, it applies Ajzen’s (2002) planned behaviour theory to establish how marriage constraints may influence women EI in the Muslim society.

Mathematical Modelling of Process of Shaping of Sand-Pitch Mixes

This article considers mathematical dependences of properties of a casting mold on various parameters of her shaping. The competitiveness in production of castings depends on durability, reliability of the made details, ability to meet requirements and expectations of the consumer of production. Technological process of receiving castings most widespread now in the sandyargillaceous forms (SAF) not completely meets the modern requirements as it is characterized by different types of marriage: gas porosity, scorch, shrinkable sinks, blockages, hot and cold cracks, and others. The bigger quality of castings gives casting in the sand-pitch forms (SPF) in which the high gas permeability and durability are combined, they don’t resist shrinkage, don’t absorb moisture the stiffening alloy and aren’t inclined to an fallibility. However, one of shortcomings of this way of casting is rather high cost binding. One of the directions of decrease in an expense binding is use along with heating of mix for shaping of a cover and static loading. Other direction of decrease in a consumption of mix in general, and binding in particular, is determination of dependence of properties of a shell form on technological parameters that will promote management of properties of a form, decrease in marriage, etc. Formulas of the intense deformed state, density, amounts of heat of the sand-pitch form made at the same time in the conditions of heating and static loading are presented

Role Conflict, Marital Quality and Career Satisfaction: A Demographic Analysis of Dual Career Couples in Peshawar, Pakistan

This study is carried out to know the level of role conflict, marital quality and career satisfaction of dual career couples across the selected demographics in Peshawar city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan. Demographic features including gender, age, parenthood, family type and form of marriage were selected as independent variables while role conflict, marital quality and career satisfaction were selected as dependent variables. Data was collected through three point Likert scale from the purposively selected 388 respondents in six universities and three hospitals in Peshawar city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. The data was analysed through T-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). It was found that gender, age, parenthood, family type and marital form were significantly determining the level of role conflict, marital quality and career satisfaction of the study participants. It is concluded from the study that demographic features of the couples significantly influence the issues of work life balance of the dual career couples.

‘We Are Married, but We Cannot Afford to Live Together’: Exploring the Legal Implications of This Marital Phenomenon in Hong Kong

This article explores an increasingly common marital phenomenon in Hong Kong where married couples cannot afford to live together given the high property prices and they choose to live with their own parents respectively. It is submitted that the existing legal regime cannot adequately accommodate this conjugal arrangement, which would lead to some uncertainties and inconsistencies. In particular, the thrust of the legal concern is whether there is a 'mutual household'. The existing legal regime, which is premised on expecting a marriage will have a household, fails to accommodate the nature and needs of these couples. On the one hand, holding that there is a mutual household is inconsistent with the nature of this type of marriage and existing case laws. On the other hand, holding that there is not a common household would in effect allow an immediate divorce, as it means they are separated right from the beginning. This is inconsistent with the overall divorce regime which is designed not to allow immediate divorce.

Postmodern world and morals: some thoughts on sex, polyandry, and polygyny

Postmodern worldview requires a change of focus on the place and role of the traditional social institutions and habitual behaviors within them. The attitude towards sex has changed massively over the last decades. Practices that were once considered wrong and absurd (such as premarital sex and same-sex conducts) are now considered by most people as normal and acceptable. However, what is the reason for changing attitudes towards intimate relationships and is it really a new experience for our society or have various types of marriages actually appeared a long time ago? The paper aims to investigate such phenomena as “polyandry” and “polygyny” and explore whether there is the only one right moral way of relationships or it still depends on cultural features. During the research, the authors have used the comparative-historical method, the methodology of philosophical hermeneutics, as well as the integrative anthropological approach.

Marital adjustment in patients with emotionally unstable personality disorder

ABSTRACT Back Ground: Personality disorders especially Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder (EUPD) may lead to significant marital discord. Though the incidence of separation and divorce are on the rise the problem of underlying personality factors are not given much significance and inadequately studied. Among the personality disorders EUPD is the one that is more likely to be associated with marital discord and separation. Objective To study the marital adjustments of patients with emotionally unstable personality disorder Methodology This cross-sectional study was done in individuals between 18 to 45 years and diagnosed as having EUPD as per ICD 10 DCR criteria, currently staying with their spouse, attending psychiatry department during the study period. Details were collected, Locke Wallace marital adjustment scale was administered, and Chi-square test was used to compare the relevant variables. Results 35 % of the the Sample (n= 34) EUPD subjects reported significant marital dissatisfaction. Co morbid psychiatric disorders were obtained in 23.5% of sample. Association between type of marriage and marital adjustment was found to be significant .41.2% received some kind of psychosocial intervention. 70.6% of the spouses had history of substance use and 23.5 % had history of psychiatric illness. No significant difference in MAT severity was found between EUPD subtypes. Conclusion Study found high level of marital maladjustment among subjects with EUPD.

Agents in Child Marriage Practice in Rural West Java

The prevalence of child marriage in Indonesia, although it has declined over the last three decades, remains in a high rate. Child marriage is indirectly legitimated by the Indonesian Marriage Law of 1974 which states that the minimum age limit of the bride shall be 16 years old. This is contrary to the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and the Child Protection Law. Child marriages in rural areas are not only driven by structures like family and society but are also initiated by individual actions driven by the agency. Therefore, this study examined child marriage practice comprehensively through the perspective of Giddens's structuration. This study aimed to identify the agents in child marriage practice. The results of the study found that there are two types of child marriages in rural areas. The first one is registered and the other is unregistered marriage. The identified agents in child marriage practice are girls, amil (assistant of marriage recording officer), Religious Affairs (KUA) officers, peer groups, teachers, mothers, and spouses. Each agent's action is affected by both structure and agency. Girl's actions are influenced by the agency. The girls are able to do agency in and through social practice. Girls’ agency produces meaningful action understood as a process and inherent to the agent through reflexive monitoring. Meanwhile, the actions of other identified agents are influenced by the existing structures in the society. Agent’s actions perpetuate child marriage practice. Child marriage practice occurs because there is no family strength. Therefore, the improvement of the family strength is needed as a constraining structure.

Mixed Marriages: The Italian Case Study

The research objective that we want to explore concerns the phenomenon of mixed marriages in Italy. Indeed, in the last years (especially from EU enlargement in 2007 with the addiction of Romania and Bulgaria), italian territory is characterized, for its geographical and cultural position, to be one of the European countries with the largest number of foreign residents: suffice it to say that from 2008 to 2016 the increase is equal to +46.4 percentage points. To this purpose, through secondary data analysis from National Institute for Statistics (ISTAT) database, we examine the unions between couples formed by both foreign citizens or by a immigrant and an autochthonous in Italy from 2008-2016 focusing the attention on following four specific variables: area of origin, educational level, rite and type of marriage (first or second). In conclusion, this phenomenon is particularly relevant because it allows to look into the state of integration and inclusion of foreign presence in the host society.

Marital Adjustment among Couples

The present study aimed to know the marital adjustment among couples. It also aimed to check marital adjustment with reference to gender and type of marriage. The Marital Adjustment Questionnaire (MAQ) prepared by Dr. Pramod Kumar (Retd.) and Dr. Kanchana Rahotgi (2018) was used. The sample constituted total 120 couples out of which 60 were from married males (30 love marriage and 30 arranged marriage) and 60 from married females (30 love marriage and 30 arranged marriage). The data was collected from Ahmedabad City. The data was scored, analyzed as per the manual. ‘F’ test was being calculated. The result showed that (1) The married males group is having good marital adjustment than married females group, (2) There is no significant difference in the mean score of marital adjustment among the couples of love marriage and arranged marriage. And (3) There is no significant difference in the interactive effect of the mean scores of marital adjustment with regards to the gender and type of marriage.

PANDANGAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP ADAT PERKAWINAN ENDOGAMI MASYARAKAT SADE

Adat is a culture or custom of a particular society inherent and binding to every resident. While marriage is a strong covenant bond (mitsa&gt; qan ghali&gt; zhan) between a man and woman to live together. Endogamy is a mixed marriage within the sphere of kinship it self, whether it be inter ethnic, clan, tribe, or kinship within the kinship. The endogamous marriage done by the traditional Sade Rembitan Central Lombok do it from amongst his immediate family in other words a cognate marriage conducted within the village and is not allowed to marry out. It is done by the Sade – Rembitan society driven by several factors namely, a deeply embedded culture among families, keeping and preserving kinship, to guard property or inheritance, and most embedded in their heads is to inherit parental counsel. There are several types of endogamy marriages performed by the Sade community in general that is, by way of tepedait (meeting), in this case the parents are meeting their children with other families who are still within the family or relatives own. The matchmaking is usually done by both parents who are concerned when the child is young. When the child is matured then the marriage is held. As an attempt to maintain a kinship system closely related to the term merariq mbait kance diriq (endogamy).

A Survey of Factors Related to Marital Satisfaction among Married Women in Taft City, Iran

Background: The foundation of a healthy community is based on the healthy communication between family members. In this regard, marital satisfaction is one of the important factors in strengthening the family relationships, which can be affected by the type of marriage as well as the family demographic and cultural components. Methods: This study was conducted on 120 married women in Taft. Participants were selected by systematic sampling method using Cochran formula. The research tools were Enrique Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1998) and a researcher-made questionnaire. Validity of the latter questionnaire was assessed using face validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha. Results: According to the results, the marital satisfaction of married women was in moderate level. Moreover, marital satisfaction was higher among the villagers (P-value = 0.006), non-familial marriages (P-value = 0.006), and housewives (P-value = 0.042) than other groups. Considering the type of marriage, forced marriage (P-value ≤ 0.50) showed a significant relationship with lack of life satisfaction; in other words, a higher degree of satisfaction was observed in unforced marriages. According to the regression analysis, four variables of couple’s age differences, education level differences, duration of marriage, and type of marriage (forced and unforced) explained about 43.5 percent of the dependent variable variations. Conclusion: Eventually, increase in the education level of couples decreased their life satisfaction; whereas, marital satisfaction increased by increase of age, duration of marriage, number of children. Moreover, marital satisfaction was lower in forded marriages.

Married Women's Experience of Domestic Violence in Malawi: New Evidence From a Cluster and Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis.

Violence against women is a global issue with estimates indicating that 35% of all women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or nonpartner violence in their life time. In Malawi, 42% of ever-married women have experienced some form of violence perpetrated by their current or most recent spouse. A number of studies have investigated intimate partner violence in Malawi within the context of HIV/AIDS, girls' sexual abuse, and psychological distress, and a few studies report on the role of sociocultural factors in influencing gender-based violence. No study has used cluster analysis to systematically analyze different levels of abuse among married women in Malawi. Using the 2015 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey data, we employed cluster analysis and multinomial logistic regression to analyze the distribution of different levels of abuse among married women in Malawi and the key attributes associated with each level of abuse. Correlates of domestic violence significantly differ by levels of abuse and are distributed as follows: controlling behavior (11.8%), general controlling behavior (GCB; 27.1%), moderate physical and emotional abuse (27.2%), and the high and complete abuse (8.5%). Alcohol consumption, ethnicity, and women working status were significantly associated with all four levels of abuse, but age and religion were only associated with controlling behavior and generalized controlling behavior. The strength of association between husband's alcohol consumption, woman's working status, and marriage type and domestic violence increased by level of abuse. On each of these factors, the odds of experiencing violence were lowest in the controlling behavior group and highest in the high physical and emotional abuse group. Policies and programs that are designed to tackle violence against married women in Malawi should incorporate strategies that discourage excessive alcohol consumption, promote messages that women can be bread winners, and discourage polygamous marriage.