License Type Research Articles

PRAKTEK RE-UPLOAD VIDEO OLEH YOUTUBER DAN KEABSAHAN PEMBAYARANNYA

Youtube is a video sharing website created by three former Paypal employees in February 2005, this site allows users to upload, watch and share videos. The company is based in San Bruno, California, and uses Adobe Flash Video and HTML5 technology to display a variety of user-made video content, including movie clips, TV clips and music videos. In addition there are also amateur content such as video blogs, short original videos and educational videos. Currently YouTube has provided two types of licenses on its site, namely Copyright frequency (cannot be re-uploaded by other parties) and Creative Commons BY Protection (CC BY) (may be re-uploaded by other parties). Even so it is not a problem without problems, the problems that still occur on Youtube are cases of copyright on the site, such as the practice of re-uploading videos here for example. This study examines how the validity of income obtained from the video re-upload activity on Youtube in terms of the Ibtikar Rights Perspective in Islam and Muamalah Fiqh. This thesis research includes the type of library research, which is data collection using study studies of books, journals, printed documents, and from sites on the internet. The results of the research conducted by the author in this thesis are unlawful in the practice of re-uploading videos that are carried out solely to obtain personal gain without giving royalties to the relevant producer / label, in other words the act is the same as a trader selling people's property otherwise without the permission of the owner or selling stolen goods, this is clearly detrimental to the creator or copyright holder because the video circulating on youtube is not given permission by the video creator to spread the creation to the public using the Youtube website. In Islam, copyright is known as Haq Ibtikar, namely a special right attached to the original video owner and part of intellectual property, both material and immaterial, so that it must be protected by law. Islam highly respects copyright as a private property right so that the right to ibtikar is classified into the Maqashid Sharia to maintain the existence of ownership of the assets of every Muslim. Every treasure that results from a video re-upload in Islam and Muamalah Fiqh is unlawful, because it is included in violating the rights of others in a vanity. Keywords: Hak Ibtikar, video re-upload, Youtube, copyright infringement

Drink driving engagement in women: An exploration of context, hazardous alcohol use, and behaviour.

BackgroundWhile drink driving continues to be significantly more common among male drivers, there is evidence from many countries that shows a growing trend of women engaging in this risky behaviour. The aims of the current study were threefold: (i) determine to what extent a sample of women drivers reported engaging in drink driving behaviour by expanding the construct into a range of definitions, (ii) determine if there were significant differences in self-reported engagement in drink driving behaviours in accordance with hazardous drinking behaviour, and (iii) identify which situational or personal factors would increase women drivers’ likelihood to engage in drink driving through presenting a range of scenarios.MethodData were collected using an on-line, purpose-designed survey and promoted to reach women aged 17 years and older, living in Queensland, Australia. In addition to questions relating to demographic characteristics, participants completed items relating to engagement in seven drink driving related behaviours in the previous 12-month period, hazardous drinking as measured by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, and likelihood of driving when unsure if over the legal limit for licence type across a range of scenarios manipulating different situational factors. A total of 644 valid responses were received in the two-week period the study was advertised.ResultsThe results demonstrate women’s self-reported engagement in drink driving behaviour ranged from 12.6% (driving when they believed they were over the legal limit) to over 50.0% (driving when unsure if over the legal limit the morning after drinking alcohol) and was significantly more likely among those who reported hazardous levels of alcohol use. Circumstances in which women reported they would drive when unsure if over the legal BAC limit were when they were a few blocks from home, if they subjectively felt they were not too intoxicated, or if they needed their car to get somewhere the next morning.ConclusionExamining drink driving behaviour by way of responses to nuanced definitions provided valuable insight into self-reported engagement in the behaviour and highlights the usefulness of multi-measure dependent variables in order to illuminate a more accurate acknowledgement into both the type (and extent) of drink driving behaviours.

Roles of Psychological Resistance to Change Factors and Heterogeneity in Car Stickiness and Transit Loyalty in Mode Shift Behavior: A Hybrid Choice Approach

To support the scientific policy making and planning for promoting the share rate of sustainable public transit in urban areas of large metropolises, this study analyzes the influences of psychological resistance to change factors on commuters’ mode shift behavior while some external changes happen in the transport supplies. The heterogeneities in the car users’ stickiness to car and the metro users’ loyalty to metro are examined to support individual-specific travel behavior prediction. Web-scripted efficient experimental stated preference surveys including four commuting modes and three key factors are generated, and face-to-face interviews are conducted to collect reliable behavioral data. A hybrid choice approach, simultaneously considering the latent variables and quantitative level-of-service variables of different options, is employed for analysis. The results indicate that psychological resistance to change factors (routine seeking, cognitive rigidity, and emotion reaction) have significant and substantial influences on car users’ inclination to previously used commuting mode (i.e., car) in mode shift behavior. Car users with stronger routine seeking, stronger cognitive rigidity, and less emotion reaction show more predilection to car. Car users’ income level, gender, marital status, commuting distance, commuting time, license type, and flexible work time are found to partially explain the heterogeneity in car stickiness. In-vehicle crowding of public transit is a much more crucial factor for attracting car users to shift to public transit as compared to cost and travel time. Metro users with stronger routine seeking and less emotion reaction present a stronger inclination to metro in mode shift behavior. The influences of psychological resistance to change factors on metro users’ mode shift behavior are comparatively smaller than the influences of these factors on car users’ behavior. Metro users’ age, education level, commuting distance, commuting time, occupation, and flexible work time are identified to be associated with predilections for metro.

A mechanism to explore proactive knowledge retention in open source software communities

AbstractOpen‐source software (OSS) is a type of computer software wherein the source code is distributed under a special type of licence in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to inspect, alter, and redistribute the software. OSS projects are collaborative endeavours which have multiple contributors who are constantly joining, leaving, or changing their role in the project. This ever‐changing and ever‐transient nature of OSS project contributors contributes to a contributor turnover‐induced knowledge loss in OSS projects. In this case, “knowledge loss” refers to the phenomenon of the loss of project‐specific knowledge, experience, and expertise in an OSS project, caused by contributors regularly joining and leaving the OSS project. This paper describes the design and development of a robust research methodology and contributes towards the formation of proactive knowledge retention practices in OSS projects to transform contributor's use of knowledge and engagement in knowledge‐relevant activities including knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer.

Prevalence of Smoking Among 4 Licensed Types of Nursing Personnel in Japan: An Epidemiological Study.

There is a high prevalence of smoking among nursing personnel, despite the fact that nursing is a health care profession. In Japan there are 4 types of licensed nursing professionals. However, the prevalence of smoking among different types of licensed personnel has not been clarified. We attempted to clarify the prevalence of smoking among the various types of licensed nursing personnel and the factors associated with it. Among the members of the Japanese Nursing Association, 6000 nurses were randomly selected. The participants were sent a questionnaire on smoking habits, personal characteristics, lifestyle habits, and employment status by mail. Current smokers accounted for 1.3% of public health nurses, 4.0% of midwives, 8.2% of registered nurses, and 16.3% of assistant nurses. The license type of nursing personnel was a factor significantly associated with current smoking.

BUSINESS IN MODERN CONDITIONS OF MANAGEMENT

The paper’s purpose is to provide recommendations for carrying out theoretical bases of existence, the analysis of the current state and the prospects of development of business in Ukraine. Methodology. During the writing of the article, the following research methods were used: the search for available methodological and scientific literature, comparison, clarification of causal relationships, systematization, analysis of documentation and results of researchers’ work on the problem of the conducted research and expert evaluation. Results. Business development is very difficult and multidimensional, and the influence of many factors on small and medium business entities and is ambiguous and, therefore, demands further complex evidence-based analysis. It concerns such aspects of a research as: a research of positive processes in the conditions of making shifts in infrastructure, which cause the accelerated development of small and medium business entities and its social and economic consequences; deeper determination of regularities of formation and development of small business as one of structure-forming factors of market economy of Ukraine; improvement of the organizational and economic mechanism of the state support of small and medium business in Ukraine and also in its certain regions and spheres of action. Practical implications. It is noticed, there are positive shifts in the course of improvement of conditions of business because of the reduction of a number of permitting documents and licensing types, simplification of procedures for obtaining licenses and permissions, reduction of the controlling pressure upon business, improvement of the sphere of providing administrative services, strengthening of responsibility for violation of the legislation in the sphere of economic activity. Value/originality. In the article, the latest statistical data are used according to the analysis of the current state of functioning of business in Ukraine, problems and the directions of development of small and medium business in Ukraine are selected.

A Retrospective Descriptive Study of Nurses With Substance Use Disorders in Texas.

There are approximately 3.1 million nurses in the Unites States (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016), and approximately 8% of them experience substance use disorders (Kunyk, 2015). Nurses with impaired practice are referred to peer assistance programs as they seek rehabilitation. As of 2016, 348 nurses in Texas Peer Assistance Program for Nurses were actively participating in the program for substance-abuse-related offenses. Over the last 6 years (2010-2016), 1,553 nurses were referred to Texas Peer Assistance Program for Nurses specifically for substance-abuse-related problems. These represent 2% of the population of nurses in Texas. The average age of participants was 40.1 years. Women represented 75% of participants, and 76% were registered nurses. About 41% successfully completed the program without relapsing, and 32% reported at least one relapse. Varieties of drugs were abused including prescription drugs and illegal drugs. Opioids were the most frequently abused class of drugs, followed by alcohol and stimulants. Most nurses obtained their drugs by diverting from patients. Contrary to what is in the literature, nurses working in long-term care, medical-surgical units, and home health care had the highest prevalence of impaired practice. Psychiatric comorbidity was not significantly associated with relapse, but self-report status was significantly associated with gender, age category, license type, relapse, and drug of choice. There was a significant inverse relationship between time it takes to enroll and number of abstinent days. Men were also more likely to be employed while in the program.

Sciences and Technology Open Resources: A Collaborative Effort Between Libraries and Faculty

Open Oregon Educational Resources (2018) researched the changes open educational resources have had on textbook affordability in community colleges in Oregon between 2015 and 2017. One comparison in the report is the number of hours a student working minimum wage would need to work to afford course materials. In 2017, at a two-year college that was 176 hours of work. While similar data is not yet available for Oregon four-year universities, one may assume it is near to double or more, topping 300 hours of work. Open access is in relation to the license type of a text or material. A copyright license such as Creative Commons attribution allows people to use materials without the traditional barriers of the publishing industry. Add to this the wide accessibility of the internet, and there is a new model for creating and sharing of information that many can use. For the Oregon Institute of Technology (Oregon Tech), this does not only mean easier access for students across socioeconomic barriers, but also the ability of the library to publish materials created by faculty, and for faculty to work with other services such as OpenStax and LibreText to publish materials on a larger scale. This paper seeks to provide two views of the process at Oregon Tech. First, the library sponsored a pilot to support use and creation of open materials. Second, the paper gives one faculty member’s experience in the creation and use of such resources.

Election cycles and mining-sector governance in post-conflict Kosovo

ABSTRACTPolitical business cycles are typically linked to the manipulation of fiscal or monetary policy instruments. In a recent article, Imami, Lami and Uberti (ILU) argue that opportunistic politicians may also choose to manipulate non-fiscal/non-monetary policy instruments. Here, we extend ILU’s study using time-series data on mining-sector licensing from post-conflict Kosovo (2001–2018). We find robust evidence that is consistent with electoral opportunism in the allocation of mining permits, despite the checks-and-balance mechanisms introduced by Kosovo’s international administrators in an attempt to reduce the politicisation of licensing. That said, the cycle effect is only observed prior to scheduled, as opposed to early, elections. Disaggregating the data by licence type, in addition, we find that the observed election cycle is driven primarily by the manipulation of licences for the mining of construction materials. We argue that, in the context of post-conflict Kosovo, this is the category of licences whose strategic manipulation offers the greatest pay-off to the incumbent. The results raise some questions about the feasibility of fighting political opportunism (and, relatedly, corruption) by establishing formal check-and-balance mechanisms.

Status of digital standards, licensing types, and archiving policies in Asian open access journals registered in Directory of Open Access Journals

Status of digital standards, licensing types, and archiving policies in Asian open access journals registered in Directory of Open Access Journals

Analysis of the duration of compliance between recidivism of drunk driving and reinstatement of license after suspension or revocation

The objective of this study was to examine the specific deterrence effect of administrative license suspension and revocation regarding the duration of compliance. This study tried to capture the effort of the reinstated offenders to increase the duration of their compliance in spite of their subsequent conviction for DUI. Specifically, the difference between the recidivism rate and the duration of compliance was examined and compared in terms of drivers’ characteristics, including gender, the type of license, and age. Data from all drivers who have been newly licensed for five years from 2009 to 2014 in Korea were collected for analysis. The proportional hazard regression and logistic regression models were estimated for the drivers with suspended or revoked licenses, respectively. The former was for exploring the duration of compliance, and the latter was for analyzing the recidivism rate. The results of the analysis showed that license sanctions significantly increased the duration of compliance. The results indicated that the violation-prone groups included male drivers, those with regular and moped licenses, and those between the ages of 30 and 39. License suspension was more effective than license revocation, but this finding did not hold for regular licensed drivers. Drivers’ groups that showed different results between compliance duration and recidivism rate also were identified and appropriate treatments should be implemented to improve their willingness to comply.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ХМАРО ОРІЄНТОВАНИХ СЕРВІСІВ ОПРАЦЮВАННЯ ДАНИХ У СИСТЕМАХ ВІДКРИТОЇ НАУКИ

The paper analyzes the possibilities and justifies the feasibility of using and implementing cloud data processing services in the activities of a scientist and a research or educational institution unit. Objectives of the study: to outline the prospects and modern European trends in the use of cloud services in open systems of scientific research; Describe how to use Power BI services as a component of Office 365 in the activities of a scientist and analyze existing licensed offers of Power BI; generalize the experience of using the services of a cloud-based environment in the activities of a scientist and a scientific or educational institution. The object of research is: the process of processing data in open systems of scientific research. The subject of the study is: the use of cloud data processing services in supporting the activities of a scientist and a research institution.Research methods: analysis of documentation from the official site Power BI, observation, comparison, conversations with representatives of the company BIJB by the Center of competence of BI, analysis of existing experience of use, synthesis of the results of scientific and experimental research. In this paper, the features of using Power BI as a tool of Office 365 in comparison with traditional table processors are considered. A comparative analysis of the existing types of licensing that can be used in the activities of a scientist or a research research unit is conducted. The possibilities of using the free Desktop Licensing, which will be sufficient to cover the main and intermediate results of a scientist or research unit unit, are outlined. The feasibility of using and implementing Power BI as a tool of Office 365 is substantiated for the processing of quantitative and qualitative research results. Conclusions and recommendations: Using Desktop Power BI to process the results of an experimental study by a scientist will be quite enough. However, the Desktop Power BI functionality will be quite limited and not sufficiently adaptive to the work of a group of scientists in the research unit.

Perspectiva geográfica de la caza en Mallorca

A partir de datos oficiales de titulares de licencias de caza y espacios cinegéticos proporcionados por el Servei de Caça del Departament de Desenvolupament Local del Consell de Mallorca se realiza un estudio de detalle sobre las implicaciones sociales y territoriales de la actividad cinegética en la isla. Por una parte, se analiza la distribución, la edad, el género, la tipología de licencia y el origen de las personas que practican la caza y, por otra parte, se examina la categoría, la localización y la extensión de los espacios cinegéticos y de los refugios de fauna. Tomando como referencia las demarcaciones administrativas y en función del índice de superficie de terreno de caza por persona, se establece una categorización en municipios demandantes, ofertantes o equilibrados en cuanto a espacios de caza. Finalmente, se valora el devenir reciente de la caza, muy condicionado por cambios de uso del suelo y de cuestionamiento de la actividad, por lo cual resulta de especial importancia la planificación cinegética.

Near-miss crashes and other predictors of motorcycle crashes: Findings from a population-based survey

Objective: Crash and injury surveillance studies have identified a range of rider-related factors, including age, sex, licensure, training and experience, as being associated with motorcycle crash risk. The aim of this study was to establish whether these previously identified factors were associated with crash involvement in an Australian-based population.Methods: Data obtained from motorcyclists recruited from road authority licensing offices in a population-based survey design were analyzed. In addition to descriptive analysis, survey logistic regression was used to examine predictors of self-reported motorcycle crashes.A statewide population prevalence study of motorcyclists in New South Wales, Australia, was conducted using a multistage stratified random sampling plan. Participants (n = 503) represented 47% of eligible riders invited to participate. The distribution of responses was weighted to represent the population based on motorcycle registrations as a proxy for active motorcyclists, adjusted for age, sex, and variations in sample size and population density between survey sites.Results: This analysis investigated factors associated with having crashed in the past 12 months. The key predictors of increased crash risk included frequent near-crash experiences (6–10) in the past year (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] = 5.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–21.8), having 4 or more riding demerit points (ORadj = 4.1; 95% CI, 1.1–14.7), and motorcycle type and riding purpose. Sports (ORadj = 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1–7.3) and commuter motorcycles (ORadj = 4.0; 95% CI, 1.1–15.3) were associated with higher odds of crashes compared to cruiser/touring motorcycles.Those whose purpose for riding frequently involved commuting, high-speed roads, or motorcycle sports had higher odds of being involved in a crash compared to riders who rarely took part in such activities. Rider age, license type, and time holding a motorcycle license were not predictive of crash involvement when other factors were taken into account.Conclusions: These findings provide important population-level information and insights about risk exposure for motorcyclists. Taking a more tailored approach to data collection meant that factors associated with crash involvement were identified that are not commonly observed in studies relying on administrative data. In particular, the study highlights the importance of near-crash experiences as warnings to riders and the need to use such experiences as learning opportunities to improve their riding style and safety.

Fishing vessel efficiency, skipper skills and hake price transmission in a small island economy

Determinants of vessel efficiency and vertical/horizontal price transmissions in consumer markets are key elements for assessing the viability of a fishery, particularly for a small fishery-dependent economy. An open issue also concerns whether vessel efficiency levels influence export prices. The paper sets off with a review of evidence from other countries, followed by hypotheses for the Falkland Islands. To test these hypotheses, the analysis first applies a stochastic frontier model accounting for latent skipper skills, to a monthly 2008–2016 panel of fishing vessels operating in the Islands. Using estimated vessel inefficiency by licence type as a proxy indicator of product quality and extra costs of transhipment, the study moves on to examine price adjustments of Falkland hake and other finfish sold at Spanish ports vis-a-vis two major south Atlantic hake supplier countries—Argentina and Namibia—and local traders. Lastly, based on full sample and rolling widow regressions on 2004–2016 monthly data, the analysis formulates and estimates threshold autoregressive models for the hake value chain in Spain, as the largest European port-of-entry and market for fresh and frozen hake, including from the Falklands. Once different output frontiers are accounted for, vessels with licences for hake as their main target do not outperform, in terms of technical efficiency, less-valued finfish vessels. Besides evidence of increasing integration within supplier and consumer markets, econometric results suggest some degree of price ‘leadership’ by Namibian hake exporters and asymmetric behaviour in short-run price adjustments by Spanish retailers. However, producer and consumer markets turn out to be weakly interlinked.

Licenças Creative Commons nos periódicos científicos brasileiros de Ciência da Informação: acesso aberto ou acesso grátis?

Objetivo. Se analisam os periódicos brasileiros de Ciência da Informação em ativo, listados na base de dados BRAPCI segundo o direito autoral e as licenças Creative Commons (CC), visando identificar a política de acesso, a licença adotada e sua disponibilidade web.Método. Como metodologia o estudo se centrou em características descritivas e documental, com uma aplicação temporal de 2015 à 2017 em 52 revistas, das quais 34 revistas estavam ativas.Resultados. Os principais resultados descritos refletem que a maioria das revistas estão concentradas na listagem Qualis/Capes B1 (24%); 59% tem alguma informação sobre o portal DOAJ; 94% apresentam alguma seção de política de acesso livre; 53% das revistas possuem licenças CC, porém 18% apresentam erros de informações ou contraditórias em suas licenças; das revistas que possuem com clareza a licença CC, 50% utilizam a licença Reconhecimento – Não comercial (by nc); 24% dos periódicos estão protegidos pelos direitos autorais tradicionais; 56% utilizam as informações do CC na opção de link de Políticas, dentro do link Sobre; a declaração de direito autoral aparece em 79% dos periódicos e 38% deste conteúdo comenta sobre a tipologia de licença utilizada.Conclusões.Em linhas gerais se aprecia uma relação direta entre o acesso aberto dos periódicos de área de Ciência da Informação e o acesso grátis. Isto é, o foco dos editores está em oferecer os conteúdos sem que os usuários tenham que pagar, esquecendo outro aspeto importante: os direitos cedidos.

Development Trend of Global Green Building Materials Industry Based on Patent Analysis

Using the incopat intelligence platform, the development status of the current green building materials was analyzed from the perspectives of IPC technology composition, patent licensing, patent transfer, patent applications, and patent types. It is concluded that the global green building materials industry is unbalanced in development, and it is necessary to strengthen industrial exchanges and development between countries, to jointly promote and achieve a win-win situation; Despite the high number of patents in China, the patent translation rate of Chinese universities and research institutes is relatively low, and the government should establish a communication platform between industry, universities, and research institutes to gain an in-depth understanding of market demand, which would help to patent transfer.

Recommendations From Cannabis Dispensaries About First-Trimester Cannabis Use.

To characterize recommendations given to pregnant women by Colorado cannabis dispensaries regarding use of cannabis products for nausea during the first trimester of pregnancy. This was a statewide cross-sectional study in which advice about cannabis product use was requested using a mystery caller approach. The caller stated she was 8 weeks pregnant and experiencing morning sickness. Dispensaries were randomly selected from the Colorado Department of Revenue Enforcement Division website. The primary outcome was the proportion of marijuana dispensaries that recommended a cannabis product for use during pregnancy. We hypothesized that 50% of dispensaries would recommend use. A sample size of 400 was targeted to yield a two-sided 95% CI width of 10%. Secondary outcomes included the proportion endorsing cannabis use as safe during pregnancy, specific product recommendations, and encouraging discussion with a health care provider. Recommendations were compared by licensure type (medical, retail, or both) and location (rural vs urban). Of the 400 dispensaries contacted, 37% were licensed for medical sale (n=148), 28% for retail (n=111), and 35% for both (n=141). The majority, 69% (277/400), recommended treatment of morning sickness with cannabis products (95% CI 64-74%). Frequency of recommendations differed by license type (medical 83.1%, retail 60.4%, both 61.7%, P<.001). Recommendations for use were similar for dispensary location (urban 71% vs nonurban 63%, P=.18). The majority (65%) based their recommendation for use in pregnancy on personal opinion and 36% stated cannabis use is safe in pregnancy. Ultimately, 81.5% of dispensaries recommended discussion with a health care provider; however, only 31.8% made this recommendation without prompting. Nearly 70% of Colorado cannabis dispensaries contacted recommended cannabis products to treat nausea in the first trimester. Few dispensaries encouraged discussion with a health care provider without prompting. As cannabis legalization expands, policy and education efforts should involve dispensaries.

The demand for angling licenses: A case study from Taupo, New Zealand

Lake Taupo is managed as a wild trout fishery funded entirely by the sale of angling licenses. Since 1986 license sales have more than halved and this study aimed to identify the factors driving this trend. We used an economic demand theory framework in which to estimate least squares multiple regression models of license sales for the 45-year period 1970/71–2014/15. Using first-differenced data to avoid multicollinearity, we found that the sale of each license type (i.e., adult day, week, month and season, and child day and season) was influenced by its own price and the prices of substitutes, together with a variable to measure the overall interest in Taupo angling – the total license sales to population ratio. In a separate model, we found that this ratio was primarily influenced by various measures of the quality of the fishing, together with the unemployment rate. Other variables used widely in the literature to explain declining angling participation, such as development, income, urbanisation, changing leisure interests, and demographic changes, were not statistically significant. We discuss the implications of our results for the management of the fishery.

The Impact of Release Management on Open-Source Software Co-Creation

The open-source software (OSS) production model has been gaining ground and even expanding to a broader class of products. A central virtue of OSS is co-creation through contributions and feedback from the user community, yet our knowledge of how to coordinate and maximize the benefit of such co-creation for market success is limited. In this paper, we propose that deliberate product release timing can be an important capability to orchestrate open source community contributions and maximize their benefit. We develop, formalize, and estimate a dynamic structural model to study the impact of product release management as a coordinating mechanism in peer production. We find that a deliberate and moderate release frequency, contingent on the installed base of the project, its quality enhancement, and the license type of the software, contributes to project success. Our results show that it would be optimal for early-stage projects to release more often. As the installed base increases, it is beneficial to release less often. We also find that there exists a curvilinear (inverse-U) relationship between the release frequency and the community contributions. Hence, excessive releasing may risk exhausting the community. Furthermore, even though the project may benefit from a new release, there also exists a release cost. The OSS team then has to balance between the two by carefully managing the release pace. We also find that projects with different license types may have different optimal release timing. These results may have important implications for managing technology-enabled, crowd-based collaboration in open innovation communities beyond open-source software development, launch, and adoption.