License Type Research Articles

PREDICTING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DRIVER’S LICENSE APPLICANTS AT SATPAS POLRESTA MANOKWARI USING HIERARCHICAL MULTIPLE REGRESSION

This research aims to predict the characteristics of driver's license (SIM) applicants at the SATPAS (Driver’s License Issuance Unit) Polresta Manokwari using Hierarchical Multiple Regression analysis. The study explores six key variables: gender, age, occupation, city, type of driver's license, and type of application, as predictors of applicant characteristics. The analysis was conducted using SPSS version 29, with data collected from the population of driver's license applicants since 2023. Three models were tested, with Model 3 being identified as the best predictor, explaining 7% of the variance in applicant characteristics (R² = 0.070). This model incorporates the variables of age, occupation, city, and type of application, while gender and driver's license class were found to have no significant individual impact. The partial t-test results show that age, occupation, city, and type of application significantly influence applicant characteristics, with negative regression coefficients indicating that an increase in these variables leads to a decrease in the predicted characteristics of SIM applicants. The study highlights practical implications for SATPAS, suggesting that service processes could be improved by considering demographic factors such as age and occupation in order to optimize resource allocation and reduce service complexity. However, the study has several limitations. The use of secondary data limits the completeness and accuracy of the analysis, and the limited number of variables results in a narrow interpretation of the factors influencing SIM applicants. Additionally, the model explains only a small portion of the variance in applicant characteristics, suggesting that other unmeasured factors, such as education level or driving experience, may play a more significant role. Furthermore, the findings are not generalizable to other regions, as local conditions may impact license application patterns. Future research should address these limitations by collecting primary data, expanding the range of variables, employing more sophisticated analytical methods, and exploring other regions. This would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting driver's license applicants and contribute to enhancing the quality of SIM issuance services in Indonesia. Keywords: Driver's License, Prediction, Hierarchical Multiple Regression, Applicant Characteristics

Responsiveness of the Investment Office and One-Stop Integrated Services of East Luwu Regency in the Service of Trade Business Licenses

The responsiveness of the Trading Business License (SIUP) licensing service provider is very important to create a pleasant and excellent licensing service system. Simplification of the number and types of licensing and non-licensing has been carried out, from 142 types to 34 types. Through the online system, it is easier for applicants to register and monitor the flow of permits and can speed up the licensing process time, one day service. The Department of Investment and One Stop Integrated Services (DPMPTSP) has made various efforts to increase the responsiveness of SIUP services, but based on preliminary research conducted by researchers, it shows that the level of responsiveness of the East Luwu Regency DPMPTSP is still not optimal, being in the "sufficient" category. This research aims to analyze the level of responsiveness and factors that hinder the responsiveness of SIUP services in DPMPTSP East Luwu Regency. The research used a descriptive quantitative approach, with a questionnaire instrument to collect data from 100 respondents from a population of 1,342 people. The sample taker used a simple random sampling technique. Data processing using SPSS version 22, was then analyzed using Weight Means Score (WMS). The level of responsiveness of DPMDPTSP East Luwu Regency in SIUP services, an average of 3.41 (fair) indicates that responsiveness is not optimal, especially in terms of speed of service, timeliness of service, and response to every applicant's complaint as stated by Zeithaml et al (1990) that Daya Responsiveness is the willingness and readiness to help provide immediate service, such as punctuality of service, responding to every applicant, service quickly, precisely and carefully.

Coping with drug shortages: A study of government-enterprise option cooperation stockpiling strategies for drugs in shortage considering API surrogate stockpiling subsidies.

Drug shortage is a global problem, and the development of government-enterprise cooperative stockpiles of drugs in shortage, combining physical and production capacity, has become one of the most important means of coping with drug shortages. However, existing studies have tended to overlook the fact that shortages of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) have become an important constraint on production capacity stockpiling and that the lack of incentives and provisions for coordination of benefits have led to a double marginal effect of joint stockpiling by government and enterprises of drugs in shortage. Accordingly, this study introduced the option contract to the drug supply system composed of government and pharmaceutical enterprises and used the subsidy of API storage in lieu as an important initiative to incentivize the reserve of APIs, to construct a model of shortage drug reserve under the government's leadership. This study aims to improve the effect of government-enterprise joint stockpiling of drugs in shortage, which is of great theoretical and practical significance. According to the classification of production license types of pharmaceutical enterprises, this study established a three-level supply chain decentralized decision-making model consisting of the government, formulation enterprises, and API enterprises, and a two-level supply chain centralized decision-making model consisting of the government and API Formulation (API-F) integrated enterprises, respectively. By solving the inverse order derivation, the government-enterprise option cooperation conditions and optimal decision-making strategy were derived. The study results showed that: (i) The addition of enterprise API stockpiling mode can help the government conventional reserves, and enterprise production capacity reserves, broaden the way of drug reserves, and improve the effect of government-enterprise option cooperation; (ii) when the probability of drug shortages is high, the government should prefer the cooperation of API-F integrated enterprises, which is conducive to reducing intermediate links and government costs and improving the supply responsiveness to shortages of medicines; (iii) Setting appropriate government subsidies for API storage can incentivize enterprises to stockpile APIs and improve drug production capacity and physical supply response capability. This study took the problem of socialized stockpiling of drugs in shortage as an entry point and explored the problems and solution strategies in the government-enterprise cooperative stockpiling of drugs in shortage, which not only made some theoretical contributions to the application of options contract in the government-enterprise cooperative stockpiling of drugs in shortage but also provided new ideas and theoretical basis for the improvement of the stockpiling work of drugs in shortage.

Open Access Models of Russian Academic Journals

Open access (OA) to publications has been a global trend in publishing academic journals for a long time. The number of OA journals, including Russian ones, is growing steadily. The purpose of this study was to determine the main trends in the implementation of open access publishing models in Russian research journals. The article presents the results of a study of 396 journals included in the Russian Science Citation Index database: title of a journal; website address; international classification code (OECD group); quartile; Science Index indicator; open access model; license type; section of a journal’s website that contains information about the absence or presence and amount of an article processing charge (APC). It is concluded that the majority of journals implement Bronze OA which, firstly, does not comply with the key principles of open access, because it does not use open licenses, and, secondly, does not provide any guarantees that open access will continue to be open. The lack of accessible and transparent information about the conditions for further use of publications can create serious legal issues for the licensee. In turn, it will most likely be a problem for authors to calculate the amount of publication fee.

An empirical study on new-energy vehicle users’ preferences of in-vehicle interaction input methods

New energy sources are transforming the automotive market. This shift has also expanded the possibilities for in-vehicle interaction. Through a literature review, this study categorizes the in-vehicle interaction activities into three types: driving tasks, comfort tasks, and entertainment tasks. This study conducted empirical survey of 377 users to understand their preferences of in-vehicle interaction input methods inside new energy vehicles. The results show that gender, educational level, income, driver's license type and driving experience have significant influence on the perception and preference of the in-vehicle interaction input methods. However, age and experience with new energy vehicle didn't show significant results. The findings of this study can assist manufacturers in developing targeted solutions and meeting the personalized needs of users in future vehicle market segments.

Different Development Strategies Affecting Japan's Drug lag between Japan-Based and Foreign-Based Companies.

We examined the development strategies of new molecular entities approved during a 10-year period (fiscal years of 2012-2021) in Japan to determine the differences in drug lag between Japan and foreign companies. The results demonstrated a clear difference in development strategies. For example, products were usually developed through a "only-Japan" strategy by Japan companies (51.1% of products), compared to a "MRCT (multi-regional clinical trials)" strategy by foreign companies (54.9% of products). Regarding types of licenses, for Japan companies, the percentage of original products was higher in the category of less drug lag, such as "no approval in the US and EU" (59.1%), whereas the percentage of "license-in" products was markedly higher in the "drug lag ≥ 5 years" category (52.5%). Such differences were not observed for products developed by foreign companies. Of 64 license-in products developed by Japan companies with a drug lag > 5 years, 51 (79.7%) had already been approved in the US or EU at initiation of clinical development in Japan. The origin of approximately half (34) of the products was from the emerging companies (non-member foreign companies of the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacture Association). These results suggest that more global cooperation of Japan companies, particularly with emerging foreign companies, is necessary in terms of the earlier timing of license-in and development strategies of products to promote drug development without drug lag or drug loss in Japan.

Recommendation of Prospective Construction Service Providers in Government Procurement Using Decision Tree

The determination of prospective construction service providers using the direct procurement method is the authority of the Goods/ Services Procurement Officer. Administrative requirements are an important factor in selecting prospective construction service providers. The use of the decision tree method in this study is to find out, determine, and analyse the variables that influence the assessment of the feasibility of prospective construction service providers, and get an accuracy value in providing an assessment of the feasibility of prospective construction service providers. The data used in this study are 153 datasets consisting of 13 variables. The existing variables are divided into basic variables and additional variables. The basic variables consist of 5 variables, namely experts, work experience, quality of work, winning tenders and contract value. While the additional variables consist of 8 variables namely business entity status, business entity form, business entity NPWP, business entity domicile, business entity qualification, type of business licence, percentage of work and construction services business licence. By using the decision tree method, the accuracy on the basic variable is 84.84%. The addition of additional variables to the basic variables resulted in an accuracy of 90.91%. This shows that by adding additional variables the accuracy results are higher than using only the basic variables.

Factors Associated with Delta-8 THC Retail Availability in Fort Worth, Texas, 2021–2022

Background: Delta-8 THC is a federally unregulated psychoactive cannabis product rising in popularity. However, little is known regarding its retail availability. Method: We assessed Delta-8 THC retail by calling locations with alcohol, tobacco, and/or consumable hemp retail licenses in Fort Worth, Texas, before and after Texas announced ongoing litigation surrounding Delta-8 THC legality. We linked census block area deprivation index (ADI) scores (1–10; 10 = most disadvantaged) to locations. Logistic regression models examined associations between license type, ADI, ADI*license type interaction, and Delta-8 availability at each time. Results: Retail availability was 11% at Time 1 (n = 133/1,223) and 9% at Time 2 (n = 94/1,026). Alcohol (aORTime1 = 0.18, 95%CI = 0.12,0.28; aORTime2 = 0.14, 95%CI = 0.08,0.24), tobacco (aORTime1 = 15.13, 95%CI = 6.78,33.74; aORTime2 = 12.39, 95%CI = 4.97,30.91), and consumable hemp licenses (aORTime1 = 21.85, 95%CI = 7.91,60.39; aORTime2 = 22.93, 95%CI = 6.92,75.98) were associated with Delta-8 THC retail availability; ADI scores were borderline but not statistically significant. The multiplicative interaction at Time 2 indicated locations with both high ADI scores and alcohol retail licenses had higher odds of selling Delta-8 THC. Differential associations between ADI and Delta-8 THC availability were observed based on those with (b = 0.007) or without (b = −0.023) alcohol retail licenses. Conclusions: Both timepoints had similar proportions of Delta-8 THC retailers, indicating that despite the uncertain legal landscape in Texas, interest in Delta-8 did not appear to be declining. Geographic socioeconomic disparities were observed among locations with alcohol retail licenses. Future regulations may include minimum distances from specific locations (e.g., schools), particularly in more disadvantaged areas. Increasing the compliance of Texas Delta-8 THC retailers to have the required hemp license is important for surveillance and product safety.

Педагогические условия организации смешанного обучения в вузе с применением систем управления обучением

In higher education, blended learning technology combining e-learning and classroom activities has become widespread. Blended learning contributes to the introduction of variable forms and ways of interaction between students and teachers, interaction of study process participants with content, and the expansion of the teacher’s toolkit when working with students. In order to identify and justify the pedagogical conditions of effective organization of blended learning in universities, the authors have described the essence and main components of blended learning technology, and the options of its implementation using learning management systems (LMS). LMS can be classified as to types of licensing, a set of functionality, the module-based criterion, the “customer requirement” criterion, and physical location. The articled presents and identifies features and capabilities of one of the most common learning management systems - LMS MOODLE. The authors reveal pedagogical conditions for the successful implementation of blended learning technology at a university: development of a syllabus and training curricula, correlation of the possibilities of their implementation with the use of blended learning technology; competent course design and implementation, as well as active updating of the content of LMS courses to ensure their quality and relevance; providing timely teacher support for communication and feedback with students; development and application of special methods for monitoring and assessing educational results to carry out reliable and valid diagnostics of learning outcomes and provide prompt feedback; development of high-quality methodological support for teachers on the organization and implementation of the educational process in new conditions and produce methodological materials for students; ensuring a high degree of readiness of students and teachers to implement training in a new format, organize their training and support end contribute to the development of digital competences.

Technology Licensing Under Competition: Absorptive Capacity vs. Innovation Capability

Existing studies on technology licensing for quality-improving technology neglect the licensee's absorptive capacity or assume the complete absorption of technology for product quality. However, the licensee's absorptive capacity may significantly impact the benefit of technology licensing and has received extensive attention in practice and research. To address this gap, this study analyzes the optimal licensing strategy of vertically differentiated products by considering patentor's innovation capability and licensee's absorptive capacity, giving three types of licensing including fixed-fee licensing contact, per-unit royalty licensing, and two-part <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ad valorem</i> licensing. We find that not only the patentor's innovation capability but also the licensee's absorptive capacity can significantly influence the optimal licensing strategy. The patentor may prefer per-unit royalty licensing and two-part <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ad valorem</i> licensing to fixed-fee licensing. Moreover, technology licensing always benefits customers and society. Our work specifies the decision space for the patentor in evaluating the value of different licensing contracts and provides a new decision tool for choosing the optimal licensing strategy. We provide interesting management insights into understanding the optimal licensing strategy from the perspective of the patentor, customers, and society.

License agreements for the use of users’ intellectual property in the digital market

Digital platforms widely implement standard license agreements, according to which users grant them certain rights. And being today at an understandable stage of the establishment of these processes, several urgent questions arise – to what extent the content of such contracts is regulated at the national and international levels, how the provisions of regulatory documents are reflected in license agreements between users and platforms, how the standards for these documents take into account the needs of stakeholders. The purpose of the presented study is to determine the content of standard provisions of non-exclusive licenses offered by digital platforms, for certain industries, taking into account the norms of national and international legal documents and taking into account the balancing of the needs of interested parties. To achieve the purpose of this research, the method of scientific and legal analysis of normative documents, literature, and license agreements presented on digital platforms, as well as scientific methods of comparison and generalization, were used. Licenses are compared according to the following criteria: name, type of license, intellectual property objects, granted rights (separately – the right to grant sublicenses), term of validity, territory of validity, availability of royalties, possibility of revocation, guarantees of purity of works from third-party rights. The content of such a license is defined, which takes into account the interests of all parties in accordance with the laws and the technical needs and capabilities of the platforms. There are still unsettled aspects of the above, including at the international level – these issues may become the subject for further research. Although the digital platforms analyzed in the article are characterized by different functional features, content, target audience, etc., the proposals can be implemented regardless of these differences, but with the addition of provisions relevant to the specifics of the platform.

CIVIL MONETARY PENALTIES GOVERNING ASSISTED LIVING: VARIATION ACROSS AND WITHIN STATES

Abstract State survey agencies are responsible for developing minimum requirements for assisted living (AL) communities, including penalties for noncompliance. Civil monetary penalties are a common measure state enforcement agencies use to incentivize regulatory compliance. We searched state statutes and regulations governing licensed AL communities in August 2022 to identify enforceable civil monetary penalties and used descriptive statistics and content analysis to describe regulatory differences within and between states according to license type. Our findings indicate that 48 of 51 states may enforce financial penalties for noncompliance against assisted living communities, though four of these states have one or more license types without applicable monetary penalties. 13 states had differing policies and possible enforceable amounts by license type, so some AL communities are possibly being charged more than others for the same offense within the same state. We found that states took three different approaches to calculating fees, sometimes using multiple approaches depending on the citation and license type. One or more license types in 36 states imposed per-instance fines, per-day fines in 32 states, and per-resident-per-day fines in 3 states. We describe the current landscape of financial penalty enforcement policies for US assisted living communities as well as its implications for state agencies and providers.

ASSESSING REGULATORY STRINGENCY FOR LICENSED ASSISTED LIVING: A MULTIFACETED APPROACH

Abstract Regulations in long-term care settings aim to ensure quality and accessibility for residents. However, inadequate enforcement can limit their impact on the community. Simply increasing regulations does not always lead to improved care, as it may incentivize facilities to limit admissions. Regulatory stringency encompasses the scope, specificity, and enforcement of regulations. This study examines 10 dimensions of specificity related to medical care regulations in assisted living, focusing on scope and enforcement. We found that regulations related to staffing levels and resident assessments governed almost all assisted living communities, while medication review and administrator certification were the least commonly addressed. The “Residential Care Facilities” license with an “Alzheimer’s Dementia Care Unit” certification in Maine had the highest stringency score, though the “Assisted Living Program” license in the same state had one of the lowest. High regulatory specificity and scope scores were not always associated with high enforcement. For example, the “Assisted Living Center” license in South Dakota covered 100% of the scope’s dimensions and 75% of the provisions contributing to the specificity score, but had no regulatory enforcement for these rules. Findings suggest that a multifaceted approach to assessing regulatory stringency is crucial for policymakers and researchers to understand regulatory approaches across license types and states. Accounting for differences in licensure is also important for a broad view of regulatory stringency.

ASSISTED LIVING ADMINISTRATORS’ UNDERSTANDING OF REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS IN SEVEN STATES

Abstract Each state requires assisted living (AL) residences to employ an administrator whose job responsibilities include oversight of resident care, managing staff, and regulatory compliance. This study surveyed administrators of 151 AL residences in 7 states. These AL residences reflect 28 license types (e.g., based on level of care, dementia care services). Administrators were asked whether there were any regulations, policies or procedures that required their AL to do any of 11 health-related activities (e.g., staff able to check vital signs, advance directive on file, reporting change in condition to resident’s healthcare provider). Using health services regulatory analysis, we documented the applicable regulations for each of the 151 AL residences, then assessed whether administrator responses were congruent with the licensed requirements. Almost all (95%) administrators of AL residences governed by a licensure requirement regarding change in condition reported this policy in their residence. In contrast, less than half (48%) of administrators who work in an AL in our sample that state law requires to keep an advance directive on file for residents reported that they did not have a policy to do so. Over one-third (37%) of administrators who work in an AL required to have a policy of non-pharmaceutical treatment for residents with dementia said that they did not have this policy in place. Some administrators reported the presence of policies in the absence of state requirements, suggesting that these AL residences exceed minimum requirements. These results vary by AL license type both within and across states.

TRENDS IN COMMUNITY-BASED CARE STAFFING LEVELS IN OREGON: DIFFERENCES BY FACILITY CHARACTERISTICS

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic re-centered the workforce crisis across long-term care settings in the U.S. Variation in regulatory requirements, industry practices, staff training, and lack of longitudinal data introduces complexity in understanding workforce trends specific to assisted living and residential care (AL/RC). Pooling five waves of the Oregon Community-Based Care study, we examine trends in AL/RC care staff levels and associations with facility characteristics: license type, Medicaid census, profit status, and rurality. From 2017-2022, 548 unique facilities participated in the study, 55% contributing to four to five waves. The estimated average care staff-to-resident ratio was 0.79 (median= 0.67), increasing between 2017 (0.74) and 2022 (0.87). The average staffing level (care hours per resident per day; hours:minutes) was 3:28 (median= 2:58). We estimated ordinary least squares regression models with robust standard errors, controlling for facility-level characteristics and year. On average, staffing levels were higher by 1:38 in memory care (MC) and 0:42 in nonprofit settings. Compared to non-Medicaid settings, overall staffing levels were about 1:00-1:30 lower in mixed-payer settings, and 2:00 higher in settings providing specialty care (e.g., behavioral health, bariatric) at increased Medicaid reimbursement rates. Licensed nursing staff levels were slightly higher in MC, nonprofit, and special contract Medicaid settings. Certified nursing/medication aide levels were 0:30 higher in nonprofit settings. There were no differences in caregiver levels by profit status or rurality, though mixed-payer setting levels were lower by 0:32-0:44. Reduced occupancy during the pandemic resulted in higher staffing levels, though findings suggest continued disparities in staff mix by facility characteristics.

ASSISTED LIVING DIRECT CARE WORKFORCE TRAINING REQUIREMENTS BY LICENSE TYPE

Abstract Assisted living (AL) residents and families often assume that care staff have clinical certifications or specialized training. We analyzed direct care worker training requirements for each AL license type across all 50 states and DC, using health services regulatory and content analyses. Across all licenses, we found the most common required training topics specific to care provision were resident rights, providing assistance with daily living, identifying and alleviating safety risks for residents with cognitive impairment, medication management and non-pharmacological interventions, nutrition and hydration, preservation of resident dignity, recognizing and reporting changes in a resident’s condition, understanding resident actions and behavior as communication, and coping with difficult behaviors. We found the most common approach—accounting for the regulations governing 22% of licensed AL communities in the U.S.—was licenses that require between 1 and 10 hours of initial and annual training, but do not have a detailed list of training topics. Only three states (Arizona, Michigan, and New Hampshire) have no training requirements for any unlicensed direct care workers, while 20 states have at least one license without requirements regarding training hours or topics that must be covered. We found that 10 states have a license that requires more than 10 hours of initial and annual training and specifies a detailed list of training requirements. Interestingly, four of these states (New Mexico, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Washington) have these requirements for all license types, but three of these states (North Carolina, Illinois, and DC) also have a license with no training requirements.

STATE-LEVEL DESCRIPTION OF MEDICAID POLICY AND ACCESS TO LICENSED ASSISTED LIVING CARE FOR LOW-INCOME ADULTS

Abstract A growing proportion of Medicaid funds are allocated to care in assisted living (AL) settings. However, a state must have a state plan amendment or waiver to utilize these funds. States issue levels of licensure for AL communities, which govern the care and oversight that can be provided and may determine whether ALs can accept Medicaid funding. However, until now, Medicaid coverage for AL has been analyzed at the state level and is not well-documented for license types. Using Medicaid state plans and waiver applications, we describe the types of Medicaid funding mechanisms that states use to finance care in AL and identify the demographics and health characteristics of residents in Medicaid-eligible ALs. We find that five states do not utilize Medicaid to finance care in AL. Among the 45 states and DC with Medicaid-financed AL, 12 states limit Medicaid funding to specific licenses, whereas 34 states provide access to Medicaid-funded care for all AL license types. Among identified ALs, 86% are licensed to accept Medicaid funds. Although the modal funding mechanism is through 1915c waivers, the largest percentage (40%) of ALs licensed to accept Medicaid funding are in states that utilize multiple mechanisms. In states that fund AL through state plan amendments, 88% of Medicare beneficiaries reside in covered ALs; conversely, in states that use 1115 demonstration waivers, 99% of Medicare beneficiaries reside in covered ALs. This work will benefit future research and policymaking aiming to use Medicaid funding to increase access to appropriate, high-quality care in licensed ALs.

ADMISSIONS AND DISCHARGE PRACTICES IN ASSISTED LIVING: THE ROLE OF REGULATORY AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Abstract This study examined how state regulations and AL organizational characteristics relate to admissions and discharge practices. Using data from a representative sample of 250 AL communities in 7 states and a database of AL regulations, we employed bivariate analysis and multilevel linear probability models to examine regulatory and organizational correlates of AL community admissions and discharge practices for three activities of daily living (ADLs [bathing, getting out of bed, and eating]). There was a pattern between admissions regulation and admissions practices in AL; for example, 38% of communities with license types that had the most flexible admissions regulations allowed residents with feeding limitations to be admitted; conversely, 18% with the least flexible regulations allowed them to be admitted. However, the relationships were not statistically significant in bivariate or multivariate analysis. A higher percent of residents with Medicaid as a primary payer source was associated with a decrease in the probability of admitting (𝛽 = -0.01, p&amp;lt;.001, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: -0.01, 0.00) and discharging (𝛽 = 0.01, p=.013, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.01) residents with bathing limitations. Being operated in association with a continuing care retirement community or nursing home was associated with a higher probability of discharging residents who needed assistance with bathing (𝛽 = 0.14, p=.013, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.26) and more so with feeding (𝛽 = 0.26, p &amp;lt;.001, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.36). Findings suggest a need to consider whether models of AL and AL practices could better align with the residents’ needs.

POLICIES TO OUTCOMES: MULTILEVEL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE ASSISTED LIVING WORKFORCE

Abstract Assisted living (AL) staff mix, levels, training requirements, regulatory enforcement, and career opportunities vary widely across license types, companies, and states. ALs represent the largest care providers for people living with dementia across the U.S. In most states, ALs must have enough qualified, trained staff to sufficiently meet the needs of their resident populations. While the use of interventions to address appropriate staffing levels and workforce retention is increasing, little is known about how the variation in the AL workforce relates to resident and staff experiences or manifests from policies governing these settings. This symposium uses a socioecological framework to examine AL-specific workforce variation. Presentations focus on national variation in staff training requirements, workforce recruitment and retention, trends in staffing levels, how staffing levels can relate to resident outcomes, and direct care staff experiences with stress and coping in long-term care communities. Findings emphasize similarities and differences in workforce composition and experience between states and across different types of facilities. From national comparison of state regulations to facility contexts to individual resident and staff experiences, this panel embraces multilevel contextual understanding of how policies, practices, and outcomes can intersect across AL and residential care environments. This is an Assisted Living Interest Group Sponsored Symposium.

Licensing Requirements for Poultry Veterinary Biologics in the United States.

The use of veterinary biologicals is an integral component of poultry health programs. All veterinary biologicals are licensed and sold by manufacturing firms under strict regulation by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to ensure purity, potency, efficacy, and safety of the product. The licensing process for a new vaccine is a complex process involving a defined set of studies for each type of vaccine that are performed by the biologics firm, according to approved protocols, with results submitted to the Center for Veterinary Biologics for review. There are 10 classifications of veterinary biologicals and four types of licenses. Manufacturing and testing procedures are also defined within the licensing process. Licensing requirements were initially codified into law. In addition, guidance documents in the form of memoranda and notices have been published to address licensing for additional classes of vaccines and disease agents. This overview of vaccine licensure in the United States is offered to provide a better understanding of the process, the participants, and the factors that influence the time required to produce a commercial product.