Types Of Ion Exchange Resins Research Articles

Enhancement of microbial density and methane production in advanced anaerobic digestion of secondary sewage sludge by continuous removal of ammonia

Ammonia inhibition mitigation in anaerobic digestion of high solids content of thermally hydrolysed secondary sewage sludge by the NH4+ affinitive clinoptilolite and a strong acid type ion-exchange resin S957 was investigated. Continuous NH4+-N removal was achieved through ion-exchanging at both temperatures with average removals of 50 and 70% for the clinoptilolite and resin dosed reactors, respectively. Approximate 0.2–0.5unit of pH reduction was also observed in the dosed reactors. The synergy of NH4+-N removal and pH reduction exponentially decreased free NH3 concentration, from 600 to 90mg/L at 43°C, which mitigated ammonia inhibition and improved methane yields by approximately 54%. Microbial community profiling suggested that facilitated by ammonia removal, the improvement in methane production was mainly achieved through the doubling in bacterial density and a 6-fold increase in population of the Methanosarcinaceae family, which in turn improved the degradation of residual volatile fatty acids, proteins and carbohydrates.

Kinetics and Equilibrium Isotherm Studies for the Aqueous Lithium Recovery by Various Type Ion Exchange Resins

The characteristics of aqueous lithium recovery by ion exchange were studied using three commercial cation exchange resins: CMP28 (porous type strong acid exchange resin), SCR-B (gel type strong acid exchange resin) and WK60L (porous type weak acid exchange resin). CMP28 was the most effective material for aqueous lithium recovery; its performance was even enhanced by modifying the cation with K+. A comparison to Na+ and H+ form resins demonstrated that the performance enhancement is reciprocally related to the electronegativity of the cation form. Further kinetic and equilibrium isotherm studies with the K+ form CMP28 showed that aqueous lithium recovery by ion exchange was well fitted with the pseudo-second-order rate equation and the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum ion exchange capacity of aqueous lithium recovery was found to be 14.28 mg/g and the optimal pH was in the region of 4-10.

Development of a taste-masked oral suspension of clindamycin HCl using ion exchange resin Amberlite IRP 69 for use in pediatrics

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop an oral suspension of clindamycin resin complex for the potential use in pediatrics.Methods: Several types of Ion exchange resins were screened for their binding efficiency with clindamycin. In order to develop a suspension formulation, several thickening agents, surfactants, sweeting, and flavoring agents were evaluated for their influence on the release of clindamycin from resinate. Rheological studies were also conducted to select the optimum amounts of the suspending agents. The release profiles of clindamycin in SGF and SIF were also evaluated from freshly prepared suspension and from suspension formulation after storage for 1 month at 25 °C and 40 °C. Clindamycin bitterness threshold was determined based on volunteers’ evaluation, and taste evaluation was conducted in 12 adult volunteers who evaluated the taste of the optimized suspension against clindamycin solution.Results: Among all resins tested, Amberlite IRP 69 showed the highest binding efficiency to clindamycin. Several excipients were selected into the suspension formulation based on no or minimum influence on the release of clindamycin from the resinate complex. Moreover, xanthan gum was selected as the optimal suspending agent for the suspension. Clindamycin release profiles in SGF or SIF showed 90% release within 30 min from freshly prepared sample. Clindamycin exhibited good stability profiles at 25 °C and 40 °C over 1 month storage. The mean bitterness threshold of clindamycin was 12.5 μg/ml, and taste evaluation study in adults showed sustainable taste improvement for suspension over clindamycin solution.Conclusion: Clindamycin/resin complexation has shown to be an efficient method to mask the taste of clindamycin and was developed into a suspension formulation that can be used in pediatrics.

Applicability of alkali-activated cement for immobilization of low-level radioactive waste in ion-exchange resins

All generated and collected low-level radioactive wastes (LRW) should be processed into final products for a long-term disposal without loss of their properties. Worldwide, cementation is the most widely used technology for immobilization of nuclear wastes. Due to many existing varieties of LRW some of these wastes are incompatible with the process of hydration and hardening of a cement matrix and require optimization of cement immobilization technologies. The paper presents the results of devising new formulations of multi-component alkali-activated cement, which is aimed at complex processing of low-level radioactive waste with ion-exchange resins. The radioactive wastes to be immobilized included two types of ion-exchange resins: cation- and anion-exchange resins mixed as 2:1 with pH=12 and anion-exchange resin with pH=5. Analysis of the obtained results from the developed optimal recipes proved that the properties of the final products are in compliance and in some cases even exceed those set in standards GB 7023 and GB 14569 of the P. R. China. High efficiency of the alkali-activated cement matrices for immobilization of radioactive wastes is attributed to their ability to bind radionuclides not only mechanically and adsorptionally, as it happens in case of traditional cement matrices, but also chemically–within the composition of zeolite-like hydration products of the R 2 O∙MeO∙Al 2 O 3 ∙nSiO 2 mH 2 O or R 2 O∙Al 2 O 3 ∙nSiO 2 mH 2 O types, where: R=Na, K, and Cs; Me=Ca, Mg, and Sr.

Effective removal of hexacyanoferrate anions using quaternary amine type ion exchange resin

Styrene-ethylstyrene divinylbenzene type copolymer modified with methyl chloride and trimethylamino chloride moieties was studied for its potential application for the removal of hexacyanoferrate anions [Fe(CN)6]α−, HCF, from various waste waters. The material is found to be highly effective on recovering both ferrous-, HCF(II), and ferric-, HCF(III), hexacyanide ions. Based on the difference observed in the presence of either NO3− or SO42− ions, the selectivity order is found to be NO3−>HCF(III)>SO42−>HCF(II), which is not in agreement with the number of charged units required for binding the given ion. In a complex solution system like a fly ash extract, the selectivity for HCF(II) has dropped but the material was highly effective for HCF(III), which does not possess adverse impact as oxidation of ferrous ions is a spontaneous phenomenon. Therefore, the resin offered peculiar selectivity and strong potential as a counter-measure for HCF decontamination.

주석도금폐액으로부터 이온교환수지를 이용한 주석 회수

Abstract In order to recover tin from the waste tin plating solution, we used the ion exchange method using three types of ion exchangeresins. The ion exchange resin with tertiary functional group(Lewatit TP 272) has not adsorption ratio of tin. The ion exchangeresin with iminodiacetic functional group(Lewatit TP 207) has high adsorption ratio of tin, but impurity content in the recoveredtin solution was relatively high. Whereas, in case of the ion exchange resin with functional group of ethylhexyl-phos-phate(Lewatit VP OC 1026), adsorption ratio of tin was less than that of Lewatit TP 207. However, it was possible to removeimpurities in the recovered tin solution by controlling the pH of the solution. High purity tin solution can be recovered by remov-ing the organic materials with water washing process. Key words : Ion exchange resin, tin, recovery, waste plating solution 1. 서론 주석은 LED TV, 합금재료, 도금재료, 전기 및 전자제품의 필수 소재로 사용되는 금속으로 차세대 핵심소재로 부각되면서 수요도 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 그러나주석 자원의 경우 동남아 등 일부 국가에만 편중되어

Study on Preparation of Zn/Al Double Metal Oxide by Ion Exchange Method

The optimum reaction conditions of D113 type ion exchange resin adsorption on Zn/Al ions and the microstructure of Zn/Al double metal oxide were researched with weight method and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that when Zn/Al molar ratio was 2:1, the number of moles per unit mass of resin adsorption was biggest and the microstructure was better; with the increase of pH value and temperature, the number of moles per unit mass of resin adsorption increased. When the PH value was 3.89, the microstructure of calcined product was best, and the effect of temperature on the calcined product microstructure was little. EDS data and XRD spectra indicated that there were two kinds of ZnO and Al2O3products.

Study of a new process for the efficient regeneration of ion exchange resins

Mixed bead resins comprising weakly acidic (carboxylic acid) and weakly basic (tertiary amine) groups were produced with properties similar to the thermally regenerable Sirotherm resin. This resin typically had a capacity of about 0.5mmol NaCl per gram and the sorption isotherm was found to be consistent with the Langmuir equation. The resin could be partially regenerated by heat (80%) and water washing (40%) as the ion sorption capacity was much reduced on heating to 80°C. However, the resin could be completely regenerated by a combination of heat and pre-washing with concentrated ammonium bicarbonate solution. On heating to 60°C or more the bicarbonate salt completely decomposes and can be removed from the resin as carbon dioxide and ammonia gases. These initial results suggest that this type of ion exchange resin could be used in a continuous process where the regeneration salt (ammonium bicarbonate) is thermally decomposed, collected and re-used to improve the efficiency of regeneration.

A DNA extraction and purification method using an ion-exchange resin type kit for the detection of genetically modified papaya in processed papaya products

A method for the extraction and purification of genomic DNA from processed papaya products is essential for the detection of approved genetically modified (GM) papaya, according to GM labeling regulations, and unapproved GM papaya, to restrict the import or sale of products containing it. Here, we investigated methods for the extraction of DNA from processed papaya products, including dried papaya, canned papaya and papaya jam. The extraction of DNA from dried papaya and canned papaya required a pre-digestion step, using RNase, cellulase and proteinase K. In the case of papaya jam, α-amylase was found to be indispensable to obtain DNA with high yield and purity. The DNA yield was considerably higher when an ion-exchange resin type kit (IER-100G) was used, compared with other five methods (IER-20G, QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit, DNeasy Plant Maxi Kit, GM Quicker 3 Kit and Wizard Cleanup Resin System). We developed a suitable method for the extraction and purification of DNA from processed papaya products, which could be used to detect GM papaya.

Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Used Cooking Oil Using Ion-Exchange Resins as Catalysts: An Efficient Pretreatment Method for Biodiesel Feedstock

The esterification of used cooking oil (UCO) with methanol was studied using different types of ion-exchange resins, that is, Purolite D5081, Purolite D5082, and Amberlyst 36. Several catalyst characterization analyses (elemental analysis, surface area measurement, particle size distribution analysis, scanning electron microscopy analysis, true density measurement, and acid capacity analysis) have been conducted in the screening stage. Of all of the catalysts investigated, Purolite D5081 resin showed the best catalytic performance and was selected for further experimental studies. The esterification process was carried out in a jacketed stirred batch reactor for 8 h. Elimination of mass transfer resistances and the effect of catalyst loading (0.5–1.5% w/w), reaction temperature (50–65 °C), and methanol to UCO feed mole ratio (4:1–12:1) on the conversion of FFAs were investigated. The highest FFAs conversion was found to be 92%, at a catalyst loading of 1.25% w/w, 60 °C reaction temperature, 6:1 methanol t...

Glycerol acetylation catalysed by ion exchange resins

Five types of ion exchange resins (Amberlyst 15, Ambertlyst-36, Dowex 50Wx2, Dowex 50Wx4 and Dowex 50Wx8) have been compared in glycerol acetylation carried out at 378K and atmospheric pressure. The glycerol:acetic acid molar ratio was set to 8:1. In these conditions the best performances were exhibited by Amberlyst-36 and Dowex-2. The effects of catalyst loading and the pre-treatment were also studied for the latter catalysts, showing that the use of 6.25g of dry catalyst/l of glycerol resulted in the optimal conditions for our reaction. The catalytic performances of the resins were unaltered after washing with distilled water in a Soxhlet apparatus, showing that sulphonic species were not removed by leaching. Recyclability tests showed that these solids are directly reusable up to 4–5 esterification runs. No homogeneous catalysis was detected in the filtered liquid media obtained after contact with the solids. Resins are not deactivated by the presence of water in the reaction medium.

Preparative separation of Rebaudiana A from commercialized steviol glycosides by macroporous adsorption resins mixed bed

This work focused on the separation and purification of commercialized steviol glycosides (SGs) by macroporous adsorption resins (MARs) mixed bed through the adsorption and desorption experiments. Firstly, the influence of functional groups on the separation degree of Rebaudiana A (RA) were investigated based on gel type ion exchange resins (GIRs), and the result showed the group of –N(CH3)2 was the best. Then, 21 sorts of MARs were screened one by one with adopting the separation degree of RA as the prior index, then the mixed bed of MARs that contained two, three, … till six were investigated in turn to find the most effective separation MARs mixed bed, and the results showed that MARs mixed bed LZ-1+LZ-20+LZ-30+LZ-37+LZ-36 had the higher separation efficiency than the others. Besides, the experimental data of MARs mixed bed LZ-1+LZ-20+LZ-30+LZ-37+LZ-36 well fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Brunauer’s IV adsorption isotherm model. And it was found that the intra-particle diffusion process was rate-limiting step. After that, the separation parameters of RA from commercialized SGs were optimized through adsorption and desorption experiments. And under the obtained optimum separation conditions, the separation degree increased from 0.838 to 0.9196 with a recovery yield of 91.67% through only one cycle adsorption and desorption.

A comparative kinetics study on the isothermal heterogeneous acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of sucrose under conventional and microwave heating

The isothermal kinetics of sucrose hydrolysis at the acidic ion-exchange resin type IR-120 H under conventional (CH) and microwave heating (MWH) was investigated. Isothermal kinetics curves in the temperature range from 303 to 343K for both CH and MWH were determined. By application the model-fitting method, it was recognized that the kinetics of sucrose hydrolysis can be described by a first-order chemical reaction for both heating modes. The values of the activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (lnA) for sucrose hydrolysis were found to be lower under MWH than under CH. Application of the differential isoconversional method showed that sucrose hydrolysis was kinetically an elementary reaction. It is found that the increased rate of hydrolysis observed under MWH was not a consequence of overheating. A new explanation of the established effects of microwave heating based on a model of selective energy transfer during the chemical reaction is suggested. The established decreases in the activation energy and in the pre-exponential factor under MWH in comparison to CH is explained by an increase in the energy of the ground vibrational level of the –OH out-of-plane deformation in the sucrose molecule and with a decrease in the anharmonicity factor, which is caused by the selective resonant transfer of energy from the catalyst to the –OH oscillators in the sucrose molecules.

Green production of polymer-supported PdNPs: application to the environmentally benign catalyzed synthesis of cis-3-hexen-1-ol under flow conditions

Pd nanoparticles generated on gel type ion-exchange resins under catalytic conditions show high activity, selectivity and durability in partial hydrogenation reactions under mild conditions, thus providing a green, low-cost option for fine-chemicals production. The application to the continuous-flow synthesis of the leaf alcohol fragrance cis-3-hexen-1-ol is demonstrated.

Characterisation and applications of synthesised cation exchanger guar gum sulphonic acid (GSA) resin for removal and recovery of toxic metal ions from industrial wastewater

The chemically modified guar gum sulphonic acid (GSA) resin was used for removal and pre-concentration of Zn2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions in aqueous solutions and steel industry effluent from Jodhpur, India. This type of ion exchange resin represents a new class of hybrid ion exchangers with higher stability, reproducibility and selectivity for toxic metal ions. The characterisation of the resin was carried out by determining the ion exchange capacity, elemental analysis, FT-IR spectra and thermal analysis (TGA). The distribution coefficients (Kd) of toxic metal ions were determined for differentpH values. The adsorption of different metal ions on GSA resin follows the order: Cu2+ > Fe2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+ > Pb2+. The adsorbency of different metal ions on the GSA resin was studied for up to 10 cycles.

Ion-exchange–ultrafiltration system for surfactants removal from water solutions

Studies were performed to determine the effectiveness of hybrid system combining ion exchange and ultrafiltration for surfactant separation from water solutions. During the experiments the influnce of membrane cut-off, type of ion-exchange resin, resin dose and contact time was evaluated. The results obtained for the hybrid system were also compared with the effectiveness of the single processes, i.e. ultrafiltration and ion exchange. It was found that the combination of ion exchange and ultrafiltration was more effective in surfactant removal than ultrafiltration process alone. In the hybrid system because of the resin presence, the systematic increase in surfactant separation along with the filtration time was noticed. From among the ion-exchange resins tested the most effective was MIEX® one. For the smallest resin dose equal to 5 cm3/dm3 the reduction of anionic surfactants from model solution with concentration of 0.25 CMC reached almost 100% for the hybrid process with 30 kDa polyethersulfone membra...

Taste Masking of Topiramate by Newer Range of Ion-Exchange Resin

Topiramate, is an anti-epileptic drug used to treat partial onset seizures, or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children and adults. But its bitter taste became a critical issue which strongly demanded to mask the taste. Different types of ion exchange resins like Kyron T-104, Kyron T-114, Kyron T-134, Doshion P 542 were used to form complex with Topiramate. Ion exchange resin to drug ratio, effect of pH, effect of temperature, effect of resin soaking time, effect of stirring time on complex formation were optimized. Drug-resin complex was evaluated for swelling, particle size analysis and drug release from drug-resin complex. Developed taste masked drug candidate in this research work become eligible to formulate mouth disintegrating dosage form.

Investigation of the Oligomerization of Light Olefins on Ion Exchange Resin Catalyst

The requirements against the quality of motor fuels were rendered more rigorous in the past decade; the most important ones were the major reductions of the sulphur and aromatic content. Besides the changing of the regulation of the motor fuels, the harmful material emission of the Otto- and Diesel-engine built vehicles was also limited significantly. These effects make necessary the greater use of the environmentally friendly, relatively “clean burning”, technically heteroatom- and aromatic free, great n- and i-paraffinic containing blending components in the case of gasoline and diesel gas oils. During our experimental work we studied the possibilities of producing motor fuel blending components like these blending components with the oligomerization of the olefin content of light FCC-naphtha – assuming later industrial application – on Amberlyst-15 acidic ion exchange resin type catalyst. This topic is very important in a modern oil refinery, because different isoparaffin-rich motor fuel blending components can be produced (depending on the catalyst and the process parameters), and this technology can grow considerably the gasoline- and diesel gas oil flexibility of the oil refinery, too. The aim of our experiments was to produce motor fuel blending components with the oligomerization of C4-C6 olefins in light FCC-naphtha matrix. Working on the acidic ion exchange resin catalyst under different process parameters (T: 80–130 °C, P: 15–30 bar, LHSV: 0.5–3.0 h-1) we determined that in the studied process parameter range in preferable case (T: 100–110 °C, P: 25–30 bar, LHSV 0.5–1.0 h-1) the liquid product yield was: greater than 95%, the conversion of olefins: 90–92%, the selectivity of C8-C11: 70–76%, while the selectivity of C12+: 24–30%.

Adsorption Equilibria of Arabinose, Fructose, Galactose, Glucose, Mannose, Rhamnose, Sucrose, and Xylose on Ion-Exchange Resins

Adsorption equilibria of arabinose, fructose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose, sucrose, and xylose were evaluated on four different types of ion-exchange resins. The resins were strong acid c...

The effect of an organic ion-exchange resin on properties of heterogeneous ion-exchange membrane

This case study deals with relationships between characteristic properties of organic ionexchange resins and heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes. At first chemical and temperature stability, humidity and particle size distribution of different types of ion-exchange resins was analyzed. Subsequently, membranes were prepared by using different filler/polymer matrix ratio or by using milled resins with different particle size distribution. Finally, different ion-exchange resins were used for preparing of heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes at fixed filler/polymer matrix ratio. We analyzed many characteristic properties of raw materials, intermediate and final products and we paid attention to process parameters during preparing of membranes too. It was proved that there are important relationships between properties of a membrane and the type of resin used for its preparation and the process of membrane preparation. The results show that most of ion-exchange resins can be used for ion-exchange membranes preparation but with different impact on characteristic properties of membranes. We also proved that increasing of filler/polymer matrix ratio or using very fine particle size distribution of milled resin improve electrochemical properties of membranes at the expense of worst mechanical properties and more complicated membrane preparation. On the basis of these results we are able to modify composition of heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes to reach required properties.