Type Of Infection Research Articles

NEW STRATEGIES IN COMBATING FUNGAL PATHOGENS

Background. The relevance of the research is driven by the emerging trend of increasing resistance to existing drugs for the treatment of fungal infections. Addressing this issue is only possible by developing new formulations of antifungal agents or improving existing ones; studying the mechanisms of interaction of drugs with fungal cell walls and their exopolysaccharide matrices; refining delivery methods of antifungal agents, such as DectiSomes, for maximum effectiveness and minimizing side effects; expanding understanding of the immune response mechanisms to fungal infections and developing vaccines for the prevention of these diseases. The research aims to improve methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of fungal infections to enhance the quality of life for patients and reduce the overall impact of these diseases on public health. Aim: To evaluate new treatment strategies for fungal infections to increase the effectiveness of antifungal agents, reduce their toxicity, and slow down the development of resistance. Materials and Methods: The materials for this study included publications of results from contemporary scientific research on the topic. The methods used for conducting the research were: a systematic approach and analysis, literary and critical analysis. Results. Prove the prospects for developing new strategies and techniques for antifungal therapy. By analyzing the results of clinical studies, including the assessment of the effectiveness of various antifungal drugs, it is possible to determine which ones are most effective under certain conditions and for specific types of fungal infections. New methodologies based on the principle of delivering or acting directly on the target area allow reducing the overall burden on the body. Better penetration of drugs into the skin and tissues allows for better control of fungal infection and accelerated healing process. Evaluating side reactions and patient tolerance levels to different drugs helps select antifungal agents that are the safest and most comfortable to use. Conclusion. Fungal infections continue to be a serious public health problem, and the development of new treatment and prevention methods is extremely important. Overall, research in these areas can help develop new therapeutic strategies that are more effective and safer for treating fungal infections, which pose a threat to humanity.

The Potential o f Gold Nanobipyramids as Anti-Fungal f or Dermatophytes Fungi at Living Animals

Dermatophytes are a group of fungi that cause dermatophytosis, a type of skin infection affecting both humans and animals. While dermatophytosis is typically self-limiting, it can pose significant challenges for individuals with weakened immune systems. Additionally, current treatment options for dermatophytosis have their limitations, including issues of toxicity, inefficacy, and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Recently, nanotechnology-based approaches have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome the drawbacks of conventional antifungal medications. Gold Nanoparticles (GNPs) have demonstrated substantial antifungal activity against various fungal species, including dermatophytes. Among these, Gold Nanobipyramids (GNBPs) exhibit unique physicochemical properties that enhance their effectiveness against dermatophytes. GNBPs were synthesized using the Seed-Mediated Growth Method (SMGM) due to its simplicity. Optically, GNBPs displayed plasmonic peaks at 1.548 (wavelength 561 nm) and 2.372 (wavelength 807 nm). Structurally, intensity peaks at 38.15° (plane 111) and 44.49° (plane 200) were identified. GNBPs have a surface density of ~70.227±0.530. In the dermatophyte treatment process, GNBPs exhibited varying inhibitory effects. At 40% concentration, fungal growth persisted, with a surface density similar to the no control area. At 60%, inhibition occurred, though less efficiently. The most effective inhibition was observed at 80%, and complete inhibition was achieved at 100% concentration. GNBPs proved successful in inhibiting fungal growth, attributed to their curvature and sharp edges interacting with microbial cell membranes, leading to membrane damage and cellular content leakage.

Infective Endocarditis Due to Corynebacterium jeikeium: Four Case Reports and Narrative Review of the Literature.

Corynebacterium jeikeium, a pleomorphic Gram-positive bacillus, is a common component of the cutaneous microbiota, usually considered as a contaminant, with little pathogenic potential. However, its role in various types of infections, such as bacteremia, sepsis, endocarditis (IE) and infection of prosthetic material is gradually being proven. Few cases of IE due to Corynebacterium jeikeium have been described in the literature. The aim of this article was to describe four cases of IE due to Corynebacterium jeikeium diagnosed in our hospital between May 2021 and April 2022, as well as to conduct a narrative review of the literature on this entity. After analysis, we highlight that 65.6% were men, 81.3% were valve or intravascular device carriers, and IE cases presented early, before one year after surgery. The most affected valve was the aortic valve (68.8%), followed by the mitral valve (21.1%). Valve replacement was performed in 65.6% of cases, and the most commonly used antibiotic was vancomycin (68.8%) at a dose of 15 mg/kg/12 h. With respect to prognosis, the overall mortality rate was 21.9%. The comparative results between our series and the literature review were similar except for a higher mortality rate (50%) and the use of dalbavancin in the treatment. We go on to review previously reported cases, along with four cases described in our hospital, of C. jeikeium endocarditis and will discuss various aspects of C. jeikeium infection, focusing on microbiology, pathophysiology, and treatment.

Identification and Characterization of Resistance Loci to Stripe Rust in Winter Wheat Breeding Line YN1813

The development and deployment of diverse resistance sources in novel wheat cultivars underpin the durable control of stripe rust. The objectives of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with stripe rust resistance in the Chinese wheat breeding line YN1813 and to provide wheat breeders with original genes with potentially durable resistance. A total of 306 F7:8 recombinant inbred lines (RIL), derived from a cross between YN1813 (infection type 0–3 and disease severity 1–36%) and the moderately susceptible landrace Chinese Spring (IT 7–9 and DS 41–65%), were assessed for stripe rust disease severity in the field at Qingshui in Gansu and Pixian in Sichuan in 2020 and 2021 following inoculation with a mixture of the currently predominant Pst races. The parents and RIL were genotyped using the Wheat 55K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. The total length of the constructed genetic linkage map was 3896.30 cm, with an average interval of 1.30 cm between adjacent markers. Two major QTL were identified on chromosome 7B and 7D across all tested environments. QYr.hau-7B was mapped to a 2.26 cm interval between the SNP markers AX-110908486–AX-89658728–AX-109489314 on chromosome 7B, explaining 0.9% to 16.9% of the phenotypic variation. QYr.hau-7D was positioned in a 0.67 cm interval flanked by the SNP markers AX-111654594 and AX-89378255, explaining 0.4% to 21.4% of the phenotypic variation. The QTL on 7D likely correspond to the previously known gene Yr18, whereas QYr.hau-7B was presumed to be a novel gene adjacent to YrZH84 or the core part of YrZH84. SNP markers closely linked with QYr.hau-7B were converted to allele-specific quantitative PCR-based genotyping assay (AQP) markers and validated in a panel of 712 wheat accessions. The group possessing a positive allele (TT) of AQP_AX-89658728 significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the IT by 45.8% and the DS by 63.2%. QYr.hau-7B and its markers could be useful in breeding programs to improve the level and durability of stripe rust resistance.

Ceftazidime-Avibactam Use in a Case Series of Difficult-to-Treat or Recurrent Infections in Pediatric Patients with Complex Chronic Conditions: Effectiveness and Absence of Resistance Development.

The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections, particularly carbapenem-resistant strains, has become a significant global health concern. Ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) has emerged as a promising treatment option. However, data on its efficacy and safety in children are scarce, necessitating further investigation. We conducted a descriptive case series at a tertiary hospital in Spain from February 2019 to January 2022. Pediatric patients (<16 years) treated with CZA for confirmed or suspected multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections were included. The clinical and microbiological characteristics, treatment approaches, and outcomes were examined. Eighteen children received CZA treatment. All had complex chronic conditions, with the most frequent underlying main diseases being liver transplantation (n = 8) and biliary atresia (n = 4). The predominant type of infection for which they received CZA was intra-abdominal infection caused or suspected to be caused by OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. CZA was generally well tolerated. Within the first month of starting CZA therapy, two patients died, with one case directly linked to the infection's fatal outcome. Some patients needed repeated courses of therapy due to recurrent infections, yet no resistance development was noted. In summary, the use of CZA showed effectiveness and safety, while the lack of resistance development highlights CZA's potential as a primary treatment option against OXA-48-producing infections.

Microbiological risk factors, ICU survival, and 1-year survival in hematological patients with pneumonia requiring invasive mechanical ventilation

PurposeTo identify pathogenic microorganisms and microbiological risk factors causing high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation due to pneumonia.MethodsA retrospective single-center study was performed at the intensive care unit (ICU) of the Department of Internal Medicine at Heidelberg University Hospital (Germany) including 246 consecutive patients with hematological malignancies requiring invasive mechanical ventilation due to pneumonia from 08/2004 to 07/2016. Microbiological and radiological data were collected and statistically analyzed for risk factors for ICU and 1-year mortality.ResultsICU and 1-year mortality were 63.0% (155/246) and 81.0% (196/242), respectively. Pneumonia causing pathogens were identified in 143 (58.1%) patients, multimicrobial infections were present in 51 (20.7%) patients. Fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens were detected in 89 (36.2%), 55 (22.4%) and 41 (16.7%) patients, respectively. Human herpesviruses were concomitantly reactivated in 85 (34.6%) patients. As significant microbiological risk factors for ICU mortality probable invasive Aspergillus disease with positive serum-Galactomannan (odds ratio 3.1 (1.2-8.0), p = 0.021,) and pulmonary Cytomegalovirus reactivation at intubation (odds ratio 5.3 (1.1–26.8), p = 0.043,) were identified. 1-year mortality was not significantly associated with type of infection. Of interest, 19 patients had infections with various respiratory viruses and Aspergillus spp. superinfections and experienced high ICU and 1-year mortality of 78.9% (15/19) and 89.5% (17/19), respectively.ConclusionsPatients with hematological malignancies requiring invasive mechanical ventilation due to pneumonia showed high ICU and 1-year mortality. Pulmonary Aspergillosis and pulmonary reactivation of Cytomegalovirus at intubation were significantly associated with negative outcome.

Prevalencia e infección mixta de virus en cultivos de maracuyá amarillo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Yellow passion fruit crop is affected by multiple phytosanitary problems. Among the main ones are viruses of the genera Potyvirus (soybean mosaic virus, SMV), Cucumovirus (cucumber mosaic virus, CMV), Tymovirus (tymovirus passiflorae, PYMV) and Begomovirus (passionfruit leaf distortion virus, PLDV). Information about the prevalence and interaction between these viruses is scarce. The objective of this study was to verify the prevalence and identify the types of mixed viral infections of potyvirus, cucumovirus, tymovirus, and begomovirus in passion fruit crops in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Passion fruit leaf samples with symptoms were collected and their nucleic acids were purified. Virus identification was performed by PCR using universal primers by viral genus, and specific primers for the SMV, CMV, PFYMV and PLDV viruses. The incidence of each virus by municipality was analyzed and the severity of the symptoms was compared with the diagnosis made. In total, 66 samples were collected in the municipalities of Toro, Dagua, Roldanillo, Bolívar, La Unión and El Cerrito. It was established that the most prevalent viruses are PLDV followed by SMV and CMV. The presence of PYMV was not detected in the samples analyzed. The presence of double and triple infections among potyvirus, cucumovirus and begomovirus were identified for the first time, finding greater severity of symptoms with a greater number of viruses identified per sample. This research provides key results for the design of control strategies for viral diseases in passion fruit.

Acinetobacter pittii: the emergence of a hospital-acquired pathogen analyzed from the genomic perspective.

Acinetobacter pittii has increasingly been associated with several types of hospital-acquired severe infections. Genes implicated in carbapenem resistance, tigecycline resistance, or genes encoding extended spectrum cephalosporinases, such as blaADC, are commonly found in isolates implicated in these infections. A. pittii strains that are pandrug resistant have occasionally been identified. Food for human consumption, animals and plants are environmental sources of this pathogen. An alarming situation is that A. pitti has been identified as responsible for outbreaks in different regions worldwide. In this study, 384 genomes of A. pittii were analyzed, comprising sequences from clinical and non-clinical origins from 32 countries. The objective was to investigate if clinical strains possess genetic traits facilitating hospital adaptation. Results indicate significant genomic variability in terms of size and gene content among A. pittii isolates. The core genome represents a small portion (25-36%) of each isolate's genome, while genes associated with antibiotic resistance and virulence predominantly belong to the accessory genome. Notably, antibiotic resistance genes are encoded by a diverse array of plasmids. As the core genome between environmental and hospital isolates is the same, we can assume that hospital isolates acquired ARGs due to a high selective pressure in these settings. The strain's phylogeographic distribution indicates that there is no geographical bias in the isolate distribution; isolates from different geographic regions are dispersed throughout a core genome phylogenetic tree. A single clade may include isolates from extremely distant geographical areas. Furthermore, strains isolated from the environment or animal, or plant sources frequently share the same clade as hospital isolates. Our analysis showed that the clinical isolates do not already possess specific genes, other than antibiotic-resistant genes, to thrive in the hospital setting.

The dexd/H-box helicase DHX40 is a novel negative regulator during GCRV infection via targeting the host RLR helicases and viral nonstructural protein NS38

RLR helicases RIG-I and MDA5, which are known as pattern recognition receptors to sense cytoplasmic viral RNAs and trigger antiviral immune responses, are DExD/H-box helicases. In teleost, whether and how non-RLR helicases regulate RLR helicases to affect viral infection remains unclear. Here, we report that the non-RLR helicase DHX40 from grass carp (namely gcDHX40) is a negative regulator of grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection and RLR-mediated type I IFN production. GcDHX40 was a cytoplasmic protein. Ectopic expression of gcDHX40 facilitated GCRV replication and suppressed type I IFN production induced by GCRV infection and by those genes involved the RLR antiviral signaling pathway. Mechanistically, gcDHX40 promoted the generation of viral inclusion bodies (VIBs) by interacting with the NS38 protein of GCRV. Additionally, gcDHX40 interacted with RLR helicase, and impaired the formation of RLR-MAVS functional complexes. Taken together, our results indicate that gcDHX40 is a novel important proviral host factor involving in promoting the generation of GCRV VIBs and inhibiting the production of RLR-mediated type I IFNs.

Non-destructive detection of apple fungal infection based on VIS/NIR transmission spectroscopy

The study is dedicated to developing a precise and efficient detection method specifically for identifying infections in apples caused by fungi. This type of infection not only damages the quality and value of apples but also poses potential risks to human health. By integrating four machine learning algorithms (LDA, KNN, LSSVM, and RF) into a Soft Voting model, as well as combining VIS/NIR transmission spectroscopy with CARS and SPA feature wavelength screening methods, this study significantly improves the accuracy of detecting fungal infections in apples. The research results demonstrate that the Soft Voting model achieves 93.33 % TPR, 100 % TNR, 100 % precision, and 98.75 % accuracy, which has far-reaching implications for safeguarding food safety, reducing economic losses, and enhancing the reputation of fruit farmers and merchants.

Anti-Microbial Effects of Vaccinium Macrocarpon (Cranberry) Extract on Serotypes 26 and 45 of Escherichia Coli as a Prophylaxis of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the second most common type of bacterial infection globally, affecting people of different age groups. Cranberry is renowned for its antibacterial properties and has been used to treat UTIs in recent years. Objective: This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial effects of cranberry extract on the prophylaxis of recurrent UTI caused by different serotypes of Escherichia coli (E. coli). Methods: This quasi-experimental study recruited 60 recurrent UTI patients from the Urology department of King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan. Patients with a history of recurrent UTIs caused by E. coli were included. Urine microscopy and culture tests were performed, and only E. coli-positive cases were serotyped. Patients received Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) extract at a dose of 500 mg/day for four weeks along with their standard treatment. Follow-up evaluations were conducted after one and three months to assess UTI symptoms and the presence of E. coli in urine samples. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, with quantitative variables expressed as mean ± standard deviation and qualitative variables as frequencies and percentages. Results: Of the 60 patients, 15 (25%) were positive for E. coli. Serotyping revealed 8 patients (53%) with serotype 26 and 7 patients (47%) with serotype 45. After three months of treatment, cranberry extract eradicated E. coli in 12 patients (80%); specifically, it eradicated 100% of serotype 45 and 62% of serotype 26 cases. Conclusion: Cranberry extract (500 mg/day) for three months demonstrated significant antimicrobial effects on E. coli serotypes 26 and 45, with greater efficacy observed in serotype 45. These findings suggest cranberry extract as a potential prophylactic treatment for recurrent UTIs. Keywords: Cranberry extract, recurrent UTI, E. coli serotypes, antimicrobial effects, prophylactic treatment, Vaccinium macrocarpon, urinary tract infection, Escherichia coli

Robinsoniella peoriensis Infections in Humans-A Narrative Review.

Robinsoniella peoriensis is a Gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the family Lachnospiraceae. Until now, R. peoriensis is the only species of its genus. It was first isolated in 2003 during a study into the flora of lagoons and manure pits. Given the rarity of this microorganism and the sparse information in the literature about its way of transmission, the way to diagnose its infections and identify it in the microbiology laboratory, and its public health relevance, the present study aimed to identify all the published cases of Robinsoniella, describe the epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological characteristics, and provide information about its antimicrobial resistance, treatment, and outcomes. A narrative review was performed based on a Pubmed/Medline and Scopus databases search. In total, 14 studies provided data on 17 patients with infections by Robinsoniella. The median age of patients was 63 years and 47% were male. The most common types of infection were bone and joint infections, bacteremia, infective endocarditis, and peritonitis. The only isolated species was R. peoriensis, and antimicrobial resistance to clindamycin was 50%, but was 0% to the combination of piperacillin with tazobactam, aminopenicillin with a beta-lactamase inhibitor, and metronidazole which were the most commonly used antimicrobials for the treatment of these infections. The overall mortality depends on the type of infection and is notable only for bacteremia, while all other infections had an optimal outcome. Future studies should better assess these infections' clinical and epidemiological characteristics and the mechanisms of the antimicrobial resistance of this microorganism from a mechanistic and genetic perspective.

Does Phage Therapy Need a Pan-Phage?

The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is undoubtedly one of the most serious global health threats. One response to this threat that has been gaining momentum over the past decade is 'phage therapy'. According to this, lytic bacteriophages are used for the treatment of bacterial infections, either alone or in combination with antimicrobial agents. However, to ensure the efficacy and broad applicability of phage therapy, several challenges must be overcome. These challenges encompass the development of methods and strategies for the host range manipulation and bypass of the resistance mechanisms developed by pathogenic bacteria, as has been the case since the advent of antibiotics. As our knowledge and understanding of the interactions between phages and their hosts evolves, the key issue is to define the host range for each application. In this article, we discuss the factors that affect host range and how this determines the classification of phages into different categories of action. For each host range group, recent representative examples are provided, together with suggestions on how the different groups can be used to combat certain types of bacterial infections. The available methodologies for host range expansion, either through sequential adaptation to a new pathogen or through genetic engineering techniques, are also reviewed.

Advanced Image Processing Techniques for Automated Detection of Healthy and Infected Leaves in Agricultural Systems

Advances in computer vision and machine learning have transformed leaf disease detection by enabling efficient and accurate identification of subtle disease signs in leaves. Leveraging high-resolution imaging, pattern recognition algorithms, and deep learning models, researchers and farmers can now conduct automated detection across various plant species. The development focuses on sophisticated image processing techniques applied to diverse datasets captured under controlled conditions, ensuring comprehensive coverage of lighting, time, and weather variations. Expert annotation of infection stages and types enhances dataset reliability, while pre-processing stages such as resizing and normalization optimize image consistency for robust model training. Data augmentation techniques enrich dataset diversity, complemented by feature extraction methods like RGB color analysis, GLCM texture analysis, and shape descriptors to discern healthy and infected leaves with precision Validation through K-fold cross-validation ensures model reliability across diverse datasets, culminating in a deployable application for real-time leaf health monitoring. Results demonstrate significant advancements, with the proposed model achieving 92% accuracy, surpassing Logistic Regression (87%), Decision Tree (82%), and Support Vector Machine (79%). Over 10 epochs, the model achieves steady improvements to 95% training accuracy and 85% validation accuracy, underscoring its effectiveness. Implementing data augmentation boosts accuracy from 85% to 89%, while analysis of prediction errors refines model performance for enhanced automated plant health monitoring and precision agriculture applications. These advancements highlight the transformative impact of technology in safeguarding crop resilience and optimizing agricultural practices.

Predictors of mortality of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia and the role of infectious diseases consultation and source control; a retrospective cohort study.

To determine predictors of mortality among patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia. Retrospective study. This study conducted at the Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland included adult patients with P. aeruginosa bacteraemia from 2015 to 2021. During the study period, 278 episodes of P. aeruginosa bacteraemia were included. Twenty (7%) isolates were multidrug-resistant. The most common type of infection was low respiratory tract infection (58 episodes; 21%). Sepsis was present in the majority of episodes (152; 55%). Infectious diseases consultation within 48h of bacteraemia onset was performed in 203 (73%) episodes. Appropriate antimicrobial treatment was administered within 48h in 257 (92%) episodes. For most episodes (145; 52%), source control was considered necessary, with 93 (64%) of them undergoing such interventions within 48h. The 14-day mortality was 15% (42 episodes). The Cox multivariable regression model showed that 14-day mortality was associated with sepsis (P 0.002; aHR 6.58, CI 1.95-22.16), and lower respiratory tract infection (P < 0.001; aHR 4.63, CI 1.78-12.06). Conversely, interventions performed within 48h of bacteraemia onset, such as infectious diseases consultation (P 0.036; HR 0.51, CI 0.27-0.96), and source control (P 0.009; aHR 0.17, CI 0.47-0.64) were associated with improved outcome. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of early infectious diseases consultation in recommending source control interventions and guiding antimicrobial treatment for patients with P. aeruginosa bacteraemia.

Surveillance and Prediction of Risk Factors for Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Saudi Arabia.

Although central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is the most common type of healthcare-associated infection among patients with inserted devices, few studies have comprehensively evaluated the related risk factors. This retrospective study analyzed the risk factors, predictors, causative organisms, and impact of CLABSI on clinical outcomes mortality, and length of stay (LOS) in older adults. We included 36 patients diagnosed with CLABSI according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria at King Abdulaziz University Hospital during 2013-2014 casesand 375 control patients controls. Risk factors were evaluated using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Cases and controls did not differ significantly in age or sex distribution. However, cases had a significantly longer LOS than controls 78 vs. 19 days, p < 0.001. One-third of 12/36 CLABSI cases were admitted to the medical intensive care unit (MICU). Most had renal disease, acute coronary syndrome, and used steroids. Additionally, 34 cases (94.4%) and 2 cases (5.6%) presented with primary and secondary infections, respectively, and hypotension was the most prevalent symptom (12/36).The internal jugular vein was the most common insertion site, and the nasogastric tube and mechanical ventilator were the most common insertion devices. Seven cases died, and three deaths were attributed to bloodstream infection (BSI). The most common cause of blood infection was Staphylococcus epidermidis, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The present study reveals age, LOS, total parenteral nutrition/partial parenteral nutrition (TPN/PPN), and transplantation as the independent risk factors/predictors of CLABSI.

The prevalence and genotype distribution of high-risk human papillomaviruses among women in Xianning, China

BackgroundThe persistent infection of high-risk Human papillomavirus(HPV) is considered the main cause of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. But various cervical lesions caused by HPV infection can be properly prevented by timely vaccination. However, the distribution of HPV genotypes varies geographically.MethodsRetrospective analysis of high-risk HPV prevalence of 16,150 women from 2020 to 2022 in xianning of China. HPV genotyping was performed using a PCR-RDB Kit that can detect 18 high-risk HPV genotypes recommended by China’s National Medical Products Administration. The prevalence of 18 high-risk HPV genotypes and their relationship with cervical lesions as well as vaccine efficacy were analyzed.ResultsA total of 2431 women were confirmed to have different types of high-risk HPV infections. The overall positive rate reached 15.05%(2431/16,150). The most prevalent high-risk HPV genotypes were HPV52, 16, 58, 53, and 51. The prevalence of high-risk HPV reached peak at age ≤ 20(20.95%) and age ≥ 61(20.56%). The most prevalent high-risk HPV genotypes were HPV16, 58, 18, 33 and 52 in cervical cancer cases, HPV16, 52, 58, 33 and 18 in CIN2/3 cases, and HPV52, 58, 16, 53 and 18 in CIN1 cases, respectively.ConclusionHPV16, 58 and 18 are the most dangerous and carcinogenic genotypes in xianning, China. Conducting epidemiological investigations on high-risk HPV has significant clinical value in guiding HPV vaccination work.

Intravenous Iron in Patients Hospitalized with Bacterial Infections: Utilization and Outcomes.

Given the uncertainties related to IV iron therapy and the potential risk of infection, health care providers may hesitate to use this preparation to treat hospitalized patients with bacterial infections, even if clinically indicated. The aim of this study was to examine patterns of prescribing IV iron in patients who were hospitalized and treated for a bacterial infection, and their associated clinical outcomes. This retrospective chart review evaluated adult patients who received both IV iron sucrose and antibiotics during the same admission at Maine Medical Center in 2019. Data collected included iron studies, practices for prescribing IV iron, and clinical outcomes. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. A total of 197 patients were evaluated. The median duration of antibiotic therapy was 5(4-9) days. Iron and antibiotic administration overlapped in 153(77.7%) patients, with a mean overlap of 2.7(1-7) days. In the 44 patients without overlap, 20(46%) received IV iron before antibiotics. More than half (57%) of infection types involved urinary tract and respiratory systems. Approximately 2% of patients had antibiotic therapy broadened or duration extended, 7% died, and 16% were readmitted within 30 days of discharge. Prior studies evaluating the risk of infection with IV iron published conflicting results. This is the only study that analyzed outcomes in patients receiving IV iron and antibiotics for infection but not undergoing hemodialysis during a hospital admission. Although our findings support that IV iron treatment is safe among patients with concomitant infection and iron deficiency, this finding may not be the case for all clinical subgroups. This study showed that when patients were administered IV iron in the setting of acute bacterial infection in our facility, most patients did not have negative outcomes.

Hospital-treated infectious diseases, infection burden and risk of Parkinson disease: An observational and Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundExperimental and cross-sectional evidence has suggested a potential role of infection in the ethology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). We aim to examine the longitudinal association of infections with the incidence of PD and to explore whether the increased risk is limited to specific infection type rather than infection burden. MethodsBased on the UK Biobank, hospital-treated infectious diseases and incident PD were ascertained through record linkage to national hospital inpatient registers. Infection burden was defined as the sum of the number of infection episodes over time and the number of co-occurring infections. The polygenic risk score (PRS) for PD was calculated. The genome-wide association studies (GWAS) used in two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) were obtained from observational cohort participants of mostly European ancestry. ResultsHospital-treated infectious diseases were associated with an increased risk of PD (adjusted HR [aHR] 1.35 [95 % CI 1.20–1.52]). This relationship persisted when analyzing new PD cases occurring more than 10 years post-infection (aHR 1.22 [95 % CI 1.04–1.43]). The greatest PD risk was observed in neurological/eye infection (aHR 1.72 [95 % CI 1.32–2.34]), with lower respiratory tract infection (aHR 1.43 [95 % CI 1.02–1.99]) ranked the second. A dose–response association was observed between infection burden and PD risk within each PD-PRS tertile (p-trend < 0.001). Multivariable MR showed that bacterial and viral infections increase the PD risk. ConclusionsBoth observational and genetic analysis suggested a causal association between infections and the risk of developing PD. A dose–response relationship between infection burden and incident PD was revealed.

Cellulosimicrobium Infections in Humans-A Narrative Review.

Cellulosimicrobium species (formerly known as Oerskovia) are Gram-positive filamentous bacteria in the family Promicromonosporaceae and are more commonly found in sewage and soil. The present study aimed to identify all the published cases of Cellulosimicrobium species infections in the literature, describe the epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological characteristics, and provide data regarding its antimicrobial resistance, treatment, and outcomes. A narrative review was performed based on a PubMed and Scopus database search. In total, 38 studies provided data on 40 patients with infections by these species. The median age of patients was 52.5 years, and 55% were male. The most common infection types were bacteremia, infective endocarditis (IE), osteoarticular infections, peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis, and endophthalmitis. Antimicrobial resistance to vancomycin and the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole was minimal, and vancomycin was the most commonly used antimicrobial for treating these infections. Overall mortality was minimal for all infections, except for bacteremia and IE, which carried high mortality rates.