Types Of Indian Soils Research Articles

Degradation and residue dynamics of fluazinam in diverse indian soil types and water pH conditions: a comprehensive study using kinetic models

Degradation and residue dynamics of fluazinam in diverse indian soil types and water pH conditions: a comprehensive study using kinetic models

Soil-MobiNet: A Convolutional Neural Network Model Base Soil Classification to Determine Soil Morphology and Its Geospatial Location.

Scholars have classified soil to understand its complex and diverse characteristics. The current trend of precision agricultural technology demands a change in conventional soil identification methods. For example, soil color observed using Munsell color charts is subjective and lacks consistency among observers. Soil classification is essential for soil management and sustainable land utilization, thereby facilitating communication between different groups, such as farmers and pedologists. Misclassified soil can mislead processes; for example, it can hinder fertilizer delivery, affecting crop yield. On the other hand, deep learning approaches have facilitated computer vision technology, where machine-learning algorithms trained for image recognition, comparison, and pattern identification can classify soil better than or equal to human eyes. Moreover, the learning algorithm can contrast the current observation with previously examined data. In this regard, this study implements a convolutional neural network (CNN) model called Soil-MobiNet to classify soils. The Soil-MobiNet model implements the same pointwise and depthwise convolutions of the MobileNet, except the model uses the weight of the pointwise and depthwise separable convolutions plus an additional three dense layers for feature extraction. The model classified the Vellore Institute of Technology Soil (VITSoil) dataset, which is made up of 4864 soil images belonging to nine categories. The VITSoil dataset samples for Soil-MobiNet classification were collected over the Indian states and it is made up of nine major Indian soil types prepared by experts in soil science. With a training and validation accuracy of 98.47% and an average testing accuracy of 93%, Soil-MobiNet showed outstanding performance in categorizing the VITSoil dataset. In particular, the proposed Soil-MobiNet model can be used for real-time soil classification on mobile phones since the proposed system is small and portable.

Effect of soil type and organic manure on adsorption-desorption of flubendiamide.

Laboratory study on adsorption-desorption of flubendiamide was conducted in two soil types, varying in their physical and chemical properties, by batch equilibrium method. After 4 h of equilibrium time, adsorption of flubendiamide on soil matrix exhibited moderately low rate of accumulation with 4.52 ± 0.21% in red soil and low rate with 3.55 ± 0.21% in black soil. After amending soils with organic manure, adsorption percentage increased to 6.42 ± 0.21% in red soil and (4.18 ± 0.21%) in black soil indicating that amendment significantly increased sorption. Variation in sorption affinities of the soils as indicated by distribution coefficient (K d) for sorption was in the range of 2.98-4.32, 4.91-6.64, 1.04-1.45 and 1.92-2.81 ml/g for red soil, organic manure-treated red soil, black soil and organic manure-treated black soil, respectively. Desorption was slightly slower than adsorption indicating a hysteresis effect having hysteresis coefficient ranges between 0.023 and 0.149 in two test soils. The adsorption data for the insecticide fitted well the Freundlich equation. Results revealed that adsorption-desorption was influenced by soil types and showed that the maximum sorption and minimum desorption of the insecticide was observed in soils with higher organic carbon and clay content. It can be inferred that crystal lattice of the clay soil plays a significant role in flubendiamide adsorption and desorption. Adsorption was lower at acidic pH and gradually increased towards alkaline pH. As this insecticide is poorly sorbed in the two Indian soil types, there may be a possibility of their leaching to lower soil profiles.

Magnesium balance in four permanent manurial experiments under rainfed agro-ecosystems of India

Magnesium (Mg) plays a vital role in photosynthesis, dry matter production and carbon partitioning in sink organs. Hence, four permanent manurial experiments (20–27 years of duration) under the auspices of All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA) network centres across diverse agro-ecological regions were carried out to examine the soil exchangeable Mg (ex-Mg), crop uptake and overall Mg balance. Groundnut (peanut), finger millet, rice–lentil sequence and post rainy sorghum were the major crops or cropping systems followed in four permanent manure experiments at Anantapuram, Bengaluru, Varanasi and Solapur, respectively. Nutrient management in all experiments involved control (no addition of nutrients), 100% organic, 100% chemical, and integration of organic and chemical. Except in the finger millet-based system, mean ex-Mg status in the entire profile was higher than the sufficiency level (1.0 cmol(+) kg–1 as a critical limit). Status of ex-Mg (cmol(+) kg–1 soil) in soil profiles was in the order: Solapur (3.80) > Varanasi (2.07) > Anantapuram (1.06) > Bengaluru (0.44). A uniform distribution of ex-Mg was observed in plots that received integrated application of organic and chemical fertilisers. In general, improved status of profile ex-Mg (cmol(+) kg–1) over the control was observed in soils under groundnut (0.19–0.78), finger millet (1.90–3.20), and post rainy sorghum (6.50–7.60, except 4.20 in 100% NPK) cropping. Overall, ex-Mg status and balance of different soil types under diverse crop production systems was influenced by several factors, some of which include soil type with varying mineralogy, particle size distribution, nutrient management strategies and rainfall. Significant positive relationships were observed between ex-Mg status and clay content (R2 = 0.94), soil pH (R2 = 0.92), cation exchange capacity (R2 = 0.98) and mean air temperature (R2 = 0.22), whereas a weak relationship was observed with rainfall (R2 = 0.01). The study gives an account of Mg balance in major Indian soil types and recommends further attention on Mg nutrition in current intensive agriculture.

Metabolism of Jatropha : A Biodiesel Plant in Relation to Four Major Types of Indian Soils as Growing Medium

Various types of soils are found in India that differs widely in their physico-chemical characteristics. Their response towards plants varies for the growth and development for example, in the Jatropha plant which is an important biodiesel plant. Experiments were carried in clay pots to study the effects of four types of soils (as growing medium) viz. Alluvial, Mountain, Desert and Red on certain metabolic parameters in Jatropha curcus plant. Lot of variations with regard to certain metabolic parameters such as concentrations of chlorophyll, carotenoid and protein along with the activities of two iron enzymes i.e. catalase and peroxidase were recorded. These are discussed in the light of metabolic activity with important results being discussed.

Adsorption and Leaching Behaviour of Bispyribac-Sodium in Soils

Adsorption-desorption of the herbicide bispyribac-sodium was studied in four Indian soil types. Bispyribac-sodium was poorly adsorbed in the four soils and adsorption decreased with an increase in the herbicide concentration in solution. Freundlich adsorption coefficient (Kf) values for bispyribac-sodium ranged between 0.37 and 0.87. Slope (1/n) values varied from 0.2 to 0.31 suggesting that bispyribac-sodium adsorption was highly dependent on its initial concentration in solution. Bispyribac-sodium adsorption showed a positive correlation with soil pH (r = 0.809) and clay content (r = 0.699) while no correlation was observed with the organic carbon (r = 0.063) content. Sorbed herbicide was completely desorbed during a single desorption step suggesting that the herbicide was bound by weak adsorptive forces. Leaching studies of herbicide in soil 1 packed column indicated complete loss of soil applied herbicide under a simulated rainfall equivalent to 162 mm.

Effect of fly ash on metsulfuron-methyl sorption and leaching in soils

This investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of amendment of two fly ashes [Kota and Inderprastha (IP)] on sorption behavior of metsulfuron-methyl in three Indian soil types. Kota fly ash (5%) did not show any effect on herbicide sorption while IP fly ash significantly enhanced the sorption. Further studies on metsulfuron-methyl sorption-desorption behavior in 0.5, 1, 2, and 5% IP fly ash-amended soils suggested that effect of fly ash varied with soil type and better effect was observed in low organic carbon content soils. The sorption-desorption isotherms fitted very well to the Freundlich sorption equation and, in general, slope (1/n) values less than unity were observed. Metsulfuron-methyl sorption in the IP fly ash-amended soils showed strong correlation with the fly ash content and compared to the Freundlich sorption constant (K f), K FA values (sorption normalized to fly ash content) showed less variation. Metsulfuron-methyl leaching studies suggested greater retention of herbicide in the application zone in IP fly ash-amended soils, but effect varied with soil type and no herbicide leaching was observed in 5% fly ash-amended soils. The study suggested that all coal fly ashes are not effective in enhancing the sorption of metsulfuron-methyl in soils. However, one which enhanced herbicide sorption, could play an important role in reducing its leaching losses.

Effect of fly ash amendment on persistence of metribuzin in soils

This study reports the effect of fly ash amendment on persistence of metribuzin in three Indian soil types. Fly ash [Inderprastha (IP) and Kota] was amended at 1, 2 and 5% levels. Metribuzin was more persistent in the flooded soils (predominantly anaerobic) than the nonflooded (aerobic) soils. Kota fly ash amendment to nonflooded soils slightly enhanced metribuzin persistence while IP fly ash reduced the herbicide persistence in nonflooded soils. In flooded soils both types of fly ash reduced metribuzin persistence, but the extent of the effect was specific to the soil and type of fly ash. A better effect was observed in low organic matter soils and IP fly ash was more effective than the Kota fly ash. The effect of fly ash amendment on metribuzin degradation in soils was more pronounced at higher dose of fly ash. No degradation of metribuzin was observed in the sterilized soils, both without and with fly ash, suggesting that degradation of metribuzin was microbial in nature. Deaminometribuzin was recovered as the only metabolite of metribuzin degradation.

Sorption-desorption behavior of metsulfuron-methyl and sulfosulfuron in soils

Sorption of metsulfuron-methyl and sulfosulfuron were studied in five Indian soils using batch sorption method. Freundlich adsorption equation described the sorption of herbicides with Kf (adsorption coefficient) values ranging between 0.21 and 1.88 (metsulfuron-methyl) and 0.37 and 1.17 (sulfosulfuron). Adsorption isotherms were L-type suggesting that the herbicides sorption decreased with increase in the initial concentration of the herbicide in the solution. The Kf for metsulfuron-methyl showed good positive correlation with silt content (significant at p = 0.01) and strong negative correlation with the soil pH (significant at p = 0.05) while sorption of sulfosulfuron did not correlate with any of the soil parameter. Desorption of herbicides was concentration dependent and, in general, sulfosulfuron showed higher desorption than the metsulfuron-methyl. The study indicates that these herbicides are poorly sorbed in the Indian soil types and there may be a possibility of their leaching to lower soil profiles.

Effect of fly ash on sorption behavior of metribuzin in agricultural soils

This investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of two different fly ashes [Kota and Inderprastha (IP)] amendment on the sorption behavior of metribuzin in three Indian soil types. The IP fly ash was very effective in increasing the metribuzin sorption in the soils. The sorption with IP amendment was increased by 15–92%, whereas with the Kota fly ash an increase in sorption by 13–38% was noted. The adsorption isotherms fitted very well to the Freundlich adsorption equation and, in general, slope (1/n) values less then unity were observed. Although both the fly ashes significantly decreased metribuzin desorption, the IP fly ash was comparatively more effective in retaining metribuzin in the soils. Metribuzin sorption in the IP fly ash-amended soils showed strong correlation with the fly ash content and compared to Kf/Kd values, KFA values (sorption normalized to fly ash content) showed less variation. Metribuzin sorption-desorption did not correlate to the organic carbon content of the soil-fly ash mixture. The study demonstrates that all coal fly ashes may not be effective in enhancing the sorption of metribuzin in soils to the same extent. However, among the fly ashes used in this study, the IP fly ash was observed to be significantly effective in enhancing the sorption of metribuzin in soils. This may play an important role in reducing the run off and leaching losses of the herbicide by retaining it in the soil.

Adsorption and movement of carbaryl in soils: A verification of cosolvent theory and comparison of batch equilibrium and soil thin layer chromatography results

Batch equilibrium and soil thin layer chromatography (TLC) techniques were used to investigate the influence of different volume fractions of organic cosolvents (acetone and methanol) on the adsorption and movement of carbaryl in four different types of Indian soils. L-shaped isotherms were obtained for both the cosolvent–water mixtures at all f s values and were in close agreement with the Freundlich equation. Higher adsorption was observed on F.R.I. soil (FSL) followed by Alampur soil (ASL), Kalai soil (KL), and Bhoran soil (BSL) at all f s values for both the cosolvent systems as was anticipated from the K and K D values. The K and K D values also confirmed that carbaryl adsorption was higher in methanol–water mixture than acetone–water mixture and decreased with increasing f s values. The frontal R f values obtained from soil TLC studies were inversely proportional to the K and K D values for both the cosolvent systems. The higher K and K D values and lower R f values in methanol–water mixtures relative to acetone–water mixtures for all the soils indicated that acetone had a greater potential for ground water contamination compared to methanol. The adsorption data were used to evaluate the cosolvent theory for describing adsorption of carbaryl in acetone–water and methanol–water mixtures. The aqueous phase partition coefficients, K DW (mol g−1), normalized with respect to f oc for carbaryl was evaluated by extrapolating f s → 0.

Adsorption and Movement of Endosulfan in Soils: A Verification of the Co-Solvent Theory and a Comparison of Batch Equilibrium and Soil Thin Layer Chromatography Results

Batch equilibrium and soil thin-layer chromatography (soil TLC) techniques were used to investigate the influence of different volume fractions (fs = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0) of organic co-solvents (acetone and methanol) on the adsorption and movement of endosulfan in three different types of Indian soils (silt loam, loam and sandy loam).The measured equilibrium adsorption isotherms for all three soils studied were L-shaped for both co-solvent/water mixtures at all fs values. All isotherms were in close agreement with the Freundlich equation. Higher adsorption of endosulfan was observed on silt loam soil followed by loam and sandy loam soils at all fs values for both co-solvent systems, as was anticipated from the values of the Freundlich constants, K, and the partition coefficients, KD. The order of the K and KD values also confirmed that endosulfan adsorption was higher in methanol/water mixtures than in acetone/water mixtures and decreased with increasing fs values.The Rf values obtained from soil TLC...

Competitive adsorption behavior of selected heavy metals in three soil types of India amended with fly ash and sewage sludge

Laboratory batch experiments were carried out to study the competitive sorption behavior of metals in three types of Indian soils, differing in their physicochemical properties: acid laterite (SL1), red alfisol (SL2) and black vertisol (SL3) treated with different proportions of fly ash and sewage sludge mixture. Representative samples were equilibrated with 10 to 200 µM L-1 concentrations of metals simultaneously containing Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in 5 mM of Ca(NO3)2 solution. In most of the cases the affinity sequence of metals was Pb>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cd based on their amount of sorption, which varied little with either metal equilibrating concentrations or the soil/mixture type. The observed metal affinity sequences in different soils amended with mixtures were compared to the predicted affinity sequences based on metal properties and a good match was found with those predicted by metal hydrolysis constants. This indicated that formation and subsequent sorption of metal hydrolysis products on soil surface is the predominant mechanism for sorption. In all the cases, Pb and Cu showed higher affinity followed by Zn, Ni or Cd. The increase in the metal additions further enhanced the competition among metals for exchange sites. Adsorption isotherms showed that metal sorption was linearly related to its concentration in the equilibrium solution. The distribution coefficients (KD) computed from the slopes of linear regression for different metals were higher in SL3 than in both SL2 and SL1. All the mixture amended soils produced higher KD values than their respective controls. Selectivity between metals resulted in the following affinities based on their KD values—Pb>Cu>Zn>Ni or Cd—which was in line with the value of the hydrolysis constant of the metals under study.

Extractable zinc and manganese as related to applied cadmium in contrasting Indian soils

Soil chemical interaction of applied cadmium (Cd) and native zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) was studied in four contrasting Indian soil types, namely, an ultisol, an alfisol, an entisol and a vertisol with and without sewage sludge amendment. The soils after incubation periods up to 16 weeks were sequentially extracted with 0.5 M KNO3, deionised water, 0.5 M NaOH, 0.05 M Na2EDTA and 4 M HNO3; these extracted fractions represent the exchangeable, adsorbed, organic-bound, carbonate and sulfide/residual forms of Zn and Mn, respectively. Results indicated that in both Cd-treated and Cd-enriched sludge treated soils very small amounts of plant-available Zn could be extracted and the sulfide/residual fraction was the predominant Zn fraction extracted throughout the incubation period of 16 weeks. High amounts of organic-bound Zn present in sewage sludge were transformed into sulfide/residual or bound forms during the incubation period. Data on the extraction of Mn from different Cd-and Cd-enriched sludge treated soils revealed that high amounts of exchangeable Mn were extracted in ultisol and alfisol throughout the period of 16 weeks of incubation, indicating its presence in plant-available forms for a longer period of time in these two soil types. In the case of entisol and vertisol, the extraction pattern was very much different and only very small amounts of plant-available Mn could be extracted, possibly due to the higher pH, cation exchange capacity and silt/clay loam texture of these soils.

Chemical speciation of cadmium in contrasting Indian soil types

Chemical speciation of cadmium (Cd) in four contrasting Indian soil types, namely, an ultisol, an alfisol, an entisol and a vertisol with and without sewage sludge amendment was studied for a period of 16 weeks, utilising sequential extraction methods involving different chemical extractants, namely, 0.5 M KNO3, deionised water, 0.5 M NaOH, 0.05 M Na2EDTA and 4 M HNO3, representing the exchangeable, adsorbed, organic-bound, carbonate and sulfide/residual forms of Cd, respectively. Results indicated that the extractability of Cd in the four soil types varied according to the pH and CEC of soils. At acidic pH and low CEC, high amounts of plant-available forms of Cd (exchangeable + adsorbed + organic-bound fractions) could be extracted, whereas, alkaline pH and high CEC favoured the presence of fixed or bound forms of Cd (carbonate + sulfide/residual fractions). Further, irrespective of the soil types, the sewage sludge and Cd-enhched sewage sludge treatments resulted in the predominant extraction of the carbonate fraction at different periods of incubation.

The Influence of Organic Cosolvent (Methanol) on the Adsorption of Carbofuran on Three Different Types of Indian Soils

The adsorption of carbofuran on three different types of uncontaminated Indian soils (loam, silt clay loam, sandy loam) at various volume fractions (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0) of methanol (fS) has been studied by the batch shake technique. The adsorption of carbofuran was higher on loam soil, followed by silt clay loam and sandy loam soils, and decreased with increasing fS values on all soils. From the adsorption data, adsorption partition coefficients KD (ml/g) were evaluated and the KD values converted to mole-based partition coefficients Km (mol/g). These values were utilised to test the cosolvent theory. The Km values for soils, when normalised on foc, gave values of Kmoc, and a plot of log Kmoc versus fS resulted in a single line whose equation was determined by linear regression analysis as log Kmoc = –1.12 + 2.84; r2 = 0.96. The aqueous phase partition coefficient KDw (mol/g) normalised on f∞ for carbofuran extrapolated from this relationship was 4.1, The slope may be related to the effect of carbofuran solubility and to carbofuran–soil and solvent–soil interactions. The data presented suggested that methanol–soil interaction may not increase the accessibility of carbofuran to soil organic matter to the same extent as reported for less hydrophobic organic solutes.

Sorption equilibria of cobalt(II) on two types of Indian soils — the natural ion exchangers

Sorption equilibria of cobalt(II) on two types of soils have been studied at 30°C and 50°C by a batch process. The sorption data are analyzed in terms of sorption isotherms, the Langmuir equation, the distribution coefficient and various thermodynamic parameters. The adsorption data are in close agreement with the Langmuir equation at both temperatures. Sorption of cobalt(II) is higher in Bhopal soil than in Tehri soil and lower at the higher temperature in both soils. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant K 0 and the ΔG 0, ΔH 0 and ΔS 0 values have been calculated in order to predict the nature of sorption.

Spectral reflectance properties of different types of soil surfaces

The knowledge of spectral reflectance characteristics of earth materials is important in the development of remote sensing technology, and in the analysis and interpretation of remotely sensed data. In the present paper, we have shown the spectral reflectance characteristics of different types of Indian soils in the wavelength range of 450–850 nm. The results have been discussed for the classification of different types of soil surfaces, and for monitoring and assessing the state of soils, using remote sensing data.

Influence of different factors on the adsorption of phosphamidon on soils

The effect of exchangeable cations (H+ and Na+), organic matter and temperature on the adsorption of phosphamidon on two different types of Indian soils was studied. The adsorption isotherms for all the effects/treatments were in close agreement with the Freundlich equation and yielded (S) shaped isotherms. The amount adsorbed in all the cases was lower in tarai loam soil than black silt clay loam soil and was related to organic matter content, clay content, CaCO3 content, surface area and CEC of the soils. The adsorption on both the soils follows the order as H‐soil > Na‐soil > natural soil at 25°C > natural soil at 50°C > organic matter removed soil. This order of adsorption was in accordance with Freundlich constant K values and distribution coefficient K d‐values. The adsorptive capacity of phosphamidon for organic matter and clay content for both the soils was. also evaluated by calculating Kom and Kc values and found that phosphamidon adsorption was slightly better correlated with clay content than organic matter content. On the basis of adsorption isotherms, various thermodynamic parameters such as thermodynamic equilibrium constant (Ko) standard free energies (?G°), standard enthalpies (?H°) and standard entropies (?S°) changes have been calculated for predicting the nature of isotherms.

Underground Corrosion by Microorganisms Part-I : Analytical Studies of Some Inclian Soils

Fourteen types of Indian soils were analysed far their mechanical, physical, chemical, electrical properties and potential corrosion causing microorganisms. An effort to correlate these individual soil properties was also made.