Types Of Homicide Research Articles

Caractéristiques et particularités des homicides commis par des schizophrènes

Resume Objectif Decrire les caracteristiques des malades atteints de schizophrenie auteurs d’homicides, de leurs victimes et des modalites et des circonstances de leurs homicides. Et comparer ces homicides a ceux commis par des personnes indemnes de troubles mentaux graves. Materiel et methode Etude descriptive transversale concernant des homicides commis par des personnes atteintes de schizophrenie, selon les criteres du DSM-5, hospitalisees par un internement judiciaire d’octobre 2015 a mars 2018. Resultats Les schizophrenes auteurs d’homicides etaient des adultes jeunes d’âge moyen de 33,83 ans, de sexe masculin dans la majorite des cas (86,67 %), celibataires dans la majorite des cas (68,33 %), avaient des antecedents de violences physiques avant l’homicide dans 41,67 % des cas, avaient une mauvaise observance therapeutique dans la majorite des cas (68,33 %), avaient un abus ou une dependance a une substance dans 50 % des cas. Les victimes de l’homicide etaient d’âge moyen de 35,37 ans, de sexe masculin dans 60,50 % des cas, etaient connues des schizophrenes dans 82,90 % des cas. Le mobile de l’homicide etait delirant dans 55 % des cas. Le lieu de l’homicide etait dans 51,67 % des cas un lieu d’habitation. Dans 53,34 % des cas, l’homicide etait commis par arme blanche. Conclusion Cette etude a permis une meilleure comprehension de l’homicide commis par des schizophrenes et d’etablir un profil des patients a risque de passage a l’acte.

Child and Adult Attachment Styles among Individuals Who Have Committed Filicide: The Case for Examining Attachment by Gender

Gender differences in self-reported attachment styles of 18 individuals who had committed filicide were examined. Insecure attachment styles (avoidant and/or anxious-ambivalent) to primary caregivers were particularly common among males. Almost all experienced insecure romantic attachment. Partial support for insecure attachment continuity (childhood to adulthood), particularly among men, was found. Comparisons with 283 men and women who had committed other homicide types revealed that filicide males were the most common (across offender gender and victim-offender relationship) to hold insecure attachment to maternal caregivers. The role and nature of attachment patterns should be extended beyond the existing research focus on maternal filicide.

Toward a Better Understanding of the Psychosocial Issues and Different Profiles of Male Filicides

Violence against children is a major public health concern and involves significant consequences. However, compared to research on the impact of violence on children, far less is known about the perpetrators of violence against children. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychosocial characteristics and motives of perpetrators of filicide in order to identify their psychosocial profile. Our study analyzed 50 perpetrators of filicides committed in the province of Quebec between 1997 and 2012. Data was obtained from the Office of the Chief Coroner of Quebec, and additional information were retrieved from newspapers. Descriptive analyzes identified the sociodemographic, criminological, psychological-psychiatric characteristics and the motivations of these men. The results indicate that male perpetrators of filicide are, on average, 34.8 years old (SD = 11.9), 46% between the ages of 18 and 35, 48% between the ages of 36 and 55, and 4% are 56 years of age and over. Most filicides were committed following a marital separation (34%), the victims were between 0 and 5 years old (78%) and they were killed with bare hands (78%). Half of the perpetrators of filicide had a criminal record (42%) or history of domestic violence (50%). Some of these men had traits or borderline personality disorder (32%) and depressive symptoms (24%). The addition of clinical cases expands our understanding of the different profiles of perpetrators of filicide. Our study provides avenues for intervention and to promote a better prevention of this type of homicide.

The typology of parricide and the role of mental illness: Data-driven approach.

Parricide is a rare type of homicide in which mental illness is often an important factor. The aims of this study were (a) to describe the characteristics of parricide offenders with a focus on mental illness and clinical care and (b) to examine Heide's widely used typology of parricide through a data-driven approach. We analyzed all homicides in England and Wales between 1997 and 2014. Parricide offenders in our sample were most often male, unmarried, and unemployed, with a third of offenders diagnosed with schizophrenia; 28% had been in contact with mental health services before the offense. The latent class analysis resulted in three types of parricide offenders: middle-aged with affective disorder, previously abused, and seriously mentally Ill, which confirmed, to an extent, Heide's typology. Health and social care services should actively engage with carers of people with mental illness and support to those caring for older relatives and victims of abuse.

ТАКТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОБШУКУ ПІД ЧАС РОЗСЛІДУВАННЯ ІНСЦЕНОВАНИХ ВБИВСТВ

Стаття присвячена досить важливій і актуальній темі не лише серед науковців, а і серед практичних працівників правоохоронних органів, яким досить часто доводиться здійснювати свою діяльність із розслідування злочинів, зокрема таких суспільно небезпечних, як убивства, в умовах подолання протидії щодо встановлення істини й викриття винних осіб. У статті проаналізовано поняття обшуку, розкрито його значення як невідкладної слідчої (розшукової) дії під час розслідування різних видів убивств.
 У статті наголошено на необхідності слідчому виявляти повну впевненість в успішному завершені обшуку, уміти максимально зосередитися, мати високий рівень працездатності. Цьому сприяють відповідна підготовка слідчої дії, своєчасність її проведення, залучення необхідного числа помічників, фахівців, наявність необхідних технічних засобів.
 Акцентовано увагу на тому, що обшук у справах про вбивства, приховані інсценуванням, має свою специфіку, що визначається видом інсценування, слідчою ситуацією і ситуацією обшуку. Достатньо уваги приділено тактичним операціям, у яких центральне місце відведено обшуку і доцільності їх застосування. Не залишились без уваги й види обшуку, зокрема й відносно нові, як-от обшук-затримання, обшук із негативним результатом та ін. Виходячи зі слідчих ситуацій і виду вбивств, зроблено спробу виділити об’єкти обшуку та предмети пошуку з метою орієнтувати правоохоронні органи на те, що слід шукати й де. Дана робота містить рекомендації щодо застосування тактичних прийомів обшуку залежно від виду та способу вбивств. Акцентовано увагу на особливості тактики проведення обшуку під час розслідування таких убивств, як: убивства, що вчиняються організованими злочинними групами, убивства на замовлення, убивства із застосуванням вибухових пристроїв, убивства з розчленуванням, які мають ознаки інсценувань. Теоретичні положення, висловлені автором, ілюструються прикладами із практики розслідування, що наочно свідчить про беззаперечне значення обшуку в системі слідчих дій під час розслідування такого тяжкого злочину, як убивство.

Poisoning Crimes and Forensic Toxicology Since the 18th Century.

The easy availability of deadly poisons in 19th-century Britain, Western Europe, and the United States led to widespread public anxiety about the prevalence of murder by poison, resulting in what might be termed a "poison panic." The fear was fed by well-publicized reports of trials and executions which, though not especially numerous, seemed indicative of the dangerous incidence of a unique type of homicide, one that was particularly difficult to prevent or detect. As a result, poisoning crimes stimulated the development of the earliest medicolegal specialism, forensic toxicology, and consequently the careers of some of the best known expert witnesses of the Victorian era, including Mathieu Orfila, Alfred Swaine Taylor, Thomas Stevenson, and Theodore Wormley. This article traces the history of poisoning crimes and the related medico-scientific discipline of forensic toxicology using textbooks, key trials, and crime statistics to examine and evaluate their contribution to the historical development of forensic expertise and practice.

Separating Truth from Alternative Facts: 37 Years of Guns, Murder, and Violence Across the US

Gun violence remains a significant public health problem that is both understudied and underfunded, and plagued by inadequate or inaccessible data sources. Over the years, numerous trauma centers have attempted to use local registries to study single-institutional trends, however, this approach limits generalizability to our national epidemic. In fact, even easily accessible, health-centered data from the CDC lack national relevance because they are limited to those enrolled states only. We sought to examine how publicly available law enforcement data from all 50 states might complement our understanding of circumstances and demographics surrounding national firearm death and help forge the first step in partnering law enforcement with trauma centers. All homicide that occurred in the US during a 37-year period ending in 2016 was analyzed. Primary data files were obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and comprised the database. Data analyzed included homicide type, situation, circumstance, firearm type, and demographic characteristics of victims and offenders. The proportion of firearm-related homicide was stratified by year and compared over time using simple linear regression. There were 485,288 incidents of firearm homicide analyzed (64% of 752,935 total homicides). Most victims were male (85%), black (53%), and a mean age of 33 years; offenders were predominantly male (67%), black (39%), and a mean age of 30 years. Fifty-four percent of all homicide involved a single victim and single offender, followed by a single victim and unknown offender(s) (31%); 4% of firearm homicide had multiple victims. Overall, handguns, shotguns, and rifles accounted for 76%, 7%, and 5% of all firearm homicide, respectively; 11% had no firearm type listed and <1% were other gun or unknown. Linear regression analysis identified a significant increase in the proportion of firearm-related homicide from 61% in 1980 to 71% in 2016 (β= 0.25; p < 0.0001). Gun violence represents an ongoing public health concern, with the proportion of firearm homicide steadily and significantly increasing from 1980 to 2016. Homicide data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation can serve to supplement trauma registry data by helping to define gun violence patterns. However, stronger partnerships between local law enforcement agencies and trauma centers are necessary to better characterize firearm type and resultant injury patterns, direct prevention efforts and firearm policy, and reduce gun-related deaths.

The Dynamics of Race, Place, and Homicide Context in the Relationship between Firearm Dealers and Gun Violence

This study examines the relationship between the concentration of legal firearm dealers and firearm homicide in 27 states. Using data collected from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) and the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), multilevel negative binomial models are used to estimate homicides perpetrated with a firearm. We assess separate models for White and Black victims across three homicide types. The results demonstrate that a greater concentration of firearm dealers in surrounding counties increases the risk for firearm homicide with White victims. However, a greater concentration of firearm dealers within counties increases the risk for intimate partner homicide when the victim is Black. Stronger gun laws decrease the risk of total and gang/drug-related gun homicide with White victims, and decrease intimate partner homicides across racial groups. The results suggest the need for policy and intervention strategies that account for diverse community and gun market dynamics.

Correlates of Intimate Partner Homicide in the Rural United States: Findings From a National Sample of Rural Counties, 2009–2016

Intimate partner homicide (IPH) in the U.S. rural context has increased in recent years while other types of homicide have decreased. This suggests that some rural structural characteristics make IPH more likely in rural communities than other forms of homicide. This study used multilevel models to examine individual- and community-level characteristics’ association with IPH in rural counties between 2009 and 2016 in the United States. Overall, individual-level correlates were more strongly associated with IPH than community-level correlates, although increased economic need was associated with IPH in one of the models. Implications for individual-level intervention, policy, and future research are discussed.

The consistency of sexual homicide characteristics and typologies across countries: a comparison of Canadian and Scottish sexual homicides

ABSTRACT Although similar subtypes of sexual homicide have been described cross-nationally, no study has directly examined whether two samples from different jurisdictions are comparable. This study therefore aimed to examine whether any substantively meaningful subtypes of sexual homicide cases could be identified in each sample, and if so, whether these subtypes were similar across jurisdictions. Two samples of male sexual homicide offenders were compared: a Scottish sample (n = 89) and a Canadian sample (n = 150). Subtypes were identified in each sample using LCA, identifying a 3-class solution in each sample. Despite differences between samples on the bivariate level, two very similar subtypes (Controlled-Organized and Diverse) emerged in both samples. Despite differences at the bivariate level, the similarities at the multivariate level indicate similarities in underlying offence pathways which underpin heterogeneity in sexual homicide offenders. The similarities between the subtypes identified suggests potential universality of types of sexual homicides cross-nationally.

A POSSIBILIDADE DE RECONHECIMENTO DA QUALIFICADORA DO FEMINICÍDIO EM FACE DA PRESENÇA DE OUTRA QUALIFICADORA SUBJETIVA NO CRIME DE HOMICÍDIO

O feminicídio é um novo tipo de homicídio qualificado, previsto pela Lei n. 13.104/2015, trata-se de um novo mecanismo no combate à violência doméstica contra a mulher, com o intuito de impor uma sanção mais severa ao homicídio praticado contra a mulher por razão da condição do sexo feminino no cenário de violência doméstica e familiar, e nas situações de menosprezo e discriminação à condição de ser mulher. Anteriormente a esta aludida lei não existia uma punição específica para o homicídio que praticado contra a mulher por razões que envolvessem o sexo feminino, assim, o feminicídio era penalizado de forma geral como simples homicídio qualificado, usualmente enquadrado como motivo torpe ou fútil, previstos no art. 121, §2°, incisos I e II. Ainda, acerca de sua natureza qualificadora, trouxe a relevante controvérsia sobre sua natureza ser objetiva ou subjetiva, porém predomina-se a corrente de que a qualificadora do feminicídio é de natureza subjetiva. Isto porque tal crime ocorre exclusivamente pela motivação do delito, que são consideradas subjetivas, pois não caberia falar em natureza objetiva por não dizer respeito ao modo ou meio de execução do crime. O objetivo desta pesquisa tem por escopo em compreender a possibilidade do reconhecimento da qualificadora de feminicídio como sendo de natureza subjetiva, cumulada com outra qualificadora também subjetiva (motivo torpe/fútil), permitindo punições mais rigorosas para crimes cometidos nessas circunstâncias.

Investigative challenges relating to gang-related homicide: senior investigating officers’ perspectives

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with senior investigating officer (SIO) perspectives of their understanding of gang-related homicide and associated investigative challenges.Design/methodology/approachA phenomenological design was utilised in this study. In sum, 15 SIOs from the Metropolitan Police Service were interviewed using a semi-structured interview and analysed using thematic analysis.FindingsIt was found that the original typology of “gang homicide” might be too narrow and focus should be paid to “gang-related homicide”, characterised via motive behind the offence. This type of homicide exhibited specific characteristics (e.g. violent nature, large potential scene and pool of suspects) and investigative challenges which made it different from other types of homicide (e.g. complexity, need for more resources, managing unwilling witnesses, managing media interest, specific evidence challenges, need for thorough risk assessments). The need for expertise in the deployment of officers was highlighted and related to the desire for more continuing professional development (CPD).Practical implicationsGang-related homicide is especially challenging, but due to its volume, SIOs in London developed a sort of “muscle memory” – something that other police services do not have, even though the “gang problem” is spreading outside of metropolitan areas. Support for changes (e.g. in the utility of community impact assessment) and non-standard procedures (e.g. consideration of covert operations early on) should be discussed in further training and manual development. More attention needs to be paid to the synthesis of experience, expertise and science, SIOs being especially interested in debriefs and CPD opportunities. Multi-agency training is key for homicide investigators, relating to the complex nature of gang-related homicide and relevant safeguarding issues. Resourcing is a clear issue relating to the increase in gang-related homicide, as well as its investigation.Originality/valueThis is the first research into investigative challenges of gang-related homicide in England and Wales, and the findings can be utilised by all police services who may be dealing with gangs in their area. The findings can also support calls for change and development within services.

Disaggregating Homicide: Changing Trends in Subtypes over Time

Due to the heterogeneity of homicide, certain subtypes of homicide might have remained stable or even increased over time in the overall context of decline. Adding to the research attempting to identify a standardized classification system of homicide, this study used a novel, sophisticated statistical approach (multilevel latent class analysis [MLCA]) and an inductive theoretical stance to identify subtypes of homicide in Scotland and to examine how these types have changed over time. Using variables relating to the victim, offender, and the incident of homicide, four between-level types with three within-level classes of offenders in each type were identified. The findings showed that while all homicide types demonstrated an absolute decrease, domestic homicides had demonstrated a relative increase over time. Implications for policy, theory, and practice are discussed.

Preventable death and interpersonal violence in the United States: Who can be saved?

Public health initiatives to reduce mortality from penetrating trauma have largely developed from patterns of injury observed in military casualties, with a focus on hemorrhage control and use of tourniquets. Recent efforts show that injury patterns differ between civilian mass casualty events and combat settings, and no studies characterize wounding patterns in all types of civilian homicide. We hypothesize that many homicide deaths are due to nonsurvivable injuries, and that an effective strategy to reduce mortality must focus on both primary prevention as well as improvement in trauma prehospital care. We analyzed homicides from the National Violent Death Reporting System from 2012 to 2015. We excluded deaths due to poisoning, intentional neglect, or unknown weapon. Deaths were classified as "dead on scene" (DOS), "dead on arrival" (DOA), or "dead at or after hospital" (DAH) if the patient was admitted to a hospital. Injury patterns for penetrating weapons (firearms and sharp instruments) were further categorized. We included 18,051 homicides, the vast majority of which were due to firearms (n = 12,901 or 71.5%) or sharp instruments (n = 2,265 or 12.5%). The most common injury patterns included wounds to the chest or head, with isolated extremity injuries representing a minority of both firearms deaths (n = 397 of 12,901, 3.1%) and deaths from sharp instruments (n = 50 of 2,265, 2.2%). Furthermore, over half of all deaths occurred prehospital, with only 13.3% of victims admitted prior to death. The vast majority of deaths from interpersonal violence are due to firearm injuries. Few deaths appear to be related to extremity hemorrhage alone, and over half of all fatally injured died at the scene. Strategies to decrease mortality from interpersonal violence must go beyond treating injuries that have already occurred, and must address violence prevention directly. Epidemiological study, level IV.

Intimate Partner Homicide of Adolescents

Intimate partner violence during adolescence is widespread, and consequences can be severe. Intimate partner homicide (IPH) is the most extreme form of intimate partner violence, but literature on IPH has almost exclusively focused on adults. To determine the proportion of adolescent homicides that is perpetrated by intimate partners and to describe the victim, perpetrator, and incident characteristics of these IPHs. Analysis of quantitative and qualitative surveillance data from the National Violent Death Reporting System from 2003 to 2016. Data represent 32 states that contributed to the system for 1 year or longer. There were 8048 homicides of victims aged 11 to 24 years with a known relationship between the victim and perpetrator. For persons aged 11 to 18 years, there were 2188 homicides. Analysis began September 2018. An incident was identified as an IPH if the relationship between the perpetrator and victim was coded as spouse, ex-spouse, girlfriend or boyfriend, ex-girlfriend or ex-boyfriend, or girlfriend or boyfriend (unspecified current or former). Variables of interest included demographic characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity) for the victim and perpetrator, relationship status at time of death, homicide-suicide, homicide method, firearm type, and location of homicide. Contextual categories were created from the qualitative narratives. Of adolescent homicides, 150 (6.9%) were classified as IPH. A total of 135 victims (90%) were female (mean [SD] age, 16.8 [1.3] years). Overall, 102 perpetrators (77.9%) were 18 years and older (mean [SD] age, 20.6 [5.0] years), and 94 (62.7%) were current intimate partners of the victim. Firearms, specifically handguns, were the most common mechanism of injury. Compared with IPHs of young adults aged 19 to 24 years, perpetrators of adolescent victims were younger and less likely to be a current intimate partner. The most common categories of adolescent IPH homicides were broken/desired relationship or jealousy and an altercation followed by reckless firearm behavior and pregnancy related. Adolescents, particularly girls, in dating relationships may face risk of homicide, especially in circumstances of a breakup or jealousy and when perpetrators have access to firearms. Understanding homicide in early dating relationships can inform prevention and intervention efforts tailored to adolescents.

When a Woman Kills Her Man: Gender and Victim Precipitation in Homicide.

This research revisited the claim that victim precipitation (VP) is especially prevalent in situations where women kill their male intimate partners. Using administrative data from the Finnish Homicide Monitor (N =1,494), we created a typology of homicide incidents to examine variation in VP across three factors: the gender of the offender, the gender of the victim, and the intimacy of the victim–offender relationship. The results from regression models demonstrated strong support for the assumption that killings by women of their male intimate partners are more likely to have been victim precipitated than other types of homicide. This homicide type stood out as having the strongest association with each measure of VP included in the analysis. We did not observe statistically significant differences in VP among other homicide types. For example, we did not observe gender differences in VP in homicides that did not involve intimate partners. This pattern of results contradicts prior evidence suggesting that VP is a general feature of female-perpetrated killings, independent of the gender of the victim and the intimacy of the victim–offender relationship. As such, the present study underscores the importance of replication in studies of interpersonal violence. Theoretically, the results support the gender–partner interaction hypothesis over gender differences hypothesis of VP.

Trading Places: Microlevel Predictors of Women Who Commit Intimate Partner Homicide

Intimate partner homicide (IPH) research has established the importance of the offender’s gender regarding motivations, situations, and structures present in the offense. However, little is known about female IPH perpetrators’ microlevel characteristics, despite research indicating female IPH offense numbers are closer to males’ than in other homicide types. To fill this gap, the current exploratory study assesses the likelihood of female-perpetrated IPH by the couples demographics, weapon type, relationship status, and regional location of the homicide. Using data from the Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR), results show microlevel gender-specific differences. Female, compared to male, IPH perpetrators more often kill in intraracial, compared to interracial relationships, and are more likely to kill in dating rather than marital relationships.

Homicide clearance in Western Europe.

This study provides an overview of homicide clearance in four West European countries: Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. Using data from the European Homicide Monitor, employing similar definitions and uniform coding schemes, this study allowed for unique cross-country comparisons in factors influencing differences in homicide clearance rates. Findings based on homicides occurring in the period 2009–14 revealed overall low homicide rates in all countries, with a wide variety in homicide clearance rates, ranging from 77 percent in the Netherlands to 98 percent in Finland. Results further showed that both event-based as well as victim-based characteristics significantly influenced the likelihood of homicide clearance, suggesting that homicide clearance rates can, for a large part, be attributed to the prevalent types of homicide in each of these European countries.

Comparison of honor killings to anti-LGBTQ homicides

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare the role honor and shame play in honor killings and anti-LGBTQ homicides by identifying similarities and differences across these two homicide types.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses data from the US Extremist Crime Database (ECDB). Data for each of the incidents included in the ECDB are gathered from various open sources through a multi-stage process. A total of 16 honor killings and 21 anti-LGBTQ cases (i.e. the universe for both groups) are examined in this analysis. A closed-coded analysis technique is utilized to assess each case for evidence of shame and honor as well as an iterative coding process to identify sub-categories within these broader themes.FindingsResults indicate that shame and honor play important roles in both honor killings and anti-LGBTQ homicides, although their influence manifests differently across these two types of homicide. Perceived shame to the family is most closely related to honor killings, while suppressing homosexual urges underlines anti-LGBTQ homicides. Violations of religious tenets, protection of masculinity, and protection of honor are evidenced in both types of homicide.Originality/valueThis study uses a unique database to examine the ideological motivations of individuals who perpetrate extremist crimes in comparison to those who commit honor killings. Findings may inform forensic practices, including rehabilitation and prevention programs.

NEONATICIDE

Murder is undoubtedly the most difficult and most far-reaching consequence of criminal activity which deserves considerable attention of professional and general public alike. As a rule, the role of killers is usually attributed to men while women are more frequently seen as victims, which does not fully correspond to social reality. In that context, the subject matter of this paper is neonaticide, as a type of homicide typically committed by women. The author examines the historical, criminal and criminological aspects of this crime in an endeavour to determine a typical profile of a woman who kills her newborn child. The research results confirm the terrifying facts that the criminal act of neonaticide may be committed by any woman, whereby some women prove to be more prone to killing their children than others. For this reason, the author explores the distinctive characteristics of women who commit neonaticide, which distinguish them from other women-murderers. The ultimate goal of this paper is to draw attention of primarily professional public to this interesting and insufficiently researched topic and to emphasize the need for its more comprehensive examination in the future.