Types Of Green Space Research Articles

Associations of neighborhood-level socioeconomic status, accessibility, and quality of green spaces in Finnish urban regions

Ensuring fair access to urban green spaces is a constant challenge for planning in densifying cities. Moreover, the quality of green spaces that determines their usability is often insufficiently considered in accessibility research. We examined residents’ accessibility to different types of green spaces also by neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES) in the seven largest urban regions in Finland. We identified eight different green space types, and high and low SES neighborhoods using income, education, and unemployment rate. We calculated network-based accessibility to the different types of green spaces and compared areas with a high and low SES using ANOVA. 90% of the urban residents lived within 300 meters of any green space. However, inclusion of the quality factors decreased accessibility of the green spaces from 34% to 75%. Residents living in high and low SES areas had different quality features in their nearest green spaces. Recreation facilities and routes were closer to low SES areas, whereas areas of high SES were associated with better accessibility to large green areas, and forests. This pattern recurred in most individual cities with varying distance differences. Our results emphasize the importance of considering the quality of green spaces in urban planning.

Network Science-based Analysis of Urban Green Spaces in Singapore

Future resilient cities need to integrate increasing density with the development of urban infrastructure and systems, especially natural and green systems. In Singapore’s post-Independence history, urban green spaces have evolved from leftover manicured grassy areas to biodiverse spaces with recreational areas and facilities. Singapore has recognized the need to provide varying access to the public to protect the more natural areas from too much public access. In urban green spaces, different areas have varying access depending on the scale and significance of the natural habitat. This paper uses Spatial Network Analysis — or the study of topological spatial relationships — to inform the planning and design of varying levels of access in urban green spaces in Singapore. It investigates the influence of spatial configuration of urban green spaces on pedestrian movement, by studying two types of urban green spaces in Singapore: one-north Park and Jurong Lakeside Garden. In both cases, the research utilizes weighted Spatial Network Analysis using sDNA, an analytical tool, to gain insights into the correlations between spatial connectivity and pedestrian movement distribution patterns. Empirical quantitative data are collected using infrared-sensor devices and manual pedestrian count and activity mapping. The methodology can provide the basis for the future planning and design of pedestrian infrastructure in urban green spaces in Singapore, and other high-density cities.

Connotation of urban ecological quality and the construction of its core index system.

Urban ecological quality is a necessary attribute for a healthy urban ecological state. In the period of urban development from large-scale incremental construction to stock improvement and quality transformation and incremental structural adjustment, there are many gaps between urban ecological quality construction and the requirements of the new stage. There is an urgent need to understand and integrate multiple needs, and construct an indicator system to promote the balance between supply and demand of ecological resources and efficient use to enhance urban ecological quality. We used the analysis methods of CiteSpace literature analysis, relevant policy collation and questionnaire survey to systematically sort out the key points of concern and differences in understanding among the three perspectives of science, government, and the public. The results showed that all the three perspectives, i.e., science, government, and public, were more concerned with indicators related to urban green space, gray infrastructure, and policy control. The concerns of science and public addressed indicators related to urban green space the most, while government being most concerned with indicators related to gray infrastructure. Based on those findings, we developed a core urban ecological quality index system with a total of 25 indicators, covering 10 major types of urban green space, environmental quality, gray infrastructure, and so on.

Green Is Not the Same as Green: Differentiating Between the Association of Trees and Open Green Spaces With Children’s Brain Structure in the Netherlands

There is accumulating evidence for positive effects of green spaces on mental and brain health. Here we investigated whether differentiating the types of green spaces may be relevant. On longitudinal data of children ( N = 95) from the Netherlands, we quantified the link between green space exposure at home from birth onwards and MRI brain structure at 12.5 years. We differentiated between green space resulting from trees versus open green spaces and also associated visibility of sky (sky view factor) with brain structure (200 m buffer around home address). We observed a positive association between grey matter volume in different prefrontal clusters and green open space coverage as well as sky view, but a negative association within prefrontal clusters for tree cover density. Most importantly, in the medial prefrontal cortex, the only region in which all three analyses overlapped, the visibility of sky was the most important predictor. Our findings advance knowledge on health-promoting, evidence-based urban planning.

Nature interactions and their associations with connection to nature and well‐being varies between different types of green spaces

Abstract Increasing urbanization leads to greater loss of interaction with nature over time in a process described as the extinction of experience. Urban green spaces are some of the most prominent sites where individuals can access and interact with nature in urban areas. There is currently a gap in research around how different types of urban green spaces influence nature interactions, their relationships with human well‐being, and what influences these relationships. Greater knowledge of these connections can aid in the design of green spaces that can increase human well‐being and mitigate the extinction of experience. We conducted a visitor survey in an urban nature site in Israel, which consists of both a garden and protected nature area dominated by natural Mediterranean vegetation. We aimed to understand how visitors interacted with nature at the site and how the interactions differed between the protected nature area and the garden. Both frequency of interactions and number of total interactions were measured. We also investigated the extent to which these interactions associated with nature relatedness (using the NRS scale), well‐being (using overall happiness and psychological well‐being) and the variables that influence nature interactions and well‐being outcomes. Visitors who visited the protected nature area were more likely to interact with nature than those who only visited the garden. Nature interactions were significantly associated with an individual's nature relatedness and their perception of whether the site functioned more similarly to an urban park or a protected nature area. Living nearby was associated with greater attachment to and identity with the site, but also lower frequency of nature interactions. Nature interactions were associated with measures of well‐being, including overall happiness, attachment, identity and reflection, but varied depending on well‐being measures. Interactions with nature, and their benefits, are not equal based on both actual opportunity for interaction and perceptions of green spaces. Incorporating user preferences of urban green spaces for more wild nature that individuals also perceive as wilder may allow for greater interaction. Developing urban nature sites that allow for greater interaction can promote human well‐being associated with interactions and combat extinction of experience. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Estimating Urban Green Space Irrigation for 286 Cities in China: Implications for Urban Land Use and Water Management

Urban green space has increased significantly in many cities in China as a result of rapid urbanization. Despite various environmental and societal benefits of urban green space, its irrigation water use has become an important yet under-researched issue in urban water management. Using a newly developed green space evapotranspiration and soil water budgeting model coded in Python, this research estimated the irrigation water requirement of urban green space for 286 cities at the prefecture level and above in China, with daily meteorological data in 1986–2011, the distribution and areas of urban green space from the 30 m resolution “Essential Urban Land-Use Categories in China” database, and green space types from the 10 m resolution “10 m resolution global land cover” database. The estimated annual average irrigation water requirement of urban green space for these 286 cities was 8.7 billion m3, accounting for over 20% of residential water consumption in the cities where data on residential water use were available. We also investigated the spatiotemporal variation of urban green space irrigation water requirement and the factors that influence such variations. To the best of our knowledge, this study develops the first set of results of urban green space irrigation for all major cities in China, thus providing useful insights for green space irrigation and urban water man-agement in the context of rapid urbanization and sustainable water management.

Woodpeckers in the city: Abundances are highest in large green spaces with complex understories

Abstract We documented occurrence and relative abundance (henceforth abundance) of five woodpecker species in 36 forested green spaces in Portland, Oregon (USA), to estimate minimum area requirements (MAR; 0.5 probability of occurrence) and to test for potential influences of green space area and type (heavily treed manicured green spaces vs. undeveloped natural forests), habitat features, and landscape composition on the abundance of woodpeckers. Abundances of all species increased with green space area. Manicured and natural green spaces did not differ in canopy cover or total basal area, but woodpecker abundances were greater in natural than manicured green spaces for all species except Northern Flickers (Colaptes auratus). Flickers and Downy Woodpeckers (Picoides pubescens) were most abundant, MAR of both were under 1.5 ha, and both were found in essentially all green spaces. Hairy (P. villosus) and Pileated (Dryocopus pileatus) woodpeckers were least abundant, and with MAR of 34 and 51 ha, respectively, exhibited pronounced area sensitivity. Red-breasted Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus ruber) were intermediate in abundance and MAR to the 2 former and 2 latter species. The most important habitat variables associated with variation in abundance among green spaces were the contribution of deciduous trees to the canopy (Downy Woodpecker [+], Pileated Woodpecker [+], and Northern Flicker [–]), canopy cover (Hairy Woodpecker [+] and Northern Flicker [+]), and log density (Hairy Woodpecker [+], Red-breasted Sapsucker [–]). At the landscape level, lower woodpecker abundance was associated with increased urbanization (Red-breasted Sapsucker and Northern Flicker), while increasing forest cover influenced abundance of Northern Flicker (–) and Pileated Woodpecker (+). Highest woodpecker abundances were thus found in large green spaces with complex understories that were embedded in relatively undeveloped treed landscapes. Management of forested urban green spaces should prioritize needs of the area-sensitive species because ensuring their continued presence benefits the entire avian community.

Urban soil quality deteriorates even with low heavy metal levels: An arthropod-based multi-indices approach.

Urban-induced habitat conversion drastically changes soil life in a variety of ways. Soil sealing, human disturbance, habitat fragmentation, industrial and vehicular pollution are the main causes of urban soil degradation. Soil arthropods, as one of the most abundant and diverse group of soil fauna, are involved in many soil processes that are of great importance in maintaining soil health and multifunctionality. Nevertheless, soil quality is still mainly characterized by physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters. Here, we assessed and compared the biological soil quality in woody (REF: reference forest, REM: remnant forest) and nonwoody (TURF: public turfgrass, and RUD: ruderal habitat) types of urban green spaces along a disturbance and management intensity gradient in the Budapest metropolitan area (Hungary), using community metrics and soil arthropod-based indicators. Vegetation cover and landscape characteristics of study sites were quantified through vegetation and urbanization indices, respectively. Basic soil properties, total and bioavailable concentrations of the main heavy metals (Cd, Co, Hg, Ni, Zn) were also measured. Acari, Collembola, and Hymenoptera (mainly Formicidae) were the most abundant groups. Litter-dweller taxa, particularly Protura, proved to be the most sensitive to urban disturbance. Representatives of Hemiptera, Diptera, Symphyla, and Pauropoda were common in low densities. The taxonomic diversity of soil arthropod assemblages in nonwoody and woody habitats was similar. Although the integrated faunal indices showed no differences among soil habitat types, they provided different responses and, consequently, different information. Our findings demonstrated that the biological quality and arthropod community structure of soils were strongly impacted by soil C/N and heavy metal contamination. We found that low and moderate levels of pollution have adverse effects on edaphic fauna, suggesting biological degradation of soils, even below pollution limits. Nevertheless, more disturbed urban green spaces have been shown to play a significant role in maintaining belowground biodiversity, thereby soil functions.

Understanding Urban Green Spaces Typology’s Contribution to Comprehensive Green Infrastructure Planning: A Study of Canberra, the National Capital of Australia

The urban densification agenda for the Australian Capital Territory announced in 2012 as well as the climate-related impacts (such as flood and rising temperature) have made the role of green infrastructure in this city more critical than at any other time. The Living Infrastructure Plan for Canberra was proposed by the local government in 2019 and it is currently being developed. However, there is a lack of understanding of the variety of urban green infrastructure characters, associated urban green space types, and their contributions to the green infrastructure plan. Therefore, this research aims to study the existing types of urban green infrastructure and green spaces in Canberra and investigate their potential sociocultural and ecological contributions that need to be considered in developing green infrastructure plans. To achieve this, we employed a socioecological approach and a mix of methods including a literature review, a review of policy documents, semi-structured interviews with experts, geospatial data, and field observation. Ten main urban green infrastructures were identified in Canberra and associated green spaces and their ecosystem services were discussed. Finally, a framework was delineated to suggest recommendations for the identified urban green infrastructure types with the aim of improving the green infrastructure planning practice by enhancing, preserving, and reinforcing green spaces. The findings provide a foundation for coordinating green infrastructure decision making and suggest a framework for designing high-quality and multifunctional green spaces. The study concludes that further investigation is required to comprehend the diversity of urban green infrastructures and their ecosystem services, co-benefits, synergies, and trade-offs.

Disparities in the Health Benefits of Urban Green/Blue Space: A Case Study from Shandong Province, China

This study examined the relationships between different types of urban green and blue space (UGS/UBS) and self-reported health (SRH), and the disparities in the health benefits associated with them. Using data from a social survey in Shandong Province and multi-source data including remote sensing land use and vector polygons of parks from map service providers, we measured the proximity and coverage ratio of various UGS/UBS types. The Euclidean distance measures the proximity of homes to parks and rivers. The coverage ratio measures the total green space, forests, grassland, and freshwater. The health benefits were gauged by SRH. We found that the proximity to parks and rivers had a positive influence on the SRH of all the respondents. For the elderly, the proximity to parks and the coverage ratio of total green space and grassland within a 0.5 km circular buffer were significantly associated with SRH. The coverage ratio of the total green space and grassland both had positive relationships with the SRH of the high-income groups. The closer they were to rivers, the healthier the youth and females were. Our results suggest that urban planners should take the types of UGS/UBS into account to create a better living environment that optimally benefits residents’ SRH.

The Grass is Always Greener: Analyzing Crime Concentration and Specialization in Urban Greenspace Environs

Greenspaces play an important role in the urban landscape, with prior research suggesting that they are associated with numerous health and social benefits for residents. Despite this, research conflicts regarding the relationship between greenspaces and crime, with some studies finding these locations to be criminogenic and others finding them to be protective against local crime. This study examines this relationship in Portland, Oregon, considering different greenspace types as well as different crime types. Further, this study presents a novel methodological adaption to measure crime concentration and specialization around discrete location types by integrating a street network buffer into the standard Location Quotient (LQ) metric. Results suggest that Portland’s greenspaces as a whole do not experience a concentration of crime; however, varying patterns emerge when examining different greenspace and crime types. This study identifies diverse crime concentrations in proximity to small parks, while finding other greenspace categories to be associated with crime-specific concentrations nearby. Others, still, have lower than expected counts of crime concentrating nearby, potentially demonstrating protective trends. These results highlight the importance of disaggregating both crime and location types to better understand the complex relationship between greenspaces and crime.

Classification of Urban Green Space Types Using Machine Learning Optimized by Marine Predators Algorithm

The accuracy of machine learning models is affected by hyperparameters when classifying different types of urban green spaces. To investigate the impact of hyperparametric algorithms on model optimization, this study used the Marine Predators Algorithm (MPA) to optimize three models: K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). The feasibility of the algorithm was illustrated by extracting and analyzing park green space and attached green spaces within the fifth-ring road of Beijing. A dataset of urban green space type labels was constructed using SPOT6. Three optimized models, MPA-KNN, MPA-SVM and MPA-RF, were constructed. The optimum hyperparameter combination was chosen based on the accuracy of the validation set, and the three optimized models were compared in terms of the Area Under Curve (AUC) value, accuracy on the test set, and other indicators. The results showed that applying MPA improves the accuracy of the validation set of the KNN, SVM, and RF models by 4.2%, 2.2%, and 1.2%, respectively. The MPA-RF model had an AUC value of 0.983 and a test set accuracy of 89.93%, indicating that it was the most accurate of the three models.

Evaluating the benefits of ecosystem-based urban cooling using a dynamic “on-site” method

Ecosystem-based cooling helps residents cope with the urban heat-island problem. In order to improve the accuracy of traditional heat-island measurements based on comparisons between urban and rural areas, we use an “on-site” method developed with only urban data. The essence of this method is a regression analysis of the relationships among different types of green space and blue space, elevation, vegetation dynamics, and temperature. We then simulate the temperature pattern in a scenario where there is no built-up area (Scenario A), and then in another scenario where there are no ecological spaces (Scenario B). The gap between the actual temperature pattern and the simulated temperature pattern of Scenario A is considered the heat-island effect. Conversely, the gap between the actual temperature pattern and that of Scenario B is considered as the effect of ecosystem-based urban cooling. This method was tested using data from two megacities in China (each had a population of over 10 million people). For Beijing, the average heat-island effect was 4.87 °C and effect of the ecosystem cooling service was 9.07 °C. For Shenzhen, the respective values were 0.8 °C and 2.71 °C. The “on-site” (local small size sampling), “dynamic coefficient”, and “no-positive-coefficient rule” are the three defining characteristics of this method. The application of this method to model ecosystem-based urban cooling can aid urban planning and management in improving the residential thermal environment.

Exploring the effect of ecological land structure on PM2.5: A panel data study based on 277 prefecture-level cities in China

In the context of serious urban air pollution and limited land resources, it is important to understand the environmental value of ecological land. Previous studies focused mostly on the effectiveness of a particular type of green space or the total amount of ecological land on PM2.5 and have rarely analyzed the association between ecological land structure and PM2.5 systematically and quantitatively. Therefore, we took 277 cities in China as an example, comprehensively compared the results of different models, and selected a spatial Durbin model using time-fixed effects to dissect the degree of influence of ecological land and different land types within it on PM2.5. The urban ecological land use structure was closely related to PM2.5, and the higher the proportion of ecological land use was, the lower the PM2.5. The degree and direction of influence of different types of land functions within ecological land on PM2.5 differed, with forests, shrubs, and grasslands causing a weakening impact on PM2.5, while wetlands and waters did not have a weakening role. The degree of reduction of PM2.5 by a single type of ecological land was significantly smaller than that by a composite type of ecological land. Green space should be comprehensively considered, designed and adjusted in urban planning to continuously optimize the ecological spatial structure, increase landscape diversity and maximize ecological benefits. The findings of this study help with exploring the effects of land use structure under the goal-oriented control of air pollution and provide theoretical reference and decision-making support for formulating precise air pollution control policies and optimizing the spatial development of national land.

Green space type and healthy ageing in place: An Australian longitudinal study

Research on the health benefits of people’s long-term exposure to green space is lacking. Addressing this emerging topic, this study uncovers the association of green space types with a person’s healthy ageing score (HAS). We investigated the association with HAS by continuous exposure to various green space types for two years. Green space types include tree canopy, low-lying vegetation and open grass percentage within 1.6-km road network distance buffers at baseline and second follow-up. Healthy ageing outcomes included functional capacity, resilience and HAS while accounting for relocation. This is a longitudinal study of a cohort of 22,715 New South Wales residents aged over 45 who participated in the Sax Institute’s 45 and Up Study living in Sydney, Wollongong and Newcastle. Longitudinal models of healthy ageing on green space types were fit with controls for socioeconomic confounders. Women who did not relocate were associated with a lower functional capacity (β; 95%CI: −0.10; −0.15,−0.05) and higher resilience (0.11; 0.08, 0.14) compared to those who relocated. Apart from age, personal characteristics did not explain the variation in healthy ageing outcomes for participants who moved. For participants who did not relocate, 30% grass cover was associated with decreased functional capacity (−0.22; −0.41,−0.04) and HAS (−0.31; −0.56,−0.05). Also, 5–9% low-lying vegetation was associated with a decline in functional capacity (−0.09; −0.15, −0.03) and HAS (−0.09; −0.17, −0.01) of participants who stayed but improved resilience (0.28; 0.01, 0.55) of participants who relocated. Green space comprising over 30% tree cover appeared most beneficial for functional capacity (0.42; 0.31, 0.53), resilience (0.19; 0.13, 0.25) and HAS (0.60; 0.45, 0.75). For participants who relocated, over 30% tree canopy was associated with improved functional capacity (0.33; 0.54, 0.62) but not resilience or their HAS. Increased neighbourhood tree canopy supports healthy ageing. Older people should be supported to live in-home or move into nearby residential care and maintain regular contact with green spaces and trees, to maximise potential benefits for health and wellbeing.

Exploring the Patterns of Recreational Activity among Urban Green Spaces in Poland

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the socio-demographic background, patterns of recreational activity, and their impact on mood regulation strategies used by urban green spaces (UGS) visitors in Poland. In our research approach, we collected data from 376 participants through an online survey. In the next step, we developed structural equation models: one general model and two additional models for men and women. We discovered that both socio-demographic characteristics, as well as the variety of visited green spaces impact people’s mood regulation strategies. In our research approach, latent variable places that consists of different types of green spaces is the key concept that positively affect mood regulation strategies; visiting more places reduces the tendency to decrease mood and increases the tendency to increase mood. Moreover, we identified some important gender similarities and differences. There is causation between the types of leisure activity and the frequency of a leisure activity among men and women. However, in the case of women, the frequency of a leisure activity is positively associated with the tendency to increase mood; in the case of men, the association is negative. The research results provide a deeper insight into of the patterns of green leisure that shape the subjective well-being of urban green space visitors in Poland.

Green Spaces over a Roof or on the Ground, Does It Matter? The Perception of Ecosystem Services and Potential Restorative Effects

Cities are becoming more vulnerable to climate change and need appropriate adaptation measures. Previous studies demonstrated that urban green spaces provide multiple ecosystem services, improving the health and well-being of urban residents. Yet different urban green spaces provide different services—provisioning, regulating, cultural, or supporting ones. This work aims first to understand if urban green space users perceive the different supplies of provisioning and regulating services offered by different types of urban green spaces. Second, this work seeks to determine if green roof type conditions, as well as vegetation type and access, affect the users’ perceptions of the cultural ecosystem services. This work presents the results of an image-based online survey performed among 376 Portuguese undergraduate students between March and April 2021. The survey is based on nine alternative urban space designs, varying the roof access type and vegetation types. The results show a general preference for urban green spaces with more vegetation, regardless of the type of roof, and a general preference for green spaces with better accessibility. In addition, users’ preference for no-roof conditions appears to be linked to the abundance of vegetation and quality of urban design and not to awareness of an existing roof structure and its influence on the natural processes.

IMPACT OF GREEN SPACES ON HOUSE PRICES

Studies around the world have shown that urban green spaces have a positive effect on house prices. The economic benefits of green spaces are an issue that still needs to be addressed. When analyzing scientific literature, it is problematic to compare studies on the influence of green spaces on house prices, due to the absence of a unified assessment system. Working on studies examining a similar categorisation of green spaces, the application of the same assessment methods and the use of a common set of variables would allow for more detailed and accurate analyses. Therefore, the aim of the work is to identify the categories of green spaces and the method of evaluation, which most accurately describes the impact of urban green spaces on housing prices. This work examined 8 studies, most of which were carried out in Europe. An analysis of studies has shown that the most commonly used method for determining the impact of green spaces on house prices is the hedonistic pricing method. When analyzing literature it was noticed that quite often the influence on the price of housing was measured only from a few types of green spaces, although the classification of green spaces is very wide. Most often, the studies did not analyse the sources of noise and pollution. Inclusion of these factors in the assessment would allow comparing the significance of noise and pollution sources and green spaces for the population. An analysis of studies has shown the importance of distance to the city center. In view of the shortcomings of the studies examined, a categorisation of green spaces and related elements has been brought up, which is proposed to be used in further studies on the impact of green spaces on the price of housing.

Parents’ orientation is more important for children’s visits to greenspaces than the availability of spaces and time

The decline in children’s interactions with nature has been a great concern in the past few decades. The reason often discussed is the increase in children living in urban settings where greenspaces and time are limited. However, parents’ orientations toward children’s nature play could also strongly influence the extent of children’s interaction with nature. To understand the relative importance of parental orientation for the frequency of children’s visits to greenspaces (FCG), compared with the availability of greenspaces and time and child’s screen time, we constructed structural equation models (SEM) using questionnaire data obtained from 516 parents with primary school-age children in Japan. We examined the SEMs for four types of greenspaces (forests, farms, rivers and parks) and two children’s age groups (1–3 and 4–6 graders in primary school). In general, parents' permission for free play was the most important factor for FCG across greenspaces and age groups, followed by parents’ perceived benefits of nature play. Parents’ incident concerns reduced FCG indirectly via reducing permission for free play. Urbanization had negative and positive effects on FCG for farms and parks, respectively. Parents’ and children’s time constraints and children’s screen time only had minor or insignificant effects on FCG. Our study demonstrates that parental orientations were more important for FCG than the availability of greenspaces and time. Measures to promote positive orientations, in particular to facilitate greater permission for children’s free play in greenspaces, would be important to reconnect children with nature.

Integrating perceptions of ecosystem services in adaptive management of country parks: A case study in peri-urban Shanghai, China

As a type of peri-urban green space with natural environments and countryside features, country parks provide numerous ecosystem services (ES) for human beings. In China, the multifunctional characteristics and diverse social groups related to the country park construction in the context of urbanization indicate that these ES need to be managed in the social dimension through adaptive decision-making. However, little work has focused on the perceptions of ES for country park management. In this study, we developed a three-step research framework aiming to integrate ES perceptions in adaptive country park management. We carried out face-to-face photo-elicitation questionnaire surveys (n = 229) in a country park pilot in Shanghai to analyze the perceptions of ES by park users. Multiple analytical methods, including statistical analyses, importance-performance analysis, and ES indexes, were applied to reveal the linkages among perceived ES, users’ characteristics, and specific landscape features. Our results showed that water and air quality maintenance, aesthetic, habitat, and physical and mental health, were perceived as the most important, highest performance, and highest priority ES. Users’ education level and their self-reported knowledge about the country park were the two most important variables that explained perceived ES. Perceptions of user groups differed along the distance of the place of residence from the study area, with locals assigning high priorities to provisioning ES and cognitive cultural ES and more distant visitors assigning high priority to education. Semi-natural landscape features, such as lakes and rivers, marsh, swamp forest, and lotus ponds, were perceived as providing the most ES. We further communicated and discussed the results with managers and experts, and provided insights for the next stage of management. We argue that adaptive management should be woven toward environmental justice by understanding the diverse perspectives and views of users on ES.