Types Of Governance Structures Research Articles

Биржи в структуре энергетического рынка: новый взгляд

The paper offers a systematized and updated view of exchange-traded energy products. The increase in natural gas and electricity trade volumes at commodity exchanges has dramatically changed the wholesale market structure in Europe. Nowadays commodity exchanges have played an essential role in energy trading. The complexity of exchange technologies and the reasons for their demand are often hidden under everyday exchange routine. Academic analysis of exchange activity has traditionally been feebly developed, because, firstly, classical economics assumes that finding of equilibrium between supply and demand is an instantaneous and cost-free process. Markets were mainly described as simple market exchanges where faceless buyers and sellers meet for an instant to exchange standardized goods at equilibrium prices. Secondly, energy exchanges are relatively new phenomenon. The justification of exchange trading became possible as a result of new institutional economics (NIE) and transaction cost theory (TCT) findings. Under conditions of positive transaction costs, incomplete foresight and bounded rationality – the conditions of the New Institutional Economics (NIE) – the institutional framework not only of firms but also of markets matters. Also, within this institutional framework the concept of “governance structure” was introduced. A high-performance system shall align transactions with governance structures in relation to their adaptive needs. Governance structures are properly regarded as part of the optimization problem. A shift from one structure to another may permit a simultaneous reduction in both the expense of writing a complex contract and the expense of executing it effectively in an adaptive, sequential way. The founders of NIE and TCT, having been investigating the stock and commodity exchanges, approached them as a measure of transaction costs for other-the-counter trades. However, they did not include exchange trading into classification of governance structures. As far as is known, it has not been described in this way in terms of NIE and TCT to date. Natural gas and electricity markets is a good examples of network industries, which are an appropriate case of institutional flexibility regarding the alignment between transactions and governance structures. “Liberalised” network industries needed and still need an “intense” design and re-design to be able to host any kind of markets and to interact with. Organized markets, energy exchanges have developed a required bridge between leaving long-term contracts and price promulgation. The hypothesis of energy exchange classification as a special type of governance structure, in the meaning of NIE and TCT, for network industries is discussed in this article.

STRUKTUR TATA KELOLA EKONOMI LOKAL DALAM SEKTOR KERAJINAN GERABAH

The declining export value of pottery in West Nusa Tenggara Province became a trend since 2006-2007. There are atleast two basic reasons of this significant decreasing, first the lessening numbers of export caused by global economic crisis, second the lack of competitiveness of the sector. The article questions about the structure of governance of the industry. Focusing on the issue will bring explanation what caused the industry has a quite low competitiveness in global market. The research itself is a qualitative research with global value chain approach. The study shows that there are two types of governance structure in the industry. The buyer-driven type of governance is built between local producer and global buyer in international trade context, while a more equal structure established in local market between local producer dan local buyer, or called as producer-driven with arms-length character. Meanwhile, the lack of competitiveness is also caused by the upgrading capacity, which tends to be a more static upgrading. The lack of upgrading capacity happened due to rents drain, where the rents that once existed in the community are getting dim due to the role of the government in building synergy and rents is considered small.

Association Between Local Boards of Health Authority Over Budgets and PHAB Accreditation Standard Score

This study examined the relationship between local board of health authority and local health departments' budget-related activities and performance scores in the Public Health Accreditation Board standards while considering the governance structure under which the local health agencies operate. Data from 250 local health departments were obtained from the Public Health Accreditation Board and were combined with data from the 2016 National Association of County and City Officials Profile Survey. Multilevel regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between local board of health authority on local health departments' budget-related activities, using the governance structure as the group-level variable. Analyses identified positive associations between local board of health authority on local health departments' budget-related activities and local health departments' aggregate average performance scores in Public Health Accreditation Board accreditation. No apparent association was found between the type of governance structure under which a local health department operates and performance scores in Public Health Accreditation Board accreditation standards, perhaps attributable to variation in the characteristics and roles of their governing bodies. The analyses suggest that local boards of health with authority related to local health departments' budgets appear to have an influential role in budget-related activities and may improve local health departments' performance scores in Public Health Accreditation Board accreditation standards. However, vast variations in more specific local boards of health roles and characteristics exist across local health departments and for which there are no national data. More research is thus needed to control for or examine the influences of specific local boards of health characteristics before the benefits of expanded local boards of health authority over local health departments' budgetary decision making on local health departments' performance can be fully understood.

Factors affecting the choice of governance structure along the vegetable value chain in Bangladesh

Analyzing governance structure is considered important when designing development interventions in the value chain. The objective of this paper was to explore the governance structure (GS) in cauliflower and tomato value chain, specifically the types of GS followed by the farmers and factors behind these choices. The two-stage random sampling procedure was used to collect data from 100 farmers whereas 60 traders were surveyed purposively for this study. Multinomial logit model was used to analyze the factors affecting farmer’s choice of GS. Trader’s perceptions regarding internal and external governance as well as good governance indicators were assessed by utilizing non-parametric test. Cauliflower and tomato farmers were involved in practicing spot market, relational, farmer’s association and outgrowing scheme-based GS. The results showed that the probability to choose relational, outgrowing scheme and farmer’s association-based GS were significantly affected by education of farmers, distance to the nearest market, access to extension services, access to price information, trust commitment, transaction specific investment, preferences of diversification, farm size, transactional uncertainty, and access to producer’s cooperative. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney-U test established trader’s dissimilation towards governance indicators. The study suggests that smallholder farmers need to be well organized and coordination mechanisms among all stakeholders should be increased.

Impact of Hospital Characteristics and Governance Structure on the Adoption of Tracking Technologies for Clinical and Supply Chain Use: Longitudinal Study of US Hospitals.

BackgroundDespite the increasing adoption rate of tracking technologies in hospitals in the United States, few empirical studies have examined the factors involved in such adoption within different use contexts (eg, clinical and supply chain use contexts). To date, no study has systematically examined how governance structures impact technology adoption in different use contexts in hospitals. Given that the hospital governance structure fundamentally governs health care workflows and operations, understanding its critical role provides a solid foundation from which to explore factors involved in the adoption of tracking technologies in hospitals.ObjectiveThis study aims to compare critical factors associated with the adoption of tracking technologies for clinical and supply chain uses and examine how governance structure types affect the adoption of tracking technologies in hospitals.MethodsThis study was conducted based on a comprehensive and longitudinal national census data set comprising 3623 unique hospitals across 50 states in the United States from 2012 to 2015. Using mixed effects population logistic regression models to account for the effects within and between hospitals, we captured and examined the effects of hospital characteristics, locations, and governance structure on adjustments to the innate development of tracking technology over time.ResultsFrom 2012 to 2015, we discovered that the proportion of hospitals in which tracking technologies were fully implemented for clinical use increased from 36.34% (782/2152) to 54.63% (1316/2409), and that for supply chain use increased from 28.58% (615/2152) to 41.3% (995/2409). We also discovered that adoption factors impact the clinical and supply chain use contexts differently. In the clinical use context, compared with hospitals located in urban areas, hospitals in rural areas (odds ratio [OR] 0.68, 95% CI 0.56-0.80) are less likely to fully adopt tracking technologies. In the context of supply chain use, the type of governance structure influences tracking technology adoption. Compared with hospitals not affiliated with a health system, implementation rates increased as hospitals affiliated with a more centralized health system—1.9-fold increase (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.60-2.13) for decentralized or independent hospitals, 2.4-fold increase (OR 2.40, 95% CI 2.07-2.80) for moderately centralized health systems, and 3.1-fold increase for centralized health systems (OR 3.07, 95% CI 2.67-3.53).ConclusionsAs the first of such type of studies, we provided a longitudinal overview of how hospital characteristics and governance structure jointly affect adoption rates of tracking technology in both clinical and supply chain use contexts, which is essential for developing intelligent infrastructure for smart hospital systems. This study informs researchers, health care providers, and policy makers that hospital characteristics, locations, and governance structures have different impacts on the adoption of tracking technologies for clinical and supply chain use and on health resource disparities among hospitals of different sizes, locations, and governance structures.

Investigating the determinants of inter-organizational information sharing within criminal justice: A context-mechanism-outcome approach

Focusing on inter-organizational information sharing in criminal justice, it is found that, while poor project management leads to unsuccessful inter-organizational information sharing, a recipe for success is more demanding as it requires both compatible technologies and good project management implemented either by means of a top-down approach of strategic alignment or an emergent approach of bottom-up alignment. Though unplanned, the latter approach may lead to mistakes that are more correctable than the large mistakes stemming from top-down, deliberate planning. The study is an analysis of context-mechanism-outcome configurations of inter-organizational information sharing activities within criminal justice systems and demonstrates the causal asymmetry between positive and negative cases. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications are discussed by highlighting the causal role of different types of governance structure in a crisp set configurational fashion.

Implementing digitalization in the public sector. Technologies, agency, and governance

Technological transformations are currently reshaping the structure and strategies of public administrations and are expected to foster efficiency and policy integration. However, the literature on digital government has demonstrated that the introduction of technology is far from a smooth process, as it is often associated with conflict and negative feedback. This paper departs from James Thompson’s notion of technology, understood as one of the most effective devices for organizational integration to conceptualise the context of digital innovations in the public sphere. ICTs are not all the same; they differ in their impact on intra- and inter-organizational interdependencies that are required for them to work properly in their domain. This paper introduces a typology of ICT-driven governance structures and advances hypotheses regarding the causal mechanisms underpinning successful implementation. Each type of governance structure is exemplified by an original case study of a programme of e-government reform in the Italian public sector. The empirical evidence is used to explore some implications concerning the strategies by which the programmes have been implemented and their transferability to other contexts.

Análise da estrutura de governança adotada por uma cooperativa de manejo florestal comunitário

This work aims to analyze the governance structure adopted by Community Forest Management Cooperative established in a Conservation Unit in the Amazon. The research used the analytical framework of the Comparative Discrete Structural Analysis and was conducted by conducting interviews with managers and technicians of the Mixed Cooperative of the Tapajos National Forest, in addition to the research in official documents and reports of the Organization. The results indicate that the predominant governance structure adopted by the Cooperative is the hybrid structure oscillating between the trust and relational network subtypes. The option for this type of governance structure is due to the advantages obtained with the possibility of flexibility in the contracts provided by the closer relationship with suppliers and customers, even if this, represents a greater exposure to opportunism. The analyzes present a contribution of how the Comparative Discrete Structural Analysis can be used in empirical researches for the study of governance structures.

Ungovernable systems: The strength of informal institutions in the sea cucumber fishery in Yucatan, Mexico.

Formal and informal institutions govern fisheries around the world. Yucatan’s sea cucumber fishery is not an exemption, the sudden and fast development of the fishery in 2010 has motivated the creation of informal and illegal forms of organization. The prices, buyers’ interest and the fishing effort substantially increased, being followed by illegal fishing-fishers and traders, creating informal fishing-trade channels and severe social and biological concerns. This article aims to give account of the emergence and dynamics of the informal institutions which currently dominate this fishery. It was sought to identify the extent to which rules and regulations are not being respected and how they are affecting fish resources and coastal communities. We considered the case of the port of Sisal, Yucatan, Mexico to illustrate our argument and here we applied a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methodologies including informal and in-depth interviews applied to 17 key informants, a questionnaire applied to 47 fishers and an estimation of the degree of compliance from three of the main management measures. Socio-biological negative impacts were identified in Yucatan’s coastal communities and its fisheries. Foreign buyers and local middlemen exert high pressure on fishers to exceed the quota and catch the highest possible volumes facilitating the fisheries decline. This and the growing economic interest motivated the development of strong informal institutions supporting illegal fishing and informal trade. Social problems emerged and women were particularly affected. The economic power of the fishery is likely to overcome any type of governance structure. The enforcement of entry rules was not effective, so the governance base was around informality and illegal actions. Local and foreign buyers are exerting pressure to increase the catch volume thus it is recommended that rules and regulations be directed at buyers and exporting companies rather than at fishers.

The manager’s conundrum in governing a farmers’ association

Learning outcomes The main objectives of this case are to provide an opportunity for case users to understand the organisational governance framework in a farmers' association and how to build an effective organisational board. More specifically, the teaching objectives of this case are as follows: to provide an overview of the functions of different types of governance structures in a farmers' association. To understand the importance of good governance practices in a farmers' association and for its stakeholders. To relate democratic theory, stakeholder theory, agency theory and stewardship theory with the governance practices of a farmers' association. To critically evaluate the board governance in a farmers' association and recommend measures to enhance the practices. Case overview/synopsis The teaching case presents the governance practices in a farmers' association in Malaysia, ZIX-PPK and the various governance challenges that emerged in the PPK subsequent to the appointment of politically affiliated directors. Prior to 2019, ZIX-PPK was an outstanding PPK under the helm of the General Manager, Khadijah. The PPK had continually been recognised as an exceptional and excellent PPK by the Farmers' Organisation Authority and the Muda Agricultural Development Authority. However, the Arahan Pendaftar Bil 1/2019 required changes to the governance structures of ZIX-PPK, with five new directors being appointed by the minister. The appointment threatened the independence and autonomy of ZIX-PPK and affected the dynamic of the board of directors. Khadijah had to search for measures that could improve the board governance in ZIX-PPK. The names, in this case, had been altered but the details were based on an actual event. The data were collected through interviews with key players and with reference to the minutes and other documentation of ZIX-PPK. Complexity academic level The teaching case can be used by students in higher education institutions at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The case may also be relevant for training purposes to farmers' associations and any non-profit organisations. Subject code CSS 1: Accounting and Finance. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only.

How Elite Configurations Explain Shifts from Democracy to Authoritarian or Totalitarian Regimes: Turkey as a Case Study

Attempting to predicting the formation of particular types of governance structures has been one of the central tasks of sociologists and political scientists. John Higley and Michael Burton argued that the configuration of elite groups in a society is an important predictor of the governance structure that develops in that society. The Higley-Burton theory outlines several ways in which the configuration of elites can predict the transformation of governance structures, from authoritarian regimes to liberal democracies. In the current research, this previous theoretical work is extended by articulating a route by which societies can go the other way—from democracy to an authoritarian regime. Turkey is being used as a contemporary case study to show how shifts elite configurations in a democracy can lead to authoritarian regime. A five-step process for this transformation is outlined. The steps in this model for one route of moving from an unstable democracy towards autocracy or dictatorship can be summarized as follows: 1) Political success by one group or faction. 2) Establishment of an inner circle and consolidation of power. 3) Replacement of the inner circle with weaker members who can be controlled. 4) Self-isolation of the leader. 5) Government control of opposition and suppression of dissent.

Termination for Cultural Misalignment: Setting up Contract Terms to Ensure Community Well-Being in the Development of AI

A contractual mechanism to protect and amplify the interests of Indigenous community well-being in the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that affects them is investigated. Our proposal explores the need for a legal mechanism that recognizes the importance of cultural knowledge and ways of being and doing, acknowledging that these can be in tension with the (potentially myopic) goals of AI development. We outline the pre-conditions for such a legal mechanism to be possible, including some of the core components that could give rise to a termination for cultural misalignment, as well as the supporting types of governance structures and operating principles such a legal mechanism may engender. We discuss how the establishment of such a mechanism in contracts forces procurers of AI technology development services, and therefore developers of AI technology systems themselves, to adopt and enact principles by which they will work to protect and enable community well-being, thereby instigating important behavior change. Consideration is given to the types of knowledge, skills and training that would be required to implement such a mechanism successfully. This essay has a particular emphasis on working to ensure Indigenous community well-being in the development of AI, however there are also applications for other communities.

Public-private partnerships: determinants of the type of governance structure

ABSTRACT Despite the spread of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and their interest among academicians and policy-makers, many investigations generally treat them as a homogenous mode of governance neglecting their different forms. The present work investigates the factors that determine the concrete form of PPP finally adopted. We use the Transaction Costs Theory (TCT) to analyse 11,821 PPPs in 110 developing countries from 1997 to 2017. The results show that the greater the amount of specific investment and the more unfavourable the context in which it is implemented, PPP adopts forms where the private party has a greater degree of control.

Traditional Governance and Innovative Strategies in Italian Family SMEs: Evidence from Tuscany

Governance in family businesses is a relatively recent research topic in the field of management studies. Much research has sought to shed light on the factors that shape the relationship between governance structures and corporate strategies. Nevertheless, very little research has specifically addressed the relationships between the configuration of the Board of Directors and the firm’s willingness to carry out innovative strategies. Our study aims to shed light on the relationship between the corporate governance structures and the pace of innovation within family SMEs. Evidence from three family-owned SMEs located in Tuscany (Italy) highlights that a traditional type of governance structure can co-exist with the search for innovative strategies and that the intensity of the innovation processes may not be tied to the Board’s composition.

Global Value Chains and Product Sophistication: An Empirical Investigation of Indian Firms.

This paper analyses the impact of GVC linkages on product upgrading using the Indian firm-level dataset Prowess, and methodologies of System-GMM and Propensity score matching. Defining product upgrading as a movement towards more sophisticated products, we use Haussmann’s product sophistication index to calculate a sales-weighted average sophistication level of Indian manufacturing firms in the period 2000/01-2014/15. The first section of the paper empirically investigates whether GVC firms produce more sophisticated goods than non-GVC firms. In the next section, we take the sub-sample of GVC firms to analyse the impact of depth of GVC integration on firm-level sophistication. Lastly, the study draws on Gereffi’s (2005)) governance framework and quantifies different types of governance structures to analyse how power asymmetries can impact the sophistication levels of developing country supplier firms. The study finds that the on average, Indian firms participating in GVCs produce more sophisticated goods than non-GVC firms, and increasing GVC integration significantly and positively impacts firm level sophistication. These results lend empirical support to the learning by importing and exporting hypothesis. However, our results also show that firms that link into Captive global value chains produce significantly less sophisticated goods than firms linking into Relational chains.

The Role of Radical Institutional Change on the Diffusion of New Governance Forms

The study analyzes how the predominant and taken-for-granted type of governance structure within the organizational field of German foundations erodes due to the diffusion of a more corporate-like ...

Effects of fiscal stress labels on municipal government finances, housing prices, and the quality of public services: Evidence from Ohio

This paper analyzes the Ohio fiscal stress labeling system, which labels municipal governments that are in financial trouble and requires them to implement financial recovery plans. These recovery plans are undertaken by the municipality or by the state depending on the type of label. I examine the effect of these fiscal stress labels on municipal government financial behavior, crime, and housing prices from 1999–2012. Using difference-in-differences, I find that municipalities with fiscal stress labels reduce total expenditures per capita by nearly 25 percent. Although municipalities make reductions to both per capita capital and operating expenditures, the largest percentage reductions occur in per capita capital expenditures. There are heterogeneous responses by the type of municipality and type of governance structure in place, especially in the reductions made to operating expenditures. Cities and municipalities with council-manager governance structures much more heavily focus on reductions in spending for specific public services (e.g., safety services, roads), while villages and municipalities with mayor-council governance structures primarily reduce general operating expenditures and increase local tax revenue. These labels have minimal impacts on crime rates and police employment. While I find no statistically significant effect of label receipt on housing prices, I do find that residential home sale prices fall following fiscal stress label removal. Thus, the reductions in public service expenditures may have long-lasting ramifications on the quality of public services offered by these municipalities.

Control of the Public Health IT Physical Infrastructure: Findings From the 2015 Informatics Capacity and Needs Assessment Survey.

Despite improvements in information technology (IT) infrastructure in public health, there is still much that can be done to improve the adoption of IT in state and local health departments, by better understanding the impact of governance and control structures of physical infrastructure. To report out the current status of the physical infrastructure control of local health departments (LHDs) and to determine whether there is a significant association between an LHD's governance status and control of the physical infrastructure components. Data came from the 2015 Informatics Capacity and Needs Assessment Survey, conducted by Georgia Southern University in collaboration with the National Association of County and City Health Officials. A total of 324 LHDs from all 50 states completed the survey (response rate: 50%). Outcome measures included control of LHD physical infrastructure components. Predictors of interest included LHD governance category. The majority of the control of the physical infrastructure components in LHDs resides in external entities. The type of governance structure of the LHD is significantly associated with the control of infrastructure. Additional research is needed to determine best practices in IT governance and control of physical infrastructure for public health.

Impacts of non-GMO standards on poultry supply chain governance: transaction cost approach vs resource-based view

PurposeFollowing a negative attitude of consumers toward genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the spaces left by the labeling legislation on GMOs of different countries, some retailers and processors introduced their own non-GMO standards, with the intention of avoiding the presence of GMOs in their products. This paper aims to understand how the implementation of these new retailer-driven standards affects governance structures along the supply chain and the determinants of such change focusing on transaction cost approach (TCA) vs resource-based view (RBV).Design/methodology/approachThe non-GMO introduction is investigated as a case study in the poultry industry of France and Italy. The case relies on data primarily collected from interviews with the main actors at five stages of the supply chain from the retailer up to animal feed and crop production.FindingsFindings indicate that the introduction of non-GMO products had different impacts on the transactions along the supply chain, generally leading to more integrated relationships. Theoretical relevance depends on the observed transaction and the type of governance structure considered. Interestingly, only RBV explains the shift toward hierarchical governance when this is observed.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the empirical literature highlighting the upstream effects caused by the adoption of new standards. On the theoretical side, building on Conner and Prahalad’s (1996) seminal work and leveraging on the concepts of opportunism, “potential” superior knowledge and strategic importance of an activity, this research suggests a comparative framework for identifying governance structures and their determinants under TCA and RBV.

Food safety controls in different governance structures in China's vegetable and fruit industry

Food safety issues constitute an international topic discussed by many scholars. Although there is an extensive body of literature on comparisons of food safety control practices across different governance structures, these studies have been conducted mainly in terms of qualitative and descriptive analysis. In addition, little attention has been given to family farms. This study addresses the food safety control practices adopted by firms with different governance structures in China. Food safety control is expressed by the following aspects, i.e., pollution-free, green, organic, and/or geographical indication products certification, establishment of production records, and pesticide residue testing. Three types of governance structures that engage in agricultural production are distinguished: farmer cooperatives, agricultural companies, and family farms. The food safety control practices of various governance structures are investigated based on a database that comprises 600 vegetable and fruit enterprises in Zhejiang, China. The results show that (1) pesticide residue testing is adopted by the most firms, followed by products certification, and production records are adopted by the fewest firms, and (2) agricultural companies adopt more food safety control practices than family farms, while farmer cooperatives adopt the fewest food safety control practices. Governance structure features of a cooperative in terms of ownership, decision-making, and income distribution are the main reasons for the low level of food safety control in the cooperative.