Types Of Glass Research Articles

Carbon Source and Substrate Surface Affect Biofilm Formation by the Plant-Associated Bacterium Pseudomonas donghuensis P482.

The ability of bacteria to colonize diverse environmental niches is often linked to their competence in biofilm formation. It depends on the individual characteristics of a strain, the nature of the colonized surface (abiotic or biotic), or the availability of certain nutrients. Pseudomonas donghuensis P482 efficiently colonizes the rhizosphere of various plant hosts, but a connection between plant tissue colonization and the biofilm formation ability of this strain has not yet been established. We demonstrate here that the potential of P482 to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces and the structural characteristics of the biofilm are influenced by the carbon source available to the bacterium, with glycerol promoting the process. Also, the type of substratum, polystyrene or glass, impacts the ability of P482 to attach to the surface. Moreover, P482 mutants in genes associated with motility or chemotaxis, the synthesis of polysaccharides, and encoding proteases or regulatory factors, which affect biofilm formation on glass, were fully capable of colonizing the root tissue of both tomato and maize hosts. Investigating the role of cellular factors in biofilm formation using these plant-associated bacteria shows that the ability of bacteria to form biofilm on abiotic surfaces does not necessarily mirror its ability to colonize plant tissues. Our research provides a broader perspective on the adaptation of these bacteria to various environments.

Compressibility, diffusivity, and elasticity in relationship with ionic conduction: An atomic scale description of densified Li2S${\rm Li}_2{\rm S}$–SiS2${\rm SiS}_2$ glasses

AbstractWe examine the dynamic and ionic properties of a typical sulfide glass electrolyte 50–50 using molecular dynamics simulations and a previously parameterized force‐field able to describe both the crystalline phase and the corresponding glass. We especially focus on the effect of moderate pressures on the glassy and supercooled state since the design of all‐solid state batteries use molding conditions at moderate pressures in order to achieve contact between the electrolyte and the electrodes. The behavior of the conductivity with pressure permits to define an activation volume and to infer the role of compressibility and diffusivity, the latter contributing dominantly to ionic conduction, whereas temperature does not seem to impact the structural properties. These features are linked with the underlying dynamics of the Li ions as studied here by computing the longitudinal and transversal atomic species current correlations. The resulting elasticity is found to be close to experimental values.

Achieving Net-Zero Energy Buildings: Analyzing and Optimizing Strategies Using Sensitivity Analysis

Enhancing building energy efficiency and incorporating renewable energy technologies are crucial for combating climate change and promoting sustainability. This study employed a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the influence of various parameters on building costs and energy consumption. Standardized Regression Coefficients (SRC) were used to measure the sensitivity of each variable. The type of glass, wall construction, window-to-wall ratios, and shading elements were identified as having the most significant impact on building costs and electricity usage. SRC values provided a numerical representation of the strength and direction of the relationship between these factors and the output variables. Furthermore, the study quantified the energy savings achieved through optimization methods. The data indicated an average reduction in consumption of 22%, with variations between 21% and 23% across different floors. These results highlighted the effectiveness of optimizing variables and applying energy-efficient design principles. The findings of this investigation enhance our understanding of the role of sensitivity analysis in optimizing building energy efficiency. They can serve as a reference for making decisions on integrating renewable energy technologies into buildings and designing them. These strategies can help reduce environmental impact, promote sustainable construction practices, and achieve significant energy savings.

New data and insights on the secondary glass workshop of Comacchio (Italy): MgO contents, steatite crucibles and alternatives to recycling

This study introduces a collection of 33 glass samples, encompassing production indicators (blocks, fluidity tests, drops, cuts and wastes) and finished products (mainly goblets and probably a lamp) dating to the second half of the 7th century, except for a single more recent specimen (12th-14th). Additionally, a fragment was taken from a crucible bearing a thin layer of glass inside it. This new collection complements the investigation of glass materials from the Comacchio workshop previously analysed by Bertini et al. (2020).Measurements were performed using scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy on all samples and Sr–Nd isotopic analyses on 5 blocks.The results showed how the entire collection can be classified as natron-based silica-soda-lime glass and that the high MgO contents frequently observed are due to contamination with the steatite crucible. Contextually, the hypothesis of using plant ash-based glass mixed with natron-based glass formulated in the previous literature seems to have run out, along with the use of plant ash-based glass itself, further weakened by the very low representativeness of this latter type of glass on the site.The technological investigation further elucidated that recycling may not singularly account for the Comacchio glass technology. Discernible correlations may suggest the introduction of different types of metals, indicating a specialised control over the production process. Notably, the preference for green–blue glass emerges as a distinctive hallmark, underscoring the deliberate pursuit of a specific aesthetic taste.Lastly, the provenance analysis showed that over three-quarters of production was based on semi-finished products from Egypt, while only the remaining quarter came from the Levantine coast.

The Role of Bioactive Glasses in Dental Erosion―A Narrative Review

Dental erosion represents the gradual and irreversible depletion of dental hard tissues due to a chemical process, independent of bacterial influence. It has emerged as a notable clinical concern in recent years, primarily attributed to substantial lifestyle shifts resulting in the heightened intake and frequency of acid-containing foods and beverages. Apart from the extrinsic erosive agents derived from external sources, such as dietary habits or medication, intrinsic erosive agents may exist due to pathological reasons with the contents of the stomach including gastric juice, mainly composed of hydrochloric acid, being their sole source. Currently, bioactive materials are used in various forms for the prevention of dental erosion. Such materials include, among others, bioactive glasses (BAGs). BAGs are a type of glass that, when in contact with biological fluids, can elicit a specific biological response. When they come into contact with bodily fluids, they can initiate a series of processes, including the formation of a hydroxyapatite layer on the glass surface. This bioactivity is particularly advantageous in medical and dental applications, where BAGs are used for bone regeneration, tissue repair, and dental restorative or preventive techniques. The aim of this literature review was to analyze and discuss the role of BAGs in protecting the tooth structures from dental erosion. The analysis of the existing literature regarding this topic indicated that the use of BAGs in preventive treatments against tooth erosion can be useful in dental practice. Further clinical evidence is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of the particular preventive measures.

Simulations on the performances of neutron shielding glass materials and secondary radiation risks

Glasses with neutron shielding properties are extremely important for nuclear industries. Neutron interactions with ten different neutron shielding glass types were simulated by using GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit. Simulation results were evaluated in terms of shielding performances, deposited energy properties and produced secondary radiation. Important evaluations were made in view of radiation safety, especially on secondary particles and radioactivity resulting from interactions between neutrons and glass samples. All simulated glass samples were found to emit risky secondary particles and radioactive nuclei after interacting with fast neutrons.

Vitrification of Cerium(Ⅲ) fluoride in iron phosphoborate glasses: A study on redox, structure, and stability

Cerium fluoride was vitrified to simulate actinide fluoride waste from high-level waste salt produced through dry reprocessing in a Molten Salt Reactor. Iron phosphoborate and phosphoborate glass were used to immobilize CeF3 and investigate the relationship between redox, structure and chemical stability of these glass wasteforms. The findings indicate that CePO4 crystals precipitated when the molar content of CeF3 exceeded 28.9 wt% in iron phosphoborate glass, as observed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was used to investigate the changes in the valence of Ce and Fe in both types of glass. Results showed that adding of CeF3 increased the fraction of Fe2+. In iron phosphoborate glass, Ce was mainly trivalent, whereas in phosphoborate glass, most Ce was oxidized to Ce4+. Raman analysis indicates that cerium-containing iron phosphoborate glass exhibits a pyrophosphate structure, while cerium-containing phosphoborate glass displays a metaphosphate structure. Results from Mössbauer Spectroscopy and X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) indicate that iron predominately exists as Fe–O tetrahedral clusters within the glass, showcasing excellent stability. This is evident from the strong resistance to elemental leaching in the leaching test of the iron phosphoborate glass with cerium content.

Evaluation of Constructive Parameters to Minimize the Effects of Solar Radiation in Households with Tropical Climate

In tropical climates, the energy consumption of buildings is strongly influenced by solar radiation. However, more research needs to be done on how specific design parameters can mitigate the effects of solar radiation in tropical homes. This study uses simulations in EnergyPlus to evaluate how orientation, roof solar absorptance, overhang depth, glass type, and wall type affect energy consumption in a typical middle-income home in a tropical climate. The results highlight the benefits of adequate solar absorbance and correct orientation. Incorporating insulation into exterior walls does not offer significant improvements in the energy performance of the building. Key words. Building energy simulation, Tropical climate, parametric analysis.

Back to black: Analysis of the earliest natron glass found in Italy

An assemblage of black-appearing glass objects (predominantly beads) that is dated to the 9th–7th centuries BCE and found in Iron Age contexts of Southern Etruria and Latium (central Italy) was analysed using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The analytical approach allowed us to discuss the technology of glass-making in a period of relevant technological changes. It resulted that the glass that reached the Italian peninsula was somewhat different, from a compositional point of view, from both earlier and later periods. The data collected showed that iron – the main colouring agent for these glasses – was obtained from several sources as was silica – the main component of glass. Lime, one of the main constituents of many types of glass, plays a modest role in this assemblage, which places these samples in a special position because of the peculiar batch formula. At least three centres of raw glass production are suggested by the compositional data, but in each case the glass was imported to the Italian peninsula.

Elemental analysis of glass artifacts from Sarethi (India): Examining possible evidence of glass craft in northeastern Uttar Pradesh

Fragments of glass bangles from the site of Sarethi in Uttar Pradesh, India were investigated using laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry. This site yielded glass artifacts dating from 200 BCE to 1500 CE but also some possible evidence of bangle making during the 200 BCE-300 CE period. Two main glass types were identified at the site, with only one sample with a possible Middle Eastern origin and all the other bangles manufactured from three different sub-types of Indian glass. Most of the tested samples belong to the recently discovered and still poorly documented glass group m-Na-Al 8. The other samples could be attributed to either the m-Na-Al 3 or m-Na-Al 4 glass types. We hypothesized that all these different m-Na-Al glasses were manufactured within the eastern Uttar Pradesh region where Sarethi is located although this will need further investigations. Vitreous artifacts of an uncertain nature were also analyzed to determine if they were connected to glass working at the site. These artifacts were certainly the results of the presence of sand close to a wood fire. Comparison of the results of Sarethi and Kopia, a site located 70 km away, indicates distinct glass patterns, suggesting their inclusion in different exchange networks despite their contemporaneity and proximity.

Design and Performance Analysis of a Composite Thermal Protection Structure for a Robot Pan–Tilt

To improve the adaptability of the robot pan–tilt to the high-temperature environment, a design scheme for a composite thermal protection structure composed of aerogel felt, hollow glass, and skin is proposed. The effects of aerogel felt thickness, glass type, and ambient temperature on the thermal protection performance of the structure are studied, using a fluid–solid–thermal coupling model. Numerical results show that the structure exhibits good protection performance, and that the thermal resistance distribution changes the main path of heat transmission. The optimal thickness of the aerogel felt is approximately 8 mm. Compared to 3 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm thicknesses, 8 mm reduces the maximum temperature by 15.90%, 8.37%, and 6.22%, and reduces the total entropy by 79.23%, 52.44%, and 12.5%. Lower thermal conductivity of the gas inside the hollow glass results in decreased maximum temperatures and total entropy. Using argon-filled hollow glass at 573.15 K decreases maximum temperature by 33.52% and 8.40%, with a total entropy reduction of 33.46% and 6.04%, compared to the single-layer and air-filled glass. Higher ambient temperatures correlate with increased maximum temperature, total entropy, and average surface-heat-transfer coefficient, indicating that the adaptability of the structure to high-temperature environments is limited.

Post-Failure Behavior of Point-Fixing Laminated Glass Plates under Out-of-Plane Uniform Pressure

This paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical investigation of the mechanical response of undamaged and damaged 2-ply laminated glass plates. Two types of glass plies, thermally toughened and heat-strengthened, coupled with SentryGlas (SG) were considered. Laminated glass plates supported with articulated point fixing bolt under out-of-plane uniform pressure were investigated under four different damage configurations: (i) undamaged; (ii) partially damaged, with the bottom ply broken; (iii) partially damaged, over-flipping the specimen of mode II; (iv) both two glass plies broken, which was applicable for LG plates made by heat-strengthened glass. In the above four modes, the top ply is always subjected to compression while the bottom one is in tension. The different responses of each configuration (different glass types and damage modes) were discussed and compared in this study. In addition, numerical models were adopted to reproduce the experimental results. The influence of the hitting location and glass types on the mechanical behavior of LG plates was analyzed. The results showed that the contribution of the broken glass ply could not be disregarded in the evaluation of the global stiffness of partially damaged LG plates and their bearing capacity.

Re-Glass: Product Development Pathways for Post-Consumer Glass

Our research examines the viability of recycling soda lime glass from post-consumer Insulated Glass Units (IGU), mixing various types of architectural glass cullet and fusing them into flat plates by using electric kilns. Those kilns operate at lower temperatures than standard float glass production, which significantly reduces manufacturing emissions. The research outcomes suggest the potential for near-site operations, reducing transportation logistics, costs, and emissions. Strength and emissivity tests were performed on the recycled glass samples, to assess challenges arising from various production parameters including: glass types, processing methods, annealing temperatures and schedules, cullet sizes and distribution. These explorations offer high-level perspectives for developing post-consumer glass solutions driven by emissions and logistics primarily, and tectonics secondarily, exploring the cost-effective diversion of glass products from landfill to generate solutions staying within the built environment. The research examines performance aspects of recycled glass as emblematic of sustainability in design and underscores the role (and implications) of texture in architectural materiality. Performance and viability are weighted with considerations for the US market (hauling distances, energy grid emissivity across states, market culture, labor rates, incentives, or lack thereof). This exploration proposes innovative avenues for integrating distinctive, sustainable recycled glass as a hallmark into architectural frameworks.

Investigation of optical and magnetic properties of 3d-4d transition metal ion based double Perovskite: Sr2MnRuO6

Investigation of physical properties in double perovskites, A2B′B″O6, containing 3d/4d transition metal ions at the B sites is an interesting avenue of research. In this study, we focus on Sr2MnRuO6, exploring its structural, morphological, optical and magnetic properties. Sr2MnRuO6 was synthesized in single phase using solid-state reaction route. It crystallizes in a tetragonal structure (space group I4/mcm, #140) with lattice parameters a = 5.4633 (2) Å, c = 7.9419 (1) Å. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed no super lattice reflections, indicating disorder in the B-site cations.The Jahn-Teller distortion in Mn-O6 octahedra,as revealed by XRD results, indicates a high spin state for the Mn3+ ion. The stoichiometric ratio of Sr: Mn: Ru (∼2:1:1), as determined by bond valence sum calculations and confirmed by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy agree well with the nominal composition of Sr2MnRuO6. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed strong absorption throughout the visible region with a direct band gap of ∼3 eV, indicating Sr2MnRuO6 is a potential candidate for optical applications. Huge photoluminescence emission observed in the visible region is attributed to Mn3+ ions. The temperature dependence of molar susceptibility data indicates a paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition around 195 K. The possible super exchange paths for antiferromagnetic interaction are Ru5+- 4d3 (t2g3eg0) − O1 − Ru5+- 4d3 (t2g3eg0) along the z axis, or Ru5+- 4d3 (t2g3eg0) − O2 − Ru5+- 4d3 (t2g3eg0) in the xy-plane, with the angles between these orbitals being nearly 180°. At low temperatures under a 10,000 Oe field, spin glass type magnetic behaviour is observed. The effective magnetic moment (6.17 μB) obtained from the Curie-Weiss fit from 260 K to 290 K nearly matched with the theoretical resultant effective moment (6.24 μB) by considering Mn3+ ions in HS state and Ru5+ ions.Specific heat measurements revealed no long-range magnetic ordering down to 2 K, further suggesting the role of cationic disorder in the magnetic behaviour of Sr2MnRuO6.

Redesign of Museum Installations with Interactive and Sensorial Experience Approach

In the past decades, museums continued to be demanded to surpass their primary function as a place for archival and historical artifact conservation to be a medium for knowledge dissemination as well as recreation. The “do not touch” slogan that is often placed on the typical museum glass box is considered no longer relevant when museums must satisfy visitors’ desires instead of solely focusing on objects. The aim of this research is to answer the challenge by integrating technology in redesigning conventional museum installations. The utilised methodologies are literature review and case study to develop new products. It integrates theories related to interaction and sensory experience into a design framework which includes types of experience, types of attraction, modes of apprehension, and five senses. Sherlock Holmes Museum is chosen as a case study with four installation redesigns as the final outcomes, namely: (1) Holmes Loop, (2) Holmes Guide, (3) Holmes POV, and (4) Holmes Puzzle. The generated installation concepts prove that product design has an essential role in cultural innovation so that museums continue to be relevant in between technological advancement. On the other hand, the design framework succeeds in helping idea generation process, thus it can be used as a reference to develop installations in other museums.

Pilot study of a pedestrian collision detection test for a multisite trial of field expansion devices for hemianopia.

Performance-based outcome measures are crucial for clinical trials of field expansion devices. We implemented a test simulating a real-world mobility situation, focusing on detection of a colliding pedestrian among multiple noncolliding pedestrians, suitable for measuring the effects of homonymous hemianopia and assistive devices in clinical trials. In preparation for deploying the test in a multisite clinical trial, we conducted a pilot study to gather preliminary data on blind-side collision detection performance with multiperiscopic peripheral prisms compared with Fresnel peripheral prisms. We tested the hypothesis that detection rates for colliding pedestrians approaching on a 40° bearing angle (close to the highest collision risk when walking) would be higher with 100Δ oblique multiperiscopic (≈42° expansion) than 65Δ oblique Fresnel peripheral prisms (≈32° expansion). Six participants with homonymous hemianopia completed the test with and without each type of prism glasses, after using them in daily mobility for a minimum of 4 weeks. The test, presented as a video on a large screen, simulated walking through a busy shopping mall. Colliding pedestrians approached from the left or the right on a bearing angle of 20 or 40°. Overall, blind-side detection was only 23% without prisms but improved to 73% with prisms. For multiperiscopic prisms, blind-side detection was significantly higher with than without prisms at 40° (88 vs. 0%) and 20° (75 vs. 0%). For Fresnel peripheral prisms, blind-side detection rates were not significantly higher with than without prisms at 40° (38 vs. 0%) but were significantly higher with prisms at 20° (94 vs. 56%). At 40°, detection rates were significantly higher with multiperiscopic than Fresnel prisms (88 vs. 38%). The collision detection test is suitable for evaluating the effects of hemianopia and prism glasses on collision detection, confirming its readiness to serve as the primary outcome measure in the upcoming clinical trial.

Experimental Analysis of the Post-Fracture Behaviour of Laminated Glass With Bolted Connections

Abstract Ensuring the sufficient residual resistance of glass structures after the failure of one glass ply to the failure of all the glass plies is an integral part of the design of glass structures. This paper presents an experimental study of bolted connections in laminated glass during three stages of a glass specimen: an intact glass specimen, a specimen with one ply of glass broken, and a specimen with both plies of glass broken. The effect of the type of glass was observed. The experiment proved that laminated glass made from thermally-toughened glass with bolted connections in its unfractured state has significantly higher resistance than laminated glass made from annealed glass. In a state of both plies of glass broken, the specimens made from annealed glass showed a higher residual resistance than specimens made from thermally toughened glass. The performance at this stage was also influenced by the temperature and loading speed. The expected strength of the glass was calculated on the basis of numerical models.

The effect of zinc substitution on the optical properties of Sm3+ doped zinc borate glasses

Zinc borate glasses are a relatively well known glass type that can be produced at comparably low temperatures. Variations in both the type and concentration of network modifier atoms induce structural alterations within the glass matrix. If doped with optically active dopants, e.g. rare earth ions, compositional changes also affect the local surrounding of the dopants and consequently their optical properties such as emission peak shape and peak ratio. To investigate the effect of different low field strength network modifier ions in zinc borate glasses two glass series were prepared using the melt quench technique; Sm3+ was used as dopant ion: 50B2O3, xK2O, (49-x)ZnO, 1Sm2O3 (x = 5,10,15, …, 30 mol%) and 50B2O3, 30MO, 19ZnO, 1Sm2O3 (M = Ca, Sr and Ba). It is found that the substitution of ZnO for K2O notably enhances the intensity of the red Sm3+emission. Based on the literature this effect is attributed to a change in symmetry at the rare earth position. Additionally, the effect of network modifier concentrations and the different network modifier types on the Sm3+ absorption spectra is examined, discussed and compared to literature data. Furthermore, the glasses are characterized according to their density, refractive index, molar volume, and oxygen packing density.

Low-temperature β-relaxation promotes crystallization in oxide glasses

Primary (α) structural relaxation is known to influence the nucleation behavior in glasses and it has recently been proposed to account for the so-called classical nucleation theory “breakdown” in oxide glasses around the glass transition temperature. However, it is unclear whether secondary (β-) relaxation, predominant at lower temperatures, also plays a role in promoting crystallization. Here, we study the correlation between crystallization kinetics and β-relaxation of three types of oxide glasses with distinct chemical bonds by subjecting the glasses to low-temperature annealing. We find that the activation energy of crystallization (Ea) exhibits an exponential decay with increasing annealing duration for all studied glasses. Such a decrease in Ea is found to be associated with the structural rearrangements in the glasses, especially showing a negative correlation with the enhanced atomistic interplays around modifying cations. Our findings thus point to a universal linkage between β-relaxation and nucleation kinetics in oxide network glasses.

Evaluation of long-term properties and life cycle assessment of alkali-activated concrete with varying fiber inclusions

The potential for using alkali-activated concrete (AAC) as a sustainable substitute for Portland cement (PC) concrete is a topic of ongoing research interest. The uncertainties in the raw material composition, the reportedly low tensile strength of AAC, and the lack of relevant standard codes of practice further inhibit wider industrial usage of AACs. Fiber inclusions reportedly enhance the tensile properties of traditional PC concrete. However, there is no long-term data available for fiber-reinforced alkali-activated concrete (FRAAC) mixtures. Hence, the present study is aimed at investigating the long-term mechanical properties of ambient-cured FRAAC with GGBS as the sole precursor. Four different types of fibers, viz., steel (SF), polyvinyl alcohol (PVAF), polypropylene (PPF) and glass (GF) are used in this research as reinforcements in AAC. Tests for compressive strength (fc′), splitting tensile strength (fsp) and flexural strength (fr) are conducted for FRAAC containing varying fiber contents of 0.1–0.3%. The findings demonstrated that fiber additions do not have any noticeable influence on the compressive strength of AAC. However, relative to the plain mix, the fsp and fr of FRAACs were enhanced by up to 32% and 29%, respectively. The formation of the hardened calcium aluminosilicate matrix and evolution of the fiber-matrix bonding over time was evident from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The related molecular bonds over a period of 7-d to 360-d was identified through mineralogical and chemical analyses. Furthermore, to validate its environmental sustainability, life cycle assessments were conducted. The AACs exhibited at least 43% lesser impacts than PC concrete on the ecosystem. FRAACs had only slightly higher (≤ 7% increase across all fiber types) impacts than plain AAC.