Types Of Financial Institutions Research Articles

Financial architectonics in context digital globalization

The paper examines financial architecture in the context of digital globalization. The current state of financial architecture as a science of creating financial architecture, the nature, specificity, principles of development of financial systems of different levels, based on unity, general patterns of their development and regulation. The current stage of development of national financial architecture is characterized by significant contradictions. On the one hand, the national-state form of its organization is preserved, on the other hand, the possibilities of national financial policy are limited due to the growing importance of international financial instruments, increasing international capital and strengthening the role of international financial organizations. The nature of relations and interrelations of national financial architecture is changing – its openness and interdependence is increasing, the scale of chain reactions is increasing, according to which negative phenomena spread from one class of financial assets, types of financial institutions, financial market segments to others. It is accepted that financial architecture should achieve a specific goal, and its results should be measured by performance indicators that have certain specifics at different economic levels. The changes characterizing the development of the financial environment are outlined, the necessity of forming a new financial architecture taking into account the existing globalization processes and challenges is revealed. The directions of ensuring successful realization of means of digitalization of financial infrastructure, financial market are offered. We can say that the development of economic systems, technologies, real markets directly depends on the depth of financial architecture of the country's financial architecture, is the ability of a set of banking and non-banking financial institutions to effectively distribute and redistribute the movement of financial capital.

ECONOMIC SECURITY MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AS OBJECTS OF THE STATE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

The need to form a system of economic security for the effective operation of financial institutions is determined. Peculiarities of ensuring economic security of different types of financial institutions are found out, characteristic features of functional systems of economic security of financial intermediaries are revealed. It is offered to understand the management of economic security of financial institutions as a direction of management activities aimed at achieving a high level of protection of the institution's resources from the negative impact of internal and external threats by implementing a wide range of management decisions to use available opportunities and resources while providing financial services. The basics of the mechanism of economic security management of financial institutions are formed. It is assumed that the organization of the economic security system of a financial institution is carried out in several stages, such as the formation of the economic security system, ensuring the economic security system, identification, assessment, ranking of threats, and development of countermeasures; assessing the level of readiness of institutions to implement a mechanism for managing economic security; assessment of the level of economic security, development of management decisions. It is determined that the purpose of economic security management is to achieve the maximum possible level of realization of the institution's interests and meet the interests and needs of clients with optimal resource costs to minimize the impact of threats that accompany the activities of institutions.

How international capital inflows and domestic financial institutional development affect domestic credit: Evidence from developing countries

This study examines the effects of international capital flows segmented by borrower type (i.e., banks versus other types of financial institutions) and the development of domestic financial instit...

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ ФІНАНСОВОГО РИНКУ УКРАЇНИ

In this article, we examined in detail the financial market of Ukraine and analyzed its activities over the past few years, from the onset of the financial crisis to the collapse of the economy during the coronavirus crisis. We have investigated the state of the financial market of Ukraine at the present stage and determined its state for the period of the Pandemic Covid-19, which began in 2020. The main criteria by which the market analysis was carried out were operations with securities, the level of investments in the Ukrainian economy and the hryvnia exchange rate against the dollar over the past few years. We investigated that the financial market underwent a serious impact after the outbreak of the war in Eastern Ukraine in 2014, the hryvnia exchange rate changed at that time. We found that today the financial market of our state is in a rather critical situation and requires significant injections from both the state and from international investors and organizations. The Ukrainian financial market is under the great influence of international financial organizations and on whose activities its stability and positive development depends. As a result, the prospects for the development of the financial market of Ukraine were identified and, as an option, we proposed financial innovations that should improve the work of financial institutions and the government and, as a result, positively affect the main indicators of stability of both the market and the state economy. In the course of the study, it was revealed that financial innovations allow Ukrainian banks to improve and improve the quality of provided banking services, thereby creating competitive advantages not only for a number of individual banks, but also for the entire banking system as a whole. From the point of view of the development of globalization in the world financial markets, the use of financial innovations in Ukraine leads to the strengthening of the position of credit institutions in the financial market, which is especially important in the context of competition for clients between various types of financial institutions.

Implementation of state financial monitoring based on risk-oriented indicators in the activities of financial institutions

The article examines the systems of risks of various types of financial institutions and focuses on the absence of the risk of legalization among them. This risk is considered separately within the framework of a special system of relations in the field of combating money laundering, financing of terrorism and financing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The evolution of criteria for assessing the risk of a financial institution to be involved in legalization is analyzed, risk-oriented indicators of the activities of financial institutions used to assess their risk profile are generalized. It is established that one of the regulators in the financial services market, the National Securities and Stock Market Commission, uses outdated, formal, and ineffective criteria for assessing the risks of a financial institution to be involved in money laundering. However, the other regulator, the NBU, has already carried out the process of adapting state financial monitoring to the requirements of FATF and AMLD4 and developed risk-oriented indicators of financial institutions’ activities, used to assess their risk profile. Strengthening the control by the subjects of state financial monitoring over the risk profile of a financial institution and its overall financial monitoring system will help to increase the efficiency of state financial monitoring. It is proposed to unify risk-oriented features and introduce identical financial monitoring mechanisms for all participants in the financial services markets, considering the specifics of their activities, as well as including the risk of legalization in the risk system of a financial institution in order to improve the efficiency of the financial monitoring system.

Chinese Financial Holding Companies: A Review

On 13 September 2020, the Peoples’ Bank of China issued The Trial Measure for the Supervision and Administration of Financial Holding Companies (FHCs), stipulating that firms that control two or more different types of financial institutions may need to establish FHCs. This emerging new type of organization has profound implications; however, serious research on Chinese FHCs is almost none. This study fills in this gap by conducting a comprehensive review on Chinese FHCs from three perspectives. First, from the perspective of macroeconomics and financial markets, this study reviews different types of FHCs and analyses the major source of risks on macroeconomic stability and macroprudential regulation. Second, from the perspective of regulation, based on this regulation document and other literature, this study explores Chinese authorities’ main regulatory objectives. Third, from the perspective of academics, this study also presents a future research agenda regarding Chinese FHCs.

Resisting the Return to Managerialism: Institutionalizing the Shareholder Voice in the Monitoring Model

There are many lessons to be drawn from the sweep of history. In law, the compelling story repeatedly told is the observable co-movement of law on the one hand and economic, social and political changes on the other hand. Aberrations, however, do arise, but generally do not persist in the long term. Contemporary corporate law seems to be on the cusp of such an abnormality as legal developments and proposed reforms for corporate law are currently conflicting with the direction in which the host environment is moving. This article identifies a series of contemporary judicial and regulatory corporate governance developments that are at odds with multiple forces unleashed by today’s ownership of public companies being highly concentrated in the hands of various types of financial institutions. Our purpose is not to focus on these developments as such but to address a much larger question that lies behind them: should courts and regulators have interceded to retard the forces created by such concentration of ownership of public companies? To address this question, we travel back in time to post WWII America and the widely practiced model of managerialism when shareholders were analogous to children, seen but not heard. That model was replaced by today’s monitoring model which empowers oversight of management in the hands of outside directors whose obeisance, at least on paper, is anchored in the firm’s residual claimants, the stockholders who elect the directors. But as we discuss, the monitoring board has something of a checkered history in serving this function. We argue that from its inception, the monitoring board was incomplete because it was formed in an era where the received model was dispersed, not concentrated, ownership. We next challenge the emerging New Paradigm that is being advanced as the future model for corporate governance. We conclude the article with a set of recommendations we believe will bolster the heretofore incomplete monitoring model for corporate governance.

Credit unions vs. commercial banks, who takes more risk?

A unique feature of the financial services industry is that both shareholder-owned banks and member-owned credit unions coexist and compete against each other. In this study, we investigate two research questions. First, we compare risk-taking by banks and credit unions, with an additional consideration as to how regulatory oversight (state or federal) relates to such risk-taking. Second, we examine how competition affects the difference in risk-taking between these two types of financial institutions. To answer both questions, we rely on a matched sample (by loan type, size, and county) of commercial banks and credit unions, covering the period between 2010 and 2017. We use three empirical proxies for risk-taking, the Z-score, measuring an institution’s insolvency risk, as well as the ratios of non-performing loans to total loans and loan charge-offs to total loans, measuring the credit risk. Our results suggest that banks tend to engage in more risk-taking than credit unions; however, state regulatory oversight reduces the risk-taking gap, especially in terms of the Z-score. We further find that competition induces different risk-taking behaviors in banks and credit unions. Our results are robust to several alternative specifications.

Common asset holdings and systemic vulnerability across multiple types of financial institution

One way systemic risk can crystallise is through fire sales of commonly held assets. This paper examines fire sale vulnerabilities across different types of financial institution, including non-banks. We undertake an in-depth empirical analysis of the interconnections between European open-ended investment funds and UK regulated banks and insurance companies through their common asset holdings. This research is the first to combine regulatory holding-level asset data for banks and insurers with private data for open-ended investment funds. Our results show the existence of a significant overlap between the equity and debt portfolios of different types of financial institution. We characterise financial institutions of different types in terms of their concentration profile, portfolio similarity and vulnerability to fire sales, providing evidence for the existence of a price-mediated channel of contagion between banks, insurance companies and investments funds.

Incidence Network, Risk Spillover and Systemic Risk of Financial Institutions

Systemic risk is closely related to the risk contagion of financial institutions. The risk of a single financial institution will spread among financial systems through the complex incidence network among financial institutions, and lead to the outbreak of crisis. However, the risk contagion paths of different financial institutions are different, and the degree of impact is significantly different. The research of using the reduced-form approach mostly focuses on measuring the risk level of a single institution in the system, but there is relatively little literature on the measurement of risk spillover level among financial institutions and different types of financial sectors. The existing research for complex network model analysis is still focused on the construction of multiple symmetric correlation matrix, and the analysis of financial institutions through the construction of asymmetric correlation matrix is still a small number. Based on the classification of commercial banks, securities companies, insurance institutions and other types of financial institutions, this paper measures the impact of specific financial institutions on systemic risk from the perspective of risk spillover degree of financial institutions. Then, according to the nonparametric Granger causality test, the incidence matrix of financial institutions is constructed, and the financial institutions are used as nodes to depict and describe the incidence network indicators and network center properties of financial institutions. At the same time, the risk area is divided by combining the risk spillover index and the input/output value of financial institutions, so as to clearly identify the vulnerability of risk tolerance and the infectivity of risk transmission of financial institutions, in order to judge the risk prevention core and the key of targeted measures. The empirical results show that banking financial institutions are the core of China’s financial incidence network, and they have high stability. Securities financial institutions are at a high level in the level of systemic risk spillover and the degree of financial network connection, and they are the key sectors for China’s systemic risk prevention. The vulnerability and infectivity of different financial institutions are different, and the vulnerability and infectivity of the same financial institution are also different. The increase of capital scale does not mean the increase of risk contagion and vulnerability. Therefore, the risk identification of financial institutions should be comprehensive, not limited to a single standard. On the basis of focusing on the scale of financial institutions, combined with the direction, path and degree of risk impact of specific financial institutions, the risk prevention core is determined. At the same time, according to the different characteristics of risk vulnerability and risk contagion of financial institutions, we should implement targeted regulatory measures.

Evaluation of the UK Islamic Banking System, Challenges and Prospects

Under the UK financial law, Islamic banks are treated in the same way as conventional banks-there is no special Islamic banking law, nor is there any provision under the current banking law system for Islamic banks. The Financial Services Authority (FSA), the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Prudential Regulatory Authority (PRA) regulate and supervise all financial institutions, and this includes Islamic banks. However, the only official document to mention Islamic banks is a paper issued by Her Majesty’s Treasury, which simply explains Islamic banking rather than setting out any rules or regulations. The UK banking system’s policy is to not favoritise any specific type of financial institution; all institutions are treated equally, without giving Islamic banks a special treatment.The UK government has tried to facilitate and assist Islamic banks with developing and conducting their activities effectively. many obstacles that previously faced Islamic banks in the country have either been removed or at least reduced to some extent. These efforts have been made to open the gate for Islamic banks to enter the UK banking market and develop their business there. For example, as described in this paper, some changes have been made concerning tax regulation and legislation to help facilitate Islamic banking transactions. In addition, the Islamic Bank of Britain’s definition of ‘deposit’ has been modified to become more acceptable. Generally speaking, the Islamic banking industry in the UK is managed and organised very well, regardless of there being no special Islamic banking law. However, some issues are still existing and faced by Islamic banks in the UK, such as lack of Islamic banking law, shortage of experts, and lack of transparency. Thus, this paper evaluated and criticised the Islamic banking system of the UK and attempted to find out solutions for all these issues. Keywords: the United Kingdom, Islamic Banks and Challenges DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/10-8-04 Publication date: August 31 st 2020

Malaysian residential mortgage loan default: a micro-level analysis

PurposeThis study investigates factors contributing to residential mortgage loans default by utilizing a unique dataset of borrowers' default data from one of the pioneer lending institutions in Malaysia that provides home financing to the public. Studies on mortgage loan default have been extensively examined, but limited studies utilize the individual borrower's data, as financial institutions generally hesitant to reveal their customers' data due to confidentiality issue.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses logistic regression model to analyze 47,158 housing loan borrowers' data for the year 2016.FindingsThe findings suggest that male borrowers, Malay and other type of ethnicity, guarantor availability, loan original balance, loan tenure, loan interest rate and loan-to-value (LTV) ratio are the significant factors that influence mortgage loans default in Malaysia.Research limitations/implicationsFuture studies may expand the sample by employing data from other types of financial institutions that would give greater insights as findings might vary due to differences in objectives, functions and regulations. In addition, the findings are subjected to the censoring bias where future studies could perform the survival analysis to control for censoring bias and re-validating the findings of the present study.Practical implicationsThe findings provide valuable insights for lending institutions and the government to formulate housing loan policy in Malaysia.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study in the context of emerging economies that uses financial institution's internal data to investigate factors of mortgage loan default.

Legal Consequences of Dualism Regulations on Micro Waqf Bank as a Sharia Microfinance Institutions in Indonesia

The presence of types of financial institutions in Indonesia makes it easy for people to choose which financial services they need. Micro Waqf Bank is one of the Microfinance Institutions that applies sharia principles that are currently growing and developing. However, there are legal issues related to arrangements for organizing a Micro Waqf Bank with a cooperative legal entity, namely, there are two overlapping regulations, namely the Microfinance Institution legislation, and Cooperative regulations. The purpose of this study is necessary to find out whether the legal consequences arising in the process of establishment, implementation, or if there are problems encountered by Mikro Waqf Banks as a Sharia Microfinance Institution incorporated as a cooperative. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory approach and conceptual approach. This study shows that the dualism of Micro Waqf Bank arrangements gives rise to contradictions in the arrangements for the establishment, guidance, and supervision. The existence of this dualism of regulation also gives rise to legal consequences in the establishment of a Micro Waqf Bank incorporated as a cooperative. The legal consequences are related to the broader aspects of business activities based on MFI regulations compared to cooperative regulations. Legal consequences related to capital aspects that require Micro Waqf Banks have a certain amount of capital by MFI regulations. Then from the aspect of coaching and supervision in which there are an examination and evaluation, there is also a dualism which in the regulation of the function of the cooperative is carried out by the Ministry of Cooperatives but the existence of the MFI regulation of the fostering and supervision function is under the authority of the Financial Services Authority.

Financial Inclusion in Nigeria: Determinants, Challenges and Achievements

This article analyse several indicators of financial inclusion in Nigeria. The findings reveal that people with at least a secondary education and unemployed people had higher levels of debit card ownership, higher levels of account ownership of any type, and higher levels of account ownership in a financial institution. Also, people with at least a secondary education had higher levels of borrowings from a bank or another type of financial institution, and had lower levels of savings at a financial institution. On the other hand, savings using a savings club or persons outside the family decreased among females, poor people and among people with a primary education or less. Furthermore, there were fewer credit card ownership by unemployed people while credit card ownership increased among employed people, the richest people and among people with at least a secondary education. Also, borrowings from family or friends decreased for most categories in 2014 and 2017. Finally, the econometric estimation shows that borrowings and savings outside financial institutions (using family, friends or saving clubs) significantly contributed to economic growth than borrowing and savings through financial institutions. The findings have implications.

Water in the Wine? Monetary Policy and the Impact of Non-bank Financial Intermediaries

Canada was lauded for surviving the 2007-08 global financial crisis relatively unscathed. In part, this was due to the success of our financial services sector. This resilience, especially in contrast to the US banking sector, is partly explained by the smaller size of the non-bank financial intermediation (NBFI) sector in Canada – more popularly known as “shadow banking.” But signs of robust growth in Canada’s NBFI sector after the crisis suggest this resilience might be under threat. The assets of those institutions engaged in non-bank financial intermediation have continued to grow in Canada since the global financial crisis, and now account for a larger share of total financial assets than prior to the crisis. A more important NBFI sector has multiple effects on the financial system and on the economy. On the one hand, intermediaries in the sector, or NBFIs, provide alternatives for both depositors and borrowers that improve the functioning of the economy by increasing competition. On the other hand, they also might increase vulnerabilities, since they are often not as closely regulated, and deposit insurance does not cover their liabilities. We find that, as NBFI deposit growth increases in importance, it can dilute the effectiveness of monetary policy. This drag might be the result of depositors shifting between NBFIs and traditional banks, an effect that is exacerbated as the NBFI sector grows. We also find that contractionary monetary policy causes an increase in business credit growth for NBFIs and a fall in chartered bank business loan growth. Although the overall effect on business credit growth is the desired decrease, the increase in NBFI business loans both decreases monetary policy effectiveness and results in a riskier composition. Lastly, we find the insignificant effect on overall mortgage credit growth following a contractionary monetary policy shock appears to be driven by a shift of credit from traditional banks to NBFIs, and could be a concern from a financial stability perspective. Overall, these results highlight the importance of a growing NBFI sector for monetary policy and financial stability. Our findings suggest that both the traditional monetary policy tool of the overnight rate and tightening mortgage underwriting standards through macroprudential policy might have the unintended side effect of increasing financial instability. One way to reduce this potential side effect is to limit the migration of loans between traditional banks and NBFIs by tightening regulation of NBFIs to level the playing field between the two types of financial institutions. At a minimum, the systemically important NBFIs should face capital requirements and underwriting standards similar to those imposed on traditional banks. We hope these results help the Bank of Canada as it continues to evaluate and model the evolution of monetary policy transmission in the Canadian economy. To that end, NBFIs should be front and centre when the four coordinating bodies that provide systemic financial services oversight next meet.

The Role and Perception of Customer on Buying Behaviour Towards Real Estate Industry

This present study aims to explore the various dimensions and role of customer perception and buying behavior towards the growth of real estate industry in Chennai city of Tamil Nadu. The researcher has adopted survey method to gather the primary information from individuals those who shown interest to purchase and invest in real estate industry. The statistical tools such as, percentage analysis, descriptive statistics, mean based ranking, cluster and discriminant analysis has been applied for 148 samples collected in the study area. The result indicates that three dominant dimensions are significantly determine the purchase of real estate such as, Economic consideration factor, Livilihood Consideration factor and growth factor. Further, the result indicates that two types of purchasers are in the realm of real estate industry namely, individual investor and return seekers significantly differentiated with three purchase consideration factors. The real estate industry provides higher earnings to the buyers across the country to have better investment decisions and economic growth. Thus, leads to higher industrial growth, enhancement in socio economic conditions, strengthening the financial system, increase in financial leverages and lending among the individuals through different types of financial institutions in India.

Financial Advice and Portfolio Diversification

This paper examines whether households diversify their investment portfolios and whether portfolio diversification could be affected by where investors seek advice. We found that respondents find advice from banks, insurance companies, and brokerage houses less helpful compared to reading investment research and financial periodicals when making their portfolio decisions. Comparing among the advice from all type of financial institution or financial professionals, it is found that advice from brokerage houses is still the most helpful. But when looking at their actual portfolio diversification, those who rely on brokers’ advice ended up with a less diversified portfolio. These findings support our hypothesis that investors’ portfolio could be negatively influenced because of the services they received from brokerage houses.

Meaning and Problems of Identification of Beta Coefficient When Valuing Financial Institutions

The aim of this article consists in the analysis of the beta coefficient presented in different areas for three types of financial institutions: banks, investment banks and life insurance companies. In the final evaluation, we analyse whether the beta coefficient has a high tendency to reach number one and whether there is a relatively stabilized position of the beta coefficient different from one for a certain period and a certain financial institution on a certain market and whether it is possible to avoid a relatively complicated process of beta coefficient identification in income valuation. For that reason, the analysis of the five-year beta coefficient in the years 2000-2014 was performed for the USA, developed European, emerging European, developed Asian and emerging Asian regions. The analysis proved that the beta coefficient values are lower than the magic one, meaning that using a beta coefficient equal to one is possible only in some specific cases. Also, stability of the beta coefficient with some permitted deviation was identified only for some financial institutions and for some markets, for example 0.6 for banks on the developed Asian market and 0.35 on the US market.

Determinants of agri-lending in Kenya

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that influence financial institutions’ lending to the agricultural sector in Kenya.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs a panel data of 15 licensed financial institutions (commercial banks and deposit-taking microfinance institutions) from 2011 to 2016. The random effects and ordinary least squares panel corrected standard errors estimation techniques are employed to estimate the effect of liquidity, size, equity, lending rate (LR), type of financial institution and non-performing loans on agri-lending.FindingsThe results indicate that only 3.9 per cent of loan portfolio of the sampled financial institutions were advanced to the agricultural sector over the study period. From the panel regression analysis, the paper finds agricultural credit risk to reduce lending to the agricultural sector while size, LR and type of financial institution were observed to significantly increase agricultural lending. Compared to 2011, agri-lending was also observed to have declined between 2012 and 2015.Practical implicationsThe findings highlight important indicators for enhancing lending to the agricultural sector in Kenya and other emerging economies.Originality/valueAs far as the authors are concerned, this presents the first empirical evidence on the determinants of agri-lending by financial institutions in Kenya.

Nexus between customer preference and operation of conventional banks Islamic windows in Pakistan

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the nexus between preferences of customers toward operations of Islamic windows from conventional banks. However, financial institution system of any country has a dominant importance for its growth level. This study makes a comparative analysis and nexus among Islamic windows of conventional banks, Islamic and conventional banks. Design/methodology/approach A well-designed questionnaire has been made and distributed among three types of bank customers to get their perception and preference regarding services qualities and operations from all three types of financial institutions. This study used statistical package of social sciences software for data analysis. Findings The results revealed that customers from Islamic windows have serious dispute on its Shariah-compliant regulation and fifty one per cent (51 per cent) of customer did not trust on the member of Shariah board. The mid age of customers preferred the services of Islamic windows, as it has multi-dimensional options for customers. Finally, customers from almost all three types prestigious that technology has found a significant impact for better service qualities and found a positive change in customer behavior. Originality/value This study is a first ever attempt in its nature to investigate that the customer’s preferences and different operations exist in three types of banking system in Pakistan. This study also helps to policymakers regarding customer needs and wants to provide better services.