Types Of Financial Crises Research Articles

Do sanctions trigger financial crises?

We investigate the effect of sanctions on the occurrence of financial crises. We use the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm to check whether binary classification mechanism selects sanctions as a predictive factor for the different types of financial crises. We find that trade sanctions matter for the increased probability of banking crises, while military sanctions are associated with currency crises. We find no evidence of the effect of sanctions on sovereign debt crises. We furthermore indicate which variables and their respective thresholds serve as potential harbingers of financial crises.

The sectoral trade losses from financial crises

Abstract The “Great Trade Collapse” triggered by the 2008-2009 crisis calls for a careful assessment of the trade losses from financial crises. We adopt a more detailed perspective by looking at the response of different types of trade (i.e. consumption, intermediate, capital goods, and business services) following various types of financial crises (i.e. debt, banking, and currency crises) in 41 emerging markets. Estimations performed in the 1980-2019 period using a combination of impact assessment and local projections to capture a causal dynamic effect running from financial crises to the trade activity show that the collapse of total trade is long-lasting and mainly driven by the fall of intermediate goods and to some extent capital goods, while trade in consumption goods and business services is more resilient to crises. Therefore, financial crises could lead to considerable disruption of global value chains, as observed during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), and easily spill over from one country to another through trade linkages. The examination of heterogeneity reveals that total and sectoral trade is more severely impacted in countries with a lower share of manufacturing exports, less diversified exported products, and trading partners, with lower demand from trading partners and when associated with a deterioration of the domestic and external financial conditions and sudden stops. By contributing to the understanding of the trade effects of financial crises, our analysis provides insightful support for the design and implementation of policies aimed at coping with these effects.

A new comprehensive database of financial crises: Identification, frequency, and duration

This paper introduces a new database of financial crises, providing an important insight into the causes, duration, and consequences of different types of financial crises. Besides extending the systemic banking crises database by Laeven and Valencia (2020) to the period 1970–2019, we develop new approaches for the identification of currency and sovereign debt crises, which we regard as preferable in some respects to those in the literature. Covering 206 countries, our crises database draws on 151 systemic banking crises (1970–2019), 414 currency crises (1950–2019), 200 sovereign debt crises (1960–2019), 75 twin crises (1970–2019), and 21 triple crises (1970–2019). We provide evidence that banking and debt crises tend to coincide or precede currency crises, while debt crises and banking crises are less likely to coincide with or precede each other. We also find that advanced countries experienced longer banking crises but shorter currency, debt, twin, and triple crises.

The Sectoral Trade Losses from Financial Crises

The “Great Trade Collapse” triggered by the 2008-09 crisis calls for a careful assessment of the trade losses from financial crises. We adopt a more detailed perspective by looking at the response of different types of trade (i.e. agricultural, mining, and manufactured goods, and services) following various types of financial crises (i.e. debt, banking, and currency crises). Estimations performed on the 1980-2018 period using a combination of impact assessment and local projections to capture a causal dynamic effect running from financial crises to the trade activity show that the collapse of total trade is long-lasting and mainly driven by the fall of manufacturing and to some extent services trade. These causal effects are found to operate through three channels: a structural, a demand-side, and a supply-side channel. By contributing to the understanding of the trade effects of financial crises, our analysis provides insightful support for the design and implementation of policies aimed at coping with these effects.

Financial Crises and Human Development

This study examines the impact of financial crises on human development over a panel of 113 countries for the years 1980-2017. Special attention is given to the effects of different types of financial crises on overall human development and its components: health, education, and income. Relying on a System-GMM estimator, this study finds that financial crises are more important than political, institutional, and economic factors to explain the human development dynamics. Moreover, all types of financial crises have both short- and long-run adverse effects on human development and its components. Such deteriorations are permanent and increase the burden for future generations, especially for low-income households. Nevertheless, education is less affected by financial crises than health and income. Furthermore, low- and middle-income countries pay a higher price, in terms of human development loss, than developed countries as consequences of financial crises.

A new comprehensive database of financial crisis: Identification, frequency and duration

This paper introduces a new database of financial crises, providing an important insight into the causes, duration, and consequences of different types of financial crises. Besides extending the systemic banking crises database by Laeven and Valencia (2020) to the period 1970–2019, we develop new approaches for the identification of currency and sovereign debt crises, which we regard preferable in some respects to those in the literature. Covering 206 countries, our crises database draws on 151 systemic banking crises (1970-2019), 414 currency crises (1950-2019), 200 sovereign debt crises (1960-2019), 75 twin crises (1970-2019), and 21 triple crises (1970-2019). We provide evidence that banking and debt crises tend to coincide or precede currency crises, while debt crises and banking crises are less likely to coincide or precede each other. We also find that advanced countries experienced longer banking crises but shorter currency, debt, twin, and triple crises.

Financial catastrophes are sometimes more endogenous Nuclear Swans than exogenous Black Swans

There are two types of financial crises: 1) Exogenous types arising first in the real economy and then transferring to the financial markets, and 2) Endogenous types arising within the financial markets themselves (and then potentially transferring to real economies depending on their severity) In the current paper we examine the nature of the endogenous financial crises, and their common origins in over-reliance on financial models, and implementation via financial derivatives

CRESCIMENTO ECONÔMICO E REGIMES CAMBIAIS: ANÁLISE DE PAINEL

O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a importância dos regimescambiais para o crescimento econômico utilizando uma amostra de 82 países, noperíodo de 1970 a 2009, e também avaliar o papel dos diversos tipos de crisesfinanceiras. Os resultados das estimações System GMM indicam que países comregimes de câmbio flexível e intermediários tiveram maiores taxas de crescimentoem comparação com os que adotaram regimes de câmbio rígido/fixo no períodototal (1970 a 2009), porém, tal resultado não é robusto para o período de 1990 a2009. Tal resultado deve estar associado ao fato de que regimes de câmbio flexívele intermediário são menos propensos a estar associados a significativas apreciaçõescambiais que têm impacto negativo sobre o setor exportador. Para o períodopós-1970, o crescimento econômico depende de variáveis como taxa de inflação,anos de educação (proxy para capital humano), termos de troca e taxa de investimento.Já no período pós-1990, a variável gastos do governo como percentualdo PIB (proxy para disciplina fiscal) tem significância estatística e sinal negativo, indicandoque uma maior (menor) disciplina fiscal está associada a maiores (menores)taxas de crescimento econômico. Quanto às diversas crises, estas não tiveramsignificância estatística para o crescimento, com exceção das crises de reversãobrusca nos fluxos de capitais no período pós-1990.

The Impact of Financial Crises on the Informal Economy: The Turkish Case

Turkey has a large informal economy and has been hit by severe financial crises causing a devastating impact on its economy. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of financial crises on the informal economy in Turkey. We distinguish between four types of financial crises that make up or aggregate financial crises: internal, external, currency and banking crises. Using vector autoregression (VARX) in the presence of two key variables (the financial crisis and the informal economy), we conduct annual time series analysis from 1980 to 2011 and estimate the response of the informal economy to each type of crisis. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study to examine the effects of financial crises on the informal economy in the context of the Turkish economy. The results show that each type of crisis produces a significantly positive response to the informal economy. In particular, the findings of this paper show that financial crises tend to have a permanent positive effect on the informal economy, suggesting that the informal economy is an important buffer, which tends to expand in times of crises in Turkey. (JEL E26, G01)

Determinants of financial crises—An early warning system based on panel logit regression

AbstractDespite the fact that different types of financial crises are rooted in similar weaknesses of economy or may have common determinants, the very transmission mechanism may determine one category as leading or lagging behind others. We are focused on financial crises that necessarily have the features of systemic banking crises and assess econometric early warning system of 64 systemic banking crises that occurred in the period from 1977 to 2013. The paper employs two different procedures, based on panel logit regression. The dynamic discrete‐choice (binary) early warning model clearly outperformed the static model. The set of significant explanatory variables changed relative to the findings of the static model. The most significant predictor of the crises in the better performing model is deposit insurance system, followed by international reserves, M2‐to‐international reserves ratio, M2 multiplier, bank deposits, and bank reserves ratio. The statistical significance of the lagged variable confirmed the necessity to take the effect of crisis persistence into account.

Crises and emissions: New empirical evidence from a large sample

In this paper, we empirically assess by means of the local projection method, the impact of different types of financial crises on a variety of pollutant emissions categories for a sample of 86 countries between 1980 and 2012. We find that financial crises in general lead to a fall in CO2 and methane emissions. When hit by a debt crisis, a country experiences a rise in emissions stemming from either energy related activities or industrial processes. During periods of slack, financial crises in general had a positive impact on both methane and nitrous oxide emissions. If a financial crisis hit an economy when it was engaging in contractionary fiscal policies, this led to a negative response of CO2 and production-based emissions.

Crisis financieras: esta vez no es distinto

This article discusses the main theoretical characteristics of several types of financial crises. With this objective in mind, it presents a detailed explanation of the functioning of the modern financial system, recent history of macroeconomics, and the conceptual and empirical properties of financial crises. It concludes that a central bank is limited to act against credit bubbles and that current macroeconomic models cannot explain correctly interactions in financial markets. In addition, it deduces the possibility that emerging economies worldwide will experience financial crisis in the coming months.

Is a more financially open world riskier?

The paper studies co-movement and causality between global financial openness and nearly all known types of financial crises during 1970–2014. It builds on a composite measure of global financial openness, which synthesizes three well-established indicators (de-jure, de-facto capital account openness and the KOF economic globalization index). I use linear and nonparametric Granger (no) causality tests as well as wavelet-based techniques to characterize the dynamic dependence, which appears rather weak. Only in case of systemic and triple crises, this dependence is found more robust. I offer two explanations for the elusive openness-crisis nexus. First, the impact of global financial openness on the frequency of crises can be indirect, transmitted through global macro-fundamentals (world real GDP growth rates, global inflation and commodity prices). Second, capital account liberalization can be self-reinforcing. Despite an increased risk of crises, countries, which have partly implemented such reforms, are likely to proceed. In doing so, they are often guided by their peers in a regional integration agreement. Overall, the findings of the paper question the widespread assertion that increasing global financial openness undermines financial stability.

Most Speculative Attacks Do Not Succeed: Currency Crises and Currency Crashes

While there has been considerable research on currency crises, relatively little attention has been given to whether they are successful or not. We investigate this question for a set of 32 emerging market economies for the period 1980–2014. In the literature, many different measures of currency crises have been used, but almost all use some variants of exchange market pressure indices that look at changes in exchange rates, international reserves, and often also interest rates. These vary mainly in their specific specifications such as how to weigh the different variables. Therefore, to check the robustness of our results we use six different specifications. A second type of measure is also sometimes used. These focus only on large depreciations of exchange rates. While often called measures of currency crises they are really only measures of currency crashes. We thus take this approach as a measure of successful attacks. Using a wider range of thresholds than studies such as Lavean and Valencia’s, a well-known dataset of different types of financial crises, we still find that the vast majority of speculative attacks are not successful.

The Impact of Financial Crises on the Poor

AbstractFinancial crises have detrimental impacts on the economy via depressed economic growth and rising unemployment, however, their impact on the poorest in society is relatively under‐researched. This paper investigates the impact of three different types of financial crises on the income of the poor. Using a variety of estimation techniques and controlling for a lagged dependent variable, the results suggest that currency crises are the most harmful to the poor, followed by banking crises. Debt crises only have a statistically significant effect on the income of the poor in richer countries. © 2017 The Authors Journal of International Development Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

THE PRO-CYCLICALITY OF LOAN LOSS PROVISIONS: EVIDENCE FROM SELECTED EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES

This study investigated the evidence of pro-cyclical behaviour of loan loss provision in four East Asian countries, namely Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and Hong Kong for the period 1995-2009. Pro-cyclical is defined as building up more loan loss provision during the bad times and reducing them in good times. This study hypothesized that pro-cyclical behaviour of loan loss provision exists in East Asian countries, since they had experienced two types of financial crises – Asian financial crisis in 1997 and global economic crisis in 2008. Utilising a sample of 47 banks, the findings demonstrated that there is evidence of a pro-cyclical pattern in the countries studied, as shown by the negative relationship between loan loss provision and GDP. This study does have a policy implication, where bank regulators should take pro-active action in addressing the issue of pro-cyclicality of loan loss provision because in bad times, increasing loan loss provision would affect the bank’s profit, weaken the bank’s capital, and in turn, diminish its lending activities to creditworthy borrowers. Keywords: Pro-cyclical, Loan loss provision, Malaysian bank

Indicators of Financial Crises Do Work! An Early-warning System for Six Asian Countries

Indicators of financial crisis generally do not have a good track record. This paper presents an early warning system for six countries in Asia, in which indicators do work.We distinguish three types of financial crises, currency crises, banking crises and debt crises, and extract four groups of indicators from the literatureexternal, financial, domestic (real and public), and global indicatorsthat are likely to affect the probability of financial crises. The significance of the indicator groups is tested in a multivariate logit model on a panel of six Asian countries for the period 1970:01-2001:12. An additional feature is that we examine four different currency crisis dating definitions. A within-sample signal extraction experiment reveals that some currency crises dating schemes outperform others.

Austerity and recovery: Exchange rate regime choice, economic growth, and financial crises

Our study investigates the role of the exchange rate regime to explain the empirical link between financial crises and economic activity. We examine the relationship between real per capita GDP growth, exchange rate regimes, and the incidence of crises. Asymmetries are also explored. While exchange rate regimes of all types can promote positive economic growth, disaggregation by region or country type yields significantly different results. Pegged regimes work best for emerging market economies while crawling regimes deliver the greatest boost to economic growth in the G20. However, unlike the extant literature, the foregoing positive influences are offset when economies are in a downturn. An important finding is that exchange rate regimes and financial crises interact. In almost all cases and types of financial crises, pegged regimes exert a negative impact on economic growth even after controlling for several economic factors.

THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISES AND THEIR TYPES

In this study the author reveals the essence of the financial crisis and examines the various types of financial crises. By studying the literature on financial crises, the author of the studypays attention to three specific areas: the definition of the crisis, the manifestations of the crisis and the types of financial crises. The article notes that the term "financial crisis" is widely used in a variety of situations in which some financial assets suddenly lose most of their nominal value, but it does not necessarily lead to changes in the real economy. The financial crisis is a crisis that is systematically covers financial markets and institutions of the financial sector, international finance, money circulation and credit, state, municipal and corporate finance. Financial crises have common elements, but they come in different forms. Financial crises are generally multidimensional events and are difficult to characterize using a single indicator. The author considers the following types of financial crises: a banking crisis, a currency crisis, speculative bubbles and international financial crises. Banking crisis is a situation when a bank faces with a sudden outflow of depositors' funds. A currency crisis is a situation when the exchange rate, which is pegged to the currency of another country, is on the verge of collapse, causing committed speculation. A speculative bubble is in the case of large, sustainable overpricing of any asset class. Financial crises are reflected in a sharp rise in interest rates, a collapse in exchange rates, massive withdrawal of deposits from banks and credit crunch, currency and debt crisis.

Fire‐sale FDI? The Impact of Financial Crises on Foreign Direct Investment

AbstractWe analyze the evolution of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to developing and emerging countries around financial crises. We empirically examine the Fire‐Sale FDI hypothesis and describe the pattern of FDI inflows surrounding financial crises. We also add a more granular detail about the types of financial crises and their potentially differential effects on FDI. We distinguish between mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and greenfield investment, as well as between horizontal (tariff jumping) and vertical (integrating production stages) FDI. We find that financial crises have a strong negative effect on inward FDI in our sample. Crises are also shown to reduce the value of horizontal and vertical FDI. We do not find empirical evidence of fire‐sale FDI; on the contrary, financial crises are shown to affect FDI flows and M&A activity negatively.