Types Of Fabrics Research Articles

Efficient Fabric Classification and Object Detection Using YOLOv10

The YOLO (You Only Look Once) series is renowned for its real-time object detection capabilities in images and videos. It is highly relevant in industries like textiles, where speed and accuracy are critical. In the textile industry, accurate fabric type detection and classification are essential for improving quality control, optimizing inventory management, and enhancing customer satisfaction. This paper proposes a new approach using the YOLOv10 model, which offers enhanced detection accuracy, processing speed, and detection on the torn path of each type of fabric. We developed and utilized a specialized, annotated dataset featuring diverse textile samples, including cotton, hanbok, cotton yarn-dyed, and cotton blend plain fabrics, to detect the torn path in fabric. The YOLOv10 model was selected for its superior performance, leveraging advancements in deep learning architecture and applying data augmentation techniques to improve adaptability and generalization to the various textile patterns and textures. Through comprehensive experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of YOLOv10, which achieved an accuracy of 85.6% and outperformed previous YOLO variants in both precision and processing speed. Specifically, YOLOv10 showed a 2.4% improvement over YOLOv9, 1.8% over YOLOv8, 6.8% over YOLOv7, 5.6% over YOLOv6, and 6.2% over YOLOv5. These results underscore the significant potential of YOLOv10 in automating fabric detection processes, thereby enhancing operational efficiency and productivity in textile manufacturing and retail.

Extraction of Natural Dye using Peels of Citrus Fruits for Enhancing Color Fastness of Fabrics

The current study investigates the extraction of dyestuff using citrus fruits and assesses its color, light, rubbing, and perspiration fastness. For the experimental study, three types of citrus fruits—orange, lemon, and grapefruit—were chosen to extract dye from their peels. The dye was applied to two types of fabrics (100% cotton and a blended fabric made of polyester-cotton (PC) with a ratio of 50:50) using the conventional aqueous method. The results revealed the remarkable efficacy of orange dye on both fabric types, demonstrating excellent color fastness attributes, with a minor preference for PC fabric in washing fastness. In contrast, lemon dye displayed better washing fastness properties on the tested materials as well as considerable staining potential. Grapefruit dye performed exceptionally well in terms of water and perspiration fastness. Future research could focus on improving dye extraction techniques for citrus fruits to increase color absorption and penetration. Determining various solvents, time duration for dyeing, and temperature settings could enhance the dyeing performance and effectiveness of natural dyes in different industrial applications. Further studies could also conduct life cycle assessments to measure the environmental impact of using citrus peels as a natural dye source compared to synthetic dyes in the textile industry.

Evaluation of mechanical behaviour of vegetal FRCM composites through the DIC technique: Effects of textile pre-impregnation and short flax fibres

FRCM composites are intended for the reinforcement of structural elements such as concrete and masonry. In the current environmental context, vegetal FRCM made from plant textiles such as flax, hemp or jute represent a promising alternative to synthetic FRCM typically made from carbon or glass textiles. However, the mechanical behaviour and damage mechanism of these vegetal composites are intricate and require further investigation to improve their appeal for real-world applications. This paper investigates the global and local tensile behaviour of vegetal FRCM composites using Digital Image Correlation (DIC). Three different types of textiles have been selected for Flax-FRCM (flax textile), Jute-FRCM (jute textile) and Carbon-FRCM (carbon textile) composites, which serve as references. The objective is to evaluate the influence of the physical and mechanical properties of the textiles, the addition of short flax fibres to the mineral matrix, the pre-impregnation of the plant textiles in the mineral matrix and the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical performance of the composites. The results showed that these parameters significantly affect the FRCM mechanical response in terms of the stress-strain curves, tensile properties, crack spacing, crack widths and their evolution during loading, failure mode and the exploitation rate of the textile in the composite (efficiency factor, crucial for structural applications). Furthermore, combining textile pre-impregnation with the addition of short flax fibres showed the best tensile performance for vegetal FRCM composites, notably through a significant reduction in crack widths and textile failures in the centre of the specimen.

Potential Penetration of Engineered Nanoparticles under Practical Use of Protective Clothing Fabrics.

The commercial application of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) has rapidly increased as their unique properties are useful to improve many products. ENPs, however, can pose a major health risk to workers through exposure routes such as inhalation and dermal contact. Research is lacking on the protective nature of lab coats when challenged with ENPs. This study investigated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon black (CB), and nano aluminum oxide (Al2O3) penetration through four types of lab coat fabrics (cotton, polypropylene, polyester cotton, and Tyvek). Penetration efficiency was determined with direct reading instruments. The front and back of contaminated fabric swatches were further assessed with microscopy analysis to determine fabric structure with contaminated and penetrated particle morphology and level of fabric contamination. Fabric thickness, porosity, structure, surface chemistry, and ENP characteristics such as shape, morphology, and hydrophobicity were assessed to determine the mechanisms behind particle capture on the four common fabrics. CNTs penetrated all fabrics significantly less than the other ENPs. CNT average penetration across all fabrics was 1.83% compared to 15.74 and 11.65% for CB and Al2O3, respectively. This can be attributed to their fiber shape and larger agglomerates than those of other ENPs. Tyvek fabric was found to be the most protective against CB and Al2O3 penetration, with an average penetration of 0.06 and 0.11%, respectively, while polypropylene was the least protective with an average penetration of 40.36 and 15.77%, respectively. Tyvek was the most nonporous fabric with a porosity of 0.50, as well as the most hydrophobic fabric, explaining the low penetration across all three ENPs. Polypropylene is the most porous fabric with a porosity of 0.77, making it the least protective against ENPs. We conclude that porosity, fabric structure, and thickness are more important fabric characteristics to consider when discussing particle penetration through protective clothing fabrics than surface chemistry.

ASSESSMENT OF THE DOMESTIC WORKWEAR MARKET

The research paper examines the development of the market for tailoring work clothes in Ukraine. The European and domestic classification of types of work clothes and the corresponding segmentation of the market are given. Special purpose clothing guarantees protection to employees from the adverse effects of the working environment, reduces the risk of industrial injuries and shows their individuality. Under modern conditions, the market of overalls is developing rapidly, taking into account the growing need for it among enterprises in the construction industry, manufacturing industry, distribution of electricity, gas and water, wholesale and retail trade, tourism, medicine, the service sector and other industries. Therefore, the analysis of the development of the overalls market requires in-depth research and is an important and urgent issue. The article provides an assessment of the current state of the workwear market in terms of changes in the number of enterprises, volumes of merchandise and sales of special purpose products. The domestic market of work clothes and personal protective equipment maintains a stable growth trend. In particular, new business entities dealing with their tailoring and implementation are being opened. They expand the range of special purpose products; improve their quality and aesthetic appearance. The article outlines the trends in the development of the workwear market in Ukraine: cost optimization for the purchase of better quality workwear; the emergence of new technologies in the production of work clothes increase the requirements for the innovative component of the clothing market; orientation of manufacturers of work clothes mainly on consumers of low and medium price segments; growth in the amount of tailoring of uniforms for the Armed Forces, the State Emergency Service, and medical workers based on military needs; increase in the number of competing companies. Based on this, the ways of further improvement of the scope of sales regarding the tailoring of work clothes are planned: to make comfortable multi-functional overalls for active life and work; to revitalize the digitization of the market for the sale of workwear; to involve nanotechnology in the production of overalls (fabrics: a generator, a cooler, which changes color under the influence of water, heat and light, which is not subject to damage when using a knife). As a result of taking these measures, companies producing special purpose clothing will increase their competitiveness both on the domestic and European markets.

Unravelling the function of funerary pottery vessels of the 2nd-1st millennia BC in the Dailaman Province (Iran) through typology, petrography, and organic residue analyses.

Pottery vessels often comprise major burial goods at archaeological sites, thus providing valuable information for reconstructing past mortuary practices. However, because of the uncertainty of its function or use, which has been interpreted mostly through typological studies alone, the analytical potential of pottery as a burial good has not been fully exploited. This study applied bio-chemical and geochemical analyses for the first time to funerary pottery vessels of the Iron Age of North Iran to examine their function and use. The study materials are from the necropolis of Ghalekuti, Dailaman, excavated in the 1960s. Direct radiocarbon dating conducted on human and animal bones in the graves and typological analysis of the pottery anchored the chronological position of the pottery materials to the 2nd and 1st millennium BC. A petrographic analysis revealed that pottery vessels can be classified into six fabric types, including those with coarse tempers that are effective for cooking. Pottery pastes with finer inclusions less suited for cooking appeared during the early first millennium BC (Iron Age III). To obtain further insight into the function of the pottery, we conducted organic residue analyses. The results demonstrated that the vessels retained remains of botanical and animal origin. In particular, jars with tubular spouts, characteristic of the Iron Age III period, were likely specialised for botanical products. Interestingly, both carcass and dairy products from ruminant animals (cattle and caprine) were processed in short-neck jars and bowls, including spouted bowls, suggesting their use in a liquid state. Products from ruminants, particularly dairy products, may have played a significant role in the daily and ritual use of pottery vessels during the study period in Northern Iran. These results indicate that a range of pottery vessels used for specific purposes before the burial was offered for graves, helping us better understand the mortuary practices of Iron Age Iran.

Dynamic damage behavior of auxetic textile reinforced concrete under impact loading

To investigate the dynamic compression behavior of Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) under impact load, low speed and high speed impact tests were performed using a ball drop test and a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) with ϕ50mm, respectively. In view of the advantages of auxetic materials in impact resistance and energy absorption, the auxetic fiber preforms with negative Poisson's ratio effect were woven into meshes and added to the cement-based materials to obtain the auxetic textile-reinforced concrete. Thus, the auxetic textile reinforced cement-based material is obtained. In this paper, TRC with different textile types, laying layers and surface treatments were prepared, and impact tests with different impact speeds were carried out to evaluate the impact resistance of TRC. The impact damage behavior of TRC was analyzed through the method of digital scattering analysis, and then the impact damage mechanism of TRC was investigated. The results show that the auxetic effect of auxetic textiles can still be stabilized under impact loads of different velocities, which provides better control of deformation and energy consumption in the matrix material. Under different impact heights of falling balls, the impact fracture energy of cementitious materials reinforced with auxetic textiles was increased by up to 22.5 and 20 times, respectively, compared with that of blank samples.

Assessment of household preferences for net textile type (polyester versus polyethylene) for decision-making of the National Malaria Control Programme in Burkina Faso: methods for a quasi-experimental study

BackgroundA quasi-experimental comparative trial will be designed in Burkina Faso. The study will compare the use and preferences for two groups types of insecticide-treated nets textile: polyester-based and polyethylene-based, according to their use and preferences in selected health districts. These health districts will be selected in three eco-climate zones (Sahelian, dry savannah and wet savannah) in the country. These findings will inform decisions on future net procurements for national malaria control programme in 2025.MethodsQuantitative surveys and qualitative data collection will be carried out to gather information on the type of net textile most commonly used and preferred by the community. They will be performed between the end of the dry season and the early rainy season. The quantitative surveys involved household interviews with households and individuals’ questionnaires, while the qualitative data collection involved in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions to explore and clarify some key evaluation criteria. A total of 9450 insecticide-treated nets were surveyed for quantitative survey purposes. For the qualitative study, 48 in-depth individual interviews and 12 focus group discussions were carried out. A mixed model approach combining the results from quantitative surveys and qualitative studies will be used for decision-making on the type of insecticide-treated net preference.ConclusionThis methodological approach will be used by the National Malaria Control Programme to conduct this study on determinants of net use in Burkina Faso in order to provide robust evidence across diverse settings. This mixed-methods approach for data collection and analysis could be used in other countries to provide evidence that would help to increase the uptake of insecticide-treated nets, the main vector control tool in Africa.

Synthesis parameters and formulation of metakaolin based geopolymer matrix composites for high‐temperature applications (1150°C)

AbstractGeopolymer matrix composites (GMCs) are actively being developed for high‐temperature applications. In this work, we investigated different composite preparation parameters, such as the elaboration conditions (time, temperature and pressure) and composite dimensions (number of folds and surface area). In addition, we studied the effect of alkali cations (NaK or K), on metakaolin based geopolymer matrix composition, and textile type (N312, N610) of the composites on fiber–matrix interactions in high‐temperature geopolymer composites and their flexural behavior. The process we ultimately selected was as follows: an 8.5‐fold composite of surface area 100 cm2 was pressed for 2 h at 120°C. After thermal treatment at 1150°C, composites containing the N312 textile with B2O3 showed greater heterogeneity, viscous flow and lower flexural strength (7 MPa) due to fiber–matrix interactions. In contrast, above 1150°C, composites with the N610 textile had no fiber–matrix interactions and showed greater flexural strength (51 MPa). The specific flexural strength correlated well with the overmodifying element ratio based on the composite composition. In fact, the presence of viscous flow suggested that boron and some aluminum atoms could act as network modifiers. Thus, the two ratios were or depending on the presence of viscous flow.

Thermal insulation provided by chairs with various clothing ensembles

The thermal insulation provided by chairs significantly influences human thermal comfort. On the one hand, it modifies the heat exchange mechanism at the contact points between the body and the chair surface. On the other hand, an increase in local thermal insulation can exacerbate differences in thermal insulation across various areas of the body, impacting overall comfort. However, the thermal insulation data for chairs are decades old and thus need to be updated to reflect modern designs and materials. Six typical office chairs were tested using a thermal manikin dressed in five typical clothing ensembles (ranging from summer to winter). The effective thermal insulation of the chairs varied between 0.04 and 0.14 clo when tested in the nude. The added values ranged from 0.04 to 0.30 clo when tested with different clothing ensembles. Higher clothing levels correspond to higher added chair thermal insulation. Therefore, a simple weighing method was developed to adjust the seasonal coefficient of the mean chair insulation value (0.75 in summer, 1.0 in transition, and 1.25 in winter). Furthermore, a simple model was established for calculating the overall clothing level for a seated person. The model was validated using data measured in this experiment and other external sources, with a minimum prediction mean error of 1.4 %. This study provides a reference for accurately acquiring the thermal insulation value of chairs for a seated person in thermal comfort studies.

Design and Coupled Moisture-Thermal Transfer Simulation of Opposite Cross-Section Polyethylene Terephthalate Knitted Fabric with Hygroscopic Quick-Drying Capability.

In addition to sportswear and outdoor equipment, moisture-absorbent quick-drying fabrics are also widely used in everyday clothing and home textiles. In this study, three types of weft-knitted fabrics were designed using Coolmax fiber and polypropylene fiber. The Coolmax/PP fabric exhibits good stretchability with a strain of 180.5% and achieves a high cumulative individual transfer capability of 691.6%, with a water absorption rate of 50.2%/s. The moisture conductivity gradient presented good moisture and heat conductivity in a simulated human body temperature environment using an infrared camera. Furthermore, mathematical modeling was constructed and visual simulation analysis was conducted to explore moisture-thermal transfer behavior. The simulation results closely align with experimental data, providing insights into designing flexible and wearable quick-drying fabrics for thermal management.

Condition-based Predictive Maintenance as an Efficient Strategy for Industrializing Additive Manufacturing Technology

Objective: Traditional manufacturing has several issues to determine a general maintenance strategy. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a special type of fabrication, which possesses different issues, especially uncertainty failure cases. This forms a big obstacle to becoming an industrialized production strategy. The objective of this work is to provide the most suitable maintenance strategy in order to reduce the likelihood of failure that can help in industrializing the AM technology. Methods: Among the different maintenance strategies, Predictive Maintenance (PdM) became widely treated in academia and industry. According to the methods used for detecting the failure signs, it can be classified into two types: Condition-Based Predictive Maintenance (CBPdM) and Statistical-Based Predictive Maintenance (SBPdM). The use of the last type highly depends on available and accessible data. However, CBPdM depends on only periodic or continuous condition monitoring tools for detecting the failure signs. Results: The existence of various types of failure cases yields to a big difficulty to predict failures. In addition, because of insufficient data, SBPdM cannot be selected as a suitable maintenance strategy for additive manufacturing. According to the presented examples, the CBPdM can be considered here as the best maintenance strategy for AM. Conclusion: CBPdM strategy is the best compromise between cost and applicability where there is not enough data. This selected maintenance approach represents an efficient tool in industrializing AM technology.

Optimized Gabor Filter Banks and Autoencoder Models for Enhanced Knitted Fabric Defect Detection

There is a high need for an automated system to detect fabric defects, as the current manual methods used in the garment industries in Nepal are unreliable and costly. Previous research has focused on specific fabric defects rather than overall fabric defects efficiently. This research employs two autoencoder models to identify different defects across different types of knitted fabrics, utilizing two datasets: the SFDG dataset and a custom dataset prepared from Butwal’s garment industries. The models benefit from a carefully designed Gabor filter bank to examine fabric compositions. This filter bank is fine-tuned by modifying parameters, wavelength, and orientation to detect varieties of defects in knitted fabrics. These models get feature representations from the Gabor filter bank’s outputs and help the system adapt to different types of defect patterns, making defect detection more reliable and accurate. The nearest neighbor density estimator finds possible defects and marks on the fabric images. The model's effectiveness and strength are shown by validating it on different types of knitted fabrics, including plain and patterned fabrics, using evaluation metrices like cTPR and ROC AUC. The first model achieves a cTPR of 0.879 and an AUC score of 0.947, while the second model achieves a cTPR of 0.899 and an AUC score of 0.958.

From Waste to Wonder: Leveraging Rust Dyeing and Eco-Printing for Modern Sustainable Textiles

In rust dyeing, rusted objects are repurposed to transfer unique patterns and earthy tones onto fabric, transforming what might be considered waste into beautiful, sustainable works of art. This study investigates the combined effects of rust dyeing and eco-printing on different fabric types—cotton, modal, viscose, and polyester. Rust dyeing was performed using rusted iron nails to impart earthy tones of brown and orange to the fabrics. Following the dyeing process, eco-printing was carried out using Psidium guajava (guava) leaves that were pre-mordanted with a ferrous sulphate solution. The colourfastness, pattern quality, and overall appearance of the rust-dyed fabrics post eco-printing was assessed. Results revealed that rust dyeing produced distinct shades on each fabric type, with cotton and modal showing the most pronounced colour retention and eco-print detail. Viscose exhibited moderate colour absorption, while polyester showed limited dye adhesion and eco-print definition. The study concludes that while rust dyeing and subsequent eco-printing can effectively enhance the aesthetic qualities of natural and regenerated cellulosic fabrics, polyester's synthetic nature poses challenges in achieving vibrant and durable impressions. The findings provide insights into optimizing eco-printing techniques for diverse fabric types and contribute to the broader understanding of sustainable textile processes. By embracing the unpredictability of nature, artists and designers can create one-of-a-kind designs that reflect the textures, shapes, and hues found in the environment. These eco-friendly approaches not only reduce reliance on synthetic dyes but also transform everyday materials, often considered waste, into beautiful works of art.

Chemical Dermal Exposure Risk Assessment in the Water Treatment Plant of Fertilizer Industry

Introduction:In water treatment plants (WTP), chemicals play a crucial role. However, some of these chemicals are hazardous. This study aims to conduct a dermal risk assessment in the WTP of an ammonia and urea production facility. Methods: The study was performed in August 2023 and assessed dermal exposure risk for four hazardous chemicals: NaOCl (30%), HCl (60%), H2SO4 (98%), and NaOH (48%), utilizing the Tier 2 RISKOFDERM model. Intrinsic toxicity was evaluated using risk phrases and toxicity information. Potential dermal exposure rates (PERBODY and PERHANDS) were determined based on task group and exposure modifier, while actual dermal exposure rates (AERBODY and AERHANDS) were determined based on clothing type and activity time. Health risk was assessed using actual exposure scores and intrinsic toxicity levels, which were categorized into 10 different levels ranging from 1 to 10. Results: The risk phrases indicated that four chemicals possessed a high level of intrinsic toxicity in terms of local effect but no systemic effect. PERBODY and PERHANDS were high (NaOCl, HCl) and low (H2SO4, NaOH). The actual exposure scores were determined to be 1 (high) for NaOCl and HCI, 0.01 (low) for H2SO4, and 0.03 (medium) for NaOH. Health risk values were 8 for NaOCl and HCI, 5 for H2SO4, and 6 for NaOH. Conclusion: Health risks in NaOCl and HCl were assigned action priority (AP) 1, followed by NaOH at AP-2, and H2SO4 at AP-3. The study recommends the implementation of control measures encompassing engineering solutions, administration, and personal protective equipment.

The Effect of Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) towards Flammability Properties of Polyester-Cotton Military Fabrics

Polyester-cotton fabric is one of the most common materials used in military fabrics. The study of the suitable fabric material is critical because military personnel must prepare themselves from inevitable events such as heat exposure. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the flammability features of various cotton compositions in polyester-cotton military textiles with and without the presence of Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP). We performed a full flammability test, including a cone calorimeter test and a limited oxygen index (LOI) test on three distinct types of polyester-cotton textiles treated with 10% di-ammonium phosphate (DAP). The result shows that, the higher the percentage of cotton, the lower the fire-retardant properties. Besides that, this study also found that the di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) improves the flammable properties of the military fabric.

Functional performance of composite nonwoven fabrics having varying packing density of constituent fabrics under different operating conditions

In this study, two types of composite nonwoven fabrics having gradient and inverse gradient of packing density of constituent fabrics were developed and tested for their filtration performance at different operating conditions. These composite nonwoven fabrics were produced by using sequential punching technique by varying the punch densities of the constituent fabrics. Box–Behnken three factors three level design was used, and air velocity, weight of dust fed, and operating time were considered as variables. An instrument for gauging the filtration performance of the composite nonwoven filters was designed and fabricated. The packing density of nonwoven fabrics was measured by using the X-ray computed tomography (XCT) technique. The results depicted those composite nonwoven fabrics having inverse gradient of packing density of constituent fabrics outperformed the composite nonwoven fabrics having gradient of packing density in terms of filtration performance with variable operating conditions.

Wastepaper-Based Cuprammonium Rayon Regenerated Using Novel Gaseous-Ammoniation Injection Process.

Rayon is an extremely valuable cellulosic fiber in the global textile industry. Since cuprammonium rayon is more eco-friendly than other types of rayon fabrics, it was synthesized by regenerating α-cellulose isolated from wastepaper using a novel gaseous-ammoniation injection (GAI) process. This was achieved by preparing tetra-ammine copper hydroxide (cuoxam solution) via reacting copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide to produce copper hydroxide that was, finally, ammoniated by injecting the gas directly to the reaction vessel instead of using ammonium hydroxide applied by prior art. After that, the air-dried cellulose was chemically generated by dissolving it in a freshly prepared cuoxam solution and, subsequently, was regenerated by extruding it within a hardening bath constituted mainly from citric acid, producing the cuprammonium rayon (c. rayon). The properties of the fibrous, structural (XRD and mechanical), physical, and chemical features were investigated. It was found that the rayon was produced in a high yield (90.3%) with accepted properties. The fibrous properties of the rayon staple length, linear density, and fiber diameter were found to be 44 mm, 235 Tex, and 19.4 µm, respectively. In addition, the mechanical properties determined, namely tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus of elasticity, and breaking tenacity, were found to be 218.3 MPa, 14.3 GPa, 16.1%, and 27.53 cN/Tex, respectively. Based on this finding, and upon injecting the ammonia gas through the α-cellulose saturated and immersed in the Cu (OH)2 to complete producing the cuoxam solvent, we find that theuse of an injection rate of 120 mL/minute to obtain the highest fibers' tensile strength for the final product of the c. rayon is preferable. Utilization of higher rates will consume more amounts of the ammonia gas without gaining noticeable enhancement in the c. rayon's mechanical quality. Accordingly, the GAI invention rendered the c. rayon favorable for use in making sustainable semisynthetic floss for either insulation purposes or spun threads for woven and nonwoven textile clothing.

Heterogeneous characteristics of stress transmission within finer fraction of gap-graded soils and its relevance to suffusion\\suffosion

The heterogeneous transmission of particle stress within the finer fraction has a critical effect on the development of suffusion\\suffosion in gap-graded soils, while quantitative evaluations on it are still needed. To this end, the stress transmission within the finer fraction of gap-graded soils with packing fabrics covering all the four typical packing fabrics under isotropic confining pressure were studied using discrete-element simulations. The finer particles with at least one contact, termed connected finer particles are classified into two groups that carry obviously different particle stress and have different contact features: primarily- and secondarily-stressed finer particles, which is well indicated by the gap in the particle stress contribution distribution of the connected finer particles, and meanwhile by the transition limitations of particle connectivity. The primarily-stressed finer particles always play a primary role in supporting the soil skeleton, while the role of the secondarily-stressed finer particles is closely related to the stress-reduction factor, α. The transition limit was found to be α = 0.146–0.191, over which the secondarily-stressed finer particles play a primary role in supporting the soil skeleton, while below which they play a secondary role. It also sets the borderline to identify the suffusion and suffosion susceptibility of gap-graded soils.

An approach to automatic fault detection in four-point system for knitted fabric with our benchmark dataset Isl-Knit

Knit fabric is one of the dominating fabric types for wearable textile across the whole world and during the production of knit fabric, faults created by different reasons cause difficulties in the subsequent process. The existing fault detection process in the knitting industry is done manually by the human naked eye. To detect faults automatically, deep learning-based models are very efficient and can reduce the workload for fabric inspection. However, implementing a deep learning-based model for fabric fault detection needs a large number of images with different types of knit fabric faults from real-world scenarios to train and for better performance. Most of the existing fabric fault datasets are based on woven fabric, which cannot be used for training because the faults of woven fabric and knit fabrics are completely different. In this research, we propose a new dataset named ISL-Knit. It is a benchmark dataset for knit fabric faults collected from different knit dyeing industries in Bangladesh. Our dataset contains high-resolution images of grey fabric and dyed fabric annotated with 7 types of faults. To provide correct annotation, all images of faults are annotated and verified with the proper reference which can be a great tool for boosting up deep learning-based models for automatic knit fabric fault detection in the textile field. A comparison of the accuracy of the deep learning-based model by training with our proposed dataset and existing knit fabric fault dataset is also done. To develop an automatic fault detection system, we trained the YOLOv5 models with our dataset, considering different image sizes. For real-world implementation, the best models are selected considering mAP and inference time. YOLOv5 models are implemented in Raspberry Pi with a Raspberry Pi camera, a laptop with no dedicated GPU, and a laptop with a dedicated GPU with a web camera to observe the performance. Finally, an automated four-point inspection system is developed by calibrating the camera to generate the score representing the quality of fabrics. The implementation represents the feasibility of a deep learning-based model in knit fabric fault detection, considering the cost and accuracy.