Types Of Exits Research Articles

Buzz pollination: investigations of pollen expulsion using the discrete element method.

Buzz pollination involves the release of pollen from, primarily, poricidal anthers through vibrations generated by certain bee species. Despite previous experimental and numerical studies, the intricacies of pollen dynamics within vibrating anthers remain elusive due to the challenges in observing these small-scale, opaque systems. This research employs the discrete element method to simulate the pollen expulsion process in vibrating anthers. By exploring various frequencies and displacement amplitudes, a correlation between how aggressively the anther shakes and the initial rate of pollen expulsion is observed under translating oscillations. This study highlights that while increasing both the frequency and displacement of vibration enhances pollen release, the rate of release does not grow linearly with their increase. Our findings also reveal the significant role of pollen-pollen interactions, which account for upwards of one-third of the total collisions. Comparisons between two types of anther exits suggest that pore size and shape also influence expulsion rates. This research provides a foundation for more comprehensive models that can incorporate additional factors such as cohesion, adhesion and Coulomb forces, paving the way for deeper insights into the mechanics of buzz pollination and its variability across different anther types and vibration parameters.

Response of the European Union on Return Directive and Readmission Agreements (RDRAs) on Nigerian Irregular Migrants

This study appraised the EU RDRAs on Nigerian irregular migrants and examined the challenges of RDRAs on Nigerian irregular migrants. The study made use of primary sources of data through in-depth interview conducted on EU delegation to Nigeria and ECOWAS, European External Action Service, Frontex, International Organisation for Migration, Idia Renaissance, Nigeria Immigration Service and the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons. Findings from the study showed that two types of return directive exits; voluntary return and enforced return. Voluntary returnees are provided with Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration (AVRR) while enforced returnees are not provided with AVRR, and they are likely detained, escorted by the policemen through the back door and corridor of the airport and deported to Nigeria or transit countries. Findings from the study showed the challenges of RDRAs on Nigerian irregular migrants in that, most return carried out by the EU are not in compliance with the laid down regulation as some migrants are return to countries of transit. Moreover, the conditionality attached to readmission agreements are only applicable for high-skilled migrants, a situation described as brain drain for Nigeria and brain gain for the EU. The study concluded that EU RDRAs are restrictive in nature which provide escape routes for irregular migrants in European countries, and that lack of compliance on RDRAs are the results of unlawful detention of Nigerian irregular migrants by the EU as well as torture and abuse by the security officials and traffickers, a situation that violate human rights.

Bi-objective evacuation problem in ships or buildings

In this paper, we introduce an evacuation problem that involves several real-world evacuation elements, such as different types of evacuees and different types of exits, applicable to the evacuation of buildings or ships in emergency, e.g., fire. In particular, we exploit the multiple commodity flow in a time-expanded network to model the evacuation routes for different commodities. The commodities characterise the different types of evacuee groups which have different speeds during evacuation. We use the bi-objective programming to consider two different objectives of the evacuation planning from both time and space dimensions. Then we propose a method to solve this newly developed evacuation model. Based on a series of computational experiments and sensitivity analyses, we find that the evacuation speed of evacuees is a critical element to be considered when planning an evacuation on ships or buildings in emergency.

Thermal Analysis of Extended surfaces from the Heat sink of Different shape - A Brief Review

This paper introduces a brief review about the way of heat extraction enhancement from heat sink using fins of different types and different shapes and also with different shape of perforation. Extended surfaces from the base plate or heat sink is nothing but they are FINS. There are various types of fin exits. They are Rectangular, Square, Annular, Elliptical, Cylindrical or Pin fin which is utilized with different geometrical combinations. To achieve maximum temperature droop from the base surface or heat sink by using fins numerous trials are completed or being carried out for designing optimized Fin. The optimization of Fin can be achieved by increasing surface contact area with the atmospheric air. In these days there are numbers of experiment is done on fins like Solid fin, Porous fins and Solid fins with perforation, has also been brought off. The various design modifications which are implemented and studied analytically and experimentally by the researchers using ANSYS Work bench is been discussed in this review paper.

Optimization method of navigation information mode under the condition of multi-exit city expressway

In recent years, mobile phone navigation software has been widely used, but the voice broadcast information of many navigation software is not clear, which is easy to cause confused driving. Urban expressway is an important artery of the city. The road and traffic conditions of urban expressways are extremely complicated, and there are many types of exits, which can easily cause confused driving. Therefore, optimization of navigation modes under the condition of multi-exit urban expressways is particularly important. Based on the experimental data of simulated driving, this paper focuses on the influence of voice navigation broadcast timing on driving under urban expressway, founding driver’s behavior is significantly different under diverse navigation modes. This paper uses the principal component analysis method to comprehensively evaluate the navigation broadcast timing, and gives the optimal navigation broadcast timings for various multi-exit urban expressways. In most cases, the first broadcast time should be 1500m from the exit. This paper clarifies the impact of navigation broadcast timing on driving, and optimizes the navigation mode of multi-exit urban expressways, which is of great significance for reducing yaw under navigation and improving navigation services.

Discharges, Poor-Performer Quits, and Layoffs as Valued Exits: Is It Really Addition by Subtraction?

We contend that a variety of types of employee exits from the firm are presumed to be a net positive and are thus valued by management, resulting in a potentially important new way to think about these leavers. For each of three valued exit (VE) types (discharges, poor-performer quits, and layoffs) we examine incidence, construct similarities and differences, and antecedents. We also summarize and critique the literature on VE consequences for the organization. In doing so we discuss how an underlying tension must accompany the analysis of VEs. Specifically, the intuitive notion of addition by subtraction must be considered relative to important contextual considerations and to evidence that the operational disruption created by VE departures may at times mitigate or even outweigh the VE benefits. Underlying our analysis is the stipulation that the formal consideration of VEs is in its infancy and is thus laden with conceptual and methodological challenges that scholars must address if we are to benefit from this new approach to employee exits from the firm.

Precision Analysis of Supraorbital Transcranial Exits Using Three Dimensional Multidetector Computed Tomography.

Anatomical variation in supraorbital transcranial exits, which can be divided into the lateral supraorbital exit and the medial frontal exit, has been investigated in several studies during the past few decades. However, in previous studies, inconsistent criteria were used for classifying those exits. The authors analyzed variations in supraorbital transcranial exits using 3 dimensional multidetector computed tomography (3D MDCT), and present a consistent classification of the types of those exits with precise location measurements. In 1181 patients (2362 orbits) who underwent facial 3D MDCT, the authors measured a set of qualitative and quantitative parameters. The qualitative parameters included an assessment of the location and type of the exit, and the number of accessory foramina. The quantitative parameters included various distance measurements. A frontal exit was present in 2071 orbits and a supraorbital exit in 953. Neither a frontal exit nor a supraorbital exit was found in 11 orbits. The most common type of frontal exit was the notch type, followed by the foramen type and none. The mean distance from the nasion to the frontal exit was 24.70 ± 3.50 mm on the right side and 23.69 ± 3.42 mm on the left side. In conclusion, various types of supraorbital transcranial exits were observed, of which the frontal notch was the most common. This is the first study to conduct a consistent analysis of a large sample of skulls to characterize the distribution of supraorbital transcranial exit types using a comprehensive and clear set of criteria.

IPO as a VC-Funds Type of Exit

The key characteristic of private equity finance is that investors hold their investments only for a limited period of time. The key goal of VC funds is to grow the company to a point where it can be sold at a price that far exceeds the amount of capital invested. This process is called an exit or divestment. There are three basic types of exits: going public, being acquired by a larger corporation, a sale to a third-party investor.It is a widely believed and accepted proposition in private equity literature that the initial public offering of a private equity portfolio company is the most successful and profitable exit opportunity. However, according to the few sources of literature, public offerings are not the preferred divestment type for venture capital firms. Going public is one of the most critical decisions in the lifecycle of a firm. This is not easy, as the process is very comprehensive and complex. Hence, a lot of considerations should be taken into account. Because every investee firm is different, a development plan to achieve a successful exit takes into consideration a number of macroeconomic and microeconomic factors. Moreover, several advantages and disadvantages of exit through an IPO could be indicated. The objective of this paper is to show the success and profitability of going public by VC funds. The VC’s exit type as a way of cashing out on its investment in a portfolio company is a consequence of the exit strategy, which means the plan for generating profits for owners and investors of a company. While an IPO is the most spectacular and visible form of exit, it is not the most common one, as historically in the US it was, but still in Europe it has not been yet. There will be both literature and statistical data coming from different studies and reports used in this research.

“Next Person Up”: Understanding Collegiate Student-Athletes’ Socialization Experiences With Teammate Exit

The present study explored collegiate student-athletes’ socialization experiences following teammate exit. Fourteen student-athletes (six male and eight female) from nonrevenue-generating sports at two universities (a Division I and a Division II) participated in semistructured interviews. Three major focuses structured this study: (a) meaning attributed to teammate exit, (b) alteration of student-athletes’ tasks and roles, and (c) changes to student-athletes’ relationships with teammates and coaches. The results showed consistent themes amongst participants in terms of meanings attached to types of exits (e.g., exhausted eligibility and removal from team) and alterations to tasks, roles, and relationships. Overall, the study provides a theoretical shift from previous transitional literature by focusing on the remaining team members rather than the exiting athlete, as well as validating the organizational structures and processes by which collegiate teams function, which adds information about organizing and enacting communicative processes of sport. Lastly, practical implications are provided for coaches and sport management to maintain team relations and optimize team performance following athlete exit.

Paramedic Disaster Health Management Competencies: A Scoping Review.

Paramedics are tasked with providing 24/7 prehospital emergency care to the community. As part of this role, they are also responsible for providing emergency care in the event of a major incident or disaster. They play a major role in the response stage of such events, both domestic and international. Despite this, specific standardized training in disaster management appears to be variable and inconsistent throughout the profession. A suggested method of building disaster response capacities is through competency-based education (CBE). Core competencies can provide the fundamental basis of collective learning and help ensure consistent application and translation of knowledge into practice. These competencies are often organized into domains, or categories of learning outcomes, as defined by Blooms taxonomy of learning domains. It is these domains of competency, as they relate to paramedic disaster response, that are the subject of this review. The methodology for this paper to identify existing paramedic disaster response competency domains was adapted from the guidance for the development of systematic scoping reviews, using a methodology developed by members of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI; Adelaide, South Australia) and members of five Joanna Briggs Collaborating Centres. The literature search identified six articles for review that reported on paramedic disaster response competency domains. The results were divided into two groups: (1) General Core Competency Domains, which are suitable for all paramedics (both Advanced Life Support [ALS] and Basic Life Support [BLS]) who respond to any disaster or major incident; and (2) Specialist Core Competencies, which are deemed necessary competencies to enable a response to certain types of disaster. Further review then showed that three separate and discrete types of competency domains exits in the literature: (1) Core Competencies, (2) Technical/Clinical Competencies, and (3) Specialist Technical/Clinical Competencies. The most common domains of core competencies for paramedic first responders to manage major incidents and disasters described in the literature were identified. If it's accepted that training paramedics in disaster response is an essential part of preparedness within the disaster management cycle, then by including these competency domains into the curriculum development of localized disaster training programs, it will better prepare the paramedic workforce's competence and ability to effectively respond to disasters and major incidents.

Enhancement of impinging jet heat transfer on inner half-cylinder using two semicircular plates mounted near both sides of the convex curved exit

We examined the flow-field characteristics of free jets issued from three types of jet exits opened on a convex curved surface for aspect ratios of 16, 12, and 9.6 and height h of 9, 12, and 15 mm, respectively. In addition, we examined the heat transfer characteristics of the impinging jet, the shear stress inside a half-cylinder, and the flow-field near the impinging jet region through flow visualization in cases where each jet impinges vertically onto the inner part of the half-cylinder. The impinging distance ratios H/h between the jet exit and its inside for height h were 4, 3, and 2.4; and two semicircular plates spaced at a value of W were installed parallel to both long sides of the exit. The Reynolds number of the jet based on the mean bulk velocity at the jet exit and height h was approximately 11,700, except in cases where the flow visualization was made using smoke, at which the Reynolds number was approximately 5800.The flow-field characteristics of the free jets were similar to those of a two-dimensional jet. The flow-field in the region surrounded by the inside of a half-cylinder and two semicircular plates can be classified into three flow patterns by changing the space, namely W/H. This revealed that the rate of increase in heat transfer coefficient became 20% larger than that of the jet operating power by controlling the flow-field using two semicircular plates; in this case, the impinging jet flow vibrated the surface at the center of the jet. It was also clarified that even when the local heat transfer coefficient changed when mounting semicircular plates, the time-averaged shear stress on the inside of the half-cylinder did not change within the impinging jet region.

Explaining Choice-of-Entity Decisions by Silicon Valley Start-Ups

Perhaps the most fundamental role of a business tax advisor is to recommend the optimal entity choice for nascent business enterprises. Nevertheless, even in 2018, the choice-of-entity analysis remains highly muddled. Most tax practitioners across the United States consistently recommend flow-through entities, such as LLCs and S corporations, to their clients. In contrast, a discrete group of highly sophisticated tax professionals, those who advise start-ups in Silicon Valley and other hotbeds of start-up activity, prefer C corporations. Prior commentary has described and tried to explain this paradox without finding an adequate explanation. These commentators have noted a host of superficially plausible explanations, all of which they ultimately conclude are not wholly persuasive. The puzzle therefore remains. This article attempts to finally solve the puzzle by examining two factors that have been either vastly underappreciated or completely ignored in the existing literature. First, while previous commentators have briefly noted that flow-through structures are more complex and administratively burdensome, they did not fully appreciate the source, nature, and extent of these problems. In the unique start-up context, the complications of flow-through structures are exponentially more problematic, to the point where widespread adoption of flow-throughs is practically infeasible. Second, the literature has not appreciated the effect of perplexing, yet pervasive, tax asset valuation problems in the public company context. The conventional wisdom is that tax assets are ignored or severely undervalued in public company stock valuations. In theory, the most significant theoretical benefit of flow-through status for start-ups is that it can result in the creation of valuable tax assets upon exit. However, the conventional wisdom makes this moot when the exit is through an initial public offering or sale to a public company, which are the desired types of exits for Silicon Valley start-ups. Thus, the most significant benefit of using a flow-through (at least in theory) is eliminated because of the tax asset pricing problem. Accordingly, while the costs of flow-through structures are far larger than have been appreciated, the benefits of these structures are much smaller than they appear.

Climate Impacts, Political Institutions, and Leader Survival: Effects of Droughts and Flooding Precipitation

We explore how the political survival of leaders in different political regimes is affected by drought and flooding precipitation, which are the two major anticipated impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Using georeferenced climate data for the entire world and the Archigos dataset for the period of 1950–2010, we find that irregular political exits, such as coups or revolutions, are not significantly affected by climate impacts. Similarly, drought has a positive but insignificant effect on all types of political exits. On the other hand, we find that floods increase political turnover through the regular means such as elections or term limits. Democracies are better able to withstand the pressures arising from the economic and social disruptions associated with high precipitation than other institutional arrangements. Our results further suggest that, in the context of floods, political institutions play a more important role than economic development for the leaders’ political survival.

Exit and Failure of Credit Unions in Brazil: A Risk Analysis

This study aims to investigate the factors that affect the market exit of Brazilian singular credit unions from 1995 to 2009; it also identifies and lists the determinants of various types of market exits and analyzes whether profitability is a significant factor for credit union survival. This study was conducted with accounting data provided by the Central Bank of Brazil, which derives only from individual cooperatives, i.e. singular credit unions. Quarterly financial statements from these credit unions that were active from 1995 to the second quarter of 2009 were employed, totaling 71,325 observations for 1,929 credit unions. Based on survival and the model of competing risks (such as the Cox, Exponential, Weibull, Gompertz, and Competing Risk models), the results show that there is no statistical evidence to ensure a correlation between profitability and credit union survival. The results also suggest that the size of credit unions plays a key role in their survival and longevity and that their funding and investment management are related to their survival and risk of market exit. In conclusion, the results confirm the initial idea that the duality inherent to credit unions - cooperative principles versus economic efficiency - might influence the stability, survival, and longevity of these institutions. Such results may also imply that a credit union embracing the rationale of a private bank will become more estranged from its members, something which will hinder its future operations and increase the likelihood of its exit from the market.

Participating convertible preferred stock in venture capital exits

This paper develops a theory of the participating convertible preferred (PCP) stock commonly used in venture capital settings. I show that the participation and convertibility features of PCP stock can be used to reduce information asymmetry between the venture and potential investors at the time of exit. Further, the convertibility feature of PCP helps in alleviating the problem of insufficient entrepreneurial effort. I then derive implications for the two most common types of exits in venture capital—initial public offerings and trade sales—and explain how US venture capital markets differ from other VC markets.

Participating Convertible Preferred Stock in Venture Capital Exits

This paper develops a theory of the participating convertible preferred (PCP) stock commonly used in venture capital settings. I show that the participation and convertibility features of PCP stock can be used to reduce information asymmetry between the venture and potential investors at the time of exit. Further, the convertibility feature of PCP helps in alleviating the problem of insufficient entrepreneurial effort. I then derive implications for the two most common types of exits in venture capital --- initial public offerings and trade sales --- and explain how US venture capital markets differ from other VC markets.

Escaping welfare? Social assistance dynamics in Sweden

The article analyses temporal patterns in social assistance receipt in Sweden in the 2000s by looking at which circumstances facilitate versus reduce the possibilities of a person ceasing to be a recipient of social assistance. The analysis is guided by the following questions: What conditions lead people to terminate periods of social assistance receipt? Which factors are central to exits with different subsequent income patterns? How do these explain the different situations of recipients prior to termination? We focus particularly on income maintenance prior to spells of social assistance. We use event history data on monthly social assistance take-up covering the total adult Swedish population for the years 2002–2004. We adopt a gamma mixture model to control for unobserved heterogeneity. The results suggest that previous experience of both employment and social assistance receipt are important determinants for all types of exits from social assistance recipiency. A negative duration dependence is found also when unobserved heterogeneity is controlled for.

The effect of the ZERO TO THREE Court Teams initiative on types of exits from the foster care system — A competing risks analysis

ZERO TO THREE: National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families developed the Court Teams for Maltreated Infants and Toddlers initiative to accelerate the time to permanency for young children in the child welfare system. This paper considers how the Court Teams children exit the child welfare system. Court Teams children from the four initial sites (n = 298) are compared to a group of similar cases from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) (n = 511). Propensity score weights are combined with a competing risks analysis to isolate program effect on types of foster care exits. Findings indicate that Court Teams cases experience a different pattern of exits from the foster care system. Reunification is the most common type of exit for Court Teams cases (38%) while adoption is the most prevalent for the comparison group (41%). Descriptive data suggest that Court Teams children exit the foster care system faster regardless of the type of exit. The competing risks analysis shows that Court Teams children are significantly more likely to exit foster care for reunification, relative custodianship, and non-relative legal guardianship rather than stay in foster care.

An analysis of franchisor failure risk: evidence from Spain

PurposeResearch on franchise system survival has focused on analyzing organizational failure. However, there are two types of market exit: organizational failure and franchise discontinuance, but little research has distinguished between the two. The purpose of this study is to examine whether different factors explain these types of exit. Apart from the common factors included in previous research (age, size, upfront fee, royalty rate and ownership structure), this paper aims to add system growth and its interaction with age and size.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses data about franchise systems in Spain from 1986 to 2004 from the catering and fashion sectors and applies the Cox survival model to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe paper finds that system growth rates and system size only influence franchise discontinuance. Both the youngest and the oldest firms show the lowest risk of discontinuing franchising. The results are similar to those found in previous research that uses the two types of market exit as synonymous.Research limitations/implicationsThe article findings suggest that it is important to define franchise survival.Practical implicationsThis research identifies what franchisors can do to continue in the market. An important result is that young and small franchisors should grow at a moderate rate. They should learn first how to manage a few units before becoming a large network.Originality/valueThis research examines the differences between two types of market exit (organizational failure and franchise discontinuance) and their drivers from the franchisor's perspective. This research contributes to the franchising literature by analyzing the effect of growth on survival. Additionally, the moderating effect of size and age on growth on the two types of market exits is included.

The Wal-Mart Effect: Wave of Destruction or Creative Destruction?

During the past quarter century, large multistore retailers have experienced considerable growth. In this article, we examine the widely held belief that the expansion of these chain stores, Wal-Mart in particular, has had a large negative impact on the small locally owned retail sector. Our analysis of four types of independent retailer entries and exits in Florida from 1980, prior to the opening of the first Wal-Mart store in the state, to 2004, reveals that Wal-Mart’s impact varies with independent retailers’ market overlap with and proximity to Wal-Mart. Notably, our findings suggest that within zip codes, the Wal-Mart effect is driven by the suppression of entry rates, but not by the increase in exit rates, while in adjacent zip codes, it is driven by exit rates increasing more than entry rates. Our results provide empirical evidence that may help economic developers, public officials, and owners of small businesses make informed decisions about economic development in their communities.