Types Of Examples Research Articles

The Impact of Type of Examples on Originality: Explaining Fixation and Stimulation Effects

AbstractThere are obstacles to creativity: one of them is called fixation effect, the fact that some knowledge about existing or obvious solutions is spontaneously activated and constrains the generation of new solutions. Converging evidence in cognitive psychology has indicated that the ability to generate original ideas can be limited by recently activated knowledge, such as examples of solutions. On the other hand, neuroimaging studies have recently demonstrated that exposure to examples could, on the contrary, have a stimulating effect on originality. To make sense of what seems to be contradictory studies, we hypothesized that two types of examples could have opposite effects on originality: (1) restrictive examples—within the fixation effect—could lead to a reduction in the originality of the solutions, whereas (2) expansive examples—outside the fixation effect—could provoke solutions of higher originality. Results from a total of 160 participants confirmed that the solutions proposed by the group exposed to restrictive examples were less original than those given by the group exposed to expansive examples.

Natural gas sweetening process simulation and optimization: A case study of Khurmala field in Iraqi Kurdistan region

Natural gas is the most important and popular fossil fuel in the current era and future as well. However, because the natural gas is existed in deep underground reservoirs so it may contain several non-hydrocarbon components for example, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. These impurities are undesirable compounds and cause several technical problems for example, corrosion and environment pollution. Recently, the Iraqi Kurdistan region has achieved huge development in many fields for example, education, economic and oil and gas industry. In fact, Khurmala dome is located in southwest Erbil- Kurdistan region. The Kurdistan region government has paid great attention for this dome to provide the fuel for Kurdistan region. However, the Khurmala associated natural gas is currently flaring at the field. Moreover, nowadays there is a plan to recover and trade this gas and to use it either as feedstock to power station or to sell it in global market. However, the laboratory analysis has showed that the Khurmala natural gas has huge quantities of H2S about (5.3%) and CO2 about (4.4%). Therefore, this study aims to simulate the prospective Khurmala gas sweetening process by using the latest version of Aspen HYSYS V.7.3 program. Moreover, the simulation work is adopted amine gas sweetening process by using DEA solution and it achieved high acid gases removal for instance, H2S concentration in sweet gas stream was about 4 ppm at (400 m3/h) amine circulation rate. In addition, the simulation work is also achieved process optimization by using several amine types and blends for example, MEA and MDEA. It also examined some of the critical amine process factors for each amine type for example, amine circulation rate and amine concentration. Moreover, the optimization work found that the use of (DEA 35% w/w) may consider the most recommended process.

Voice Mismatches in Sloppy VP-Ellipsis

This squib argues against Merchant’s (2008) analysis of voice mismatches in VP-deletion and pseudogapping by pointing out that it makes a false prediction when extended to sentences in which more than one VP-deletion operation applies.

2013 Prescott Lecture: Embracing our roles as medication navigators

and I would pilot this effort. Somehow we got a pilot program approved within a few months, with the condition that I would save at least 1.5 times my own salary within 1 year or face termination. As you can imagine, that first year of employment was fairly nerve wracking. UCSD ultimately concluded that roughly seven times my salary had been saved through our first year interventions, with some substantial improvement in quality of care to boot. That was when I realized that Chuck had it right all along. The time had come for a position like this, and my training simply collided with the right place at the right time. My career thus far has been a series of these types of examples. Visionary leaders helping me find a voice and me not screwing it up too bad. After leaving UCSD to come to Sharp Healthcare, I quickly found myself in a managed care director role within an organization on the cutting edge of health care reform, about to be recognized as a Pioneer ACO by Medicare.

Short Paths for First Passage Percolation on the Complete Graph

We study the complete graph equipped with a topology induced by independent and identically distributed edge weights. The focus of our analysis is on the weight W_n and the number of edges H_n of the minimal weight path between two distinct vertices in the weak disorder regime. We establish novel and simple first and second moment methods using path counting to derive first order asymptotics for the considered quantities. Our results are stated in terms of a sequence of parameters (s_n) that quantifies the extreme-value behaviour of the edge weights, and that describes different universality classes for first passage percolation on the complete graph. These classes contain both n-independent and n-dependent edge weight distributions. The method is most effective for the universality class containing the edge weights E^{s_n}, where E is an exponential(1) random variable and s_n log n -> infty, s_n^2 log n -> 0. We discuss two types of examples from this class in detail. In addition, the class where s_n log n stays finite is studied. This article is a contribution to the program initiated in \cite{BhaHof12}.

Rough matroids based on relations

Rough sets provide an efficient tool for attribute reduction and rule extraction. However, many important problems in rough set theory, including attribute reduction, are NP-hard and therefore the algorithms for solving them are usually greedy. As a generalization of linear independence in vector spaces, matroids have wide applications in diverse fields, particularly in greedy algorithm design. In this paper, we propose an integration of rough sets and matroids to exploit the advantages of both theories. Specifically, we present definitions of lower and upper rough matroids based on relations from the viewpoint of approximation operators. It is interesting that lower rough matroids based on partial orders coincide with poset matroids, which are a well-known generalization of matroids. A matroid is represented by the lower rough matroid based on both a partial order and an equivalence relation. Lower and upper rough matroids based on equivalence relations coincide with each other. Finally, we present some special types of examples of rough matroids from the viewpoints of approximations and graphs. These interesting results demonstrate the potential for the combination between rough sets and matroids.

Using example problems to improve student learning in algebra: Differentiating between correct and incorrect examples

In a series of two in vivo experiments, we examine whether correct and incorrect examples with prompts for self-explanation can be effective for improving students’ conceptual understanding and procedural skill in Algebra when combined with guided practice. In Experiment 1, students working with the Algebra I Cognitive Tutor were randomly assigned to complete their unit on solving two-step linear equations with the traditional Tutor program (control) or one of three versions which incorporated examples; results indicate that explaining worked examples during guided practice leads to improved conceptual understanding compared with guided practice alone. In Experiment 2, a more comprehensive battery of conceptual and procedural tests was used to determine which type of examples is most beneficial for improving different facets of student learning. Results suggest that incorrect examples, either alone or in combination with correct examples, may be especially beneficial for fostering conceptual understanding.

Example Sentences in Bilingual School Dictionaries

Dictionaries are written for a specific user group and the content and presentation must therefore be directed/aimed at that specific target group. In the past dictionaries were often compiled without the lexicographers really taking time and researching the intended users and their specific needs. School dictionaries especially were often compiled after very little or no attention being paid to the users and their needs. This article will look at the role of example sentences in dictionary articles, different types of example sentences as well as the criteria for example sentences in bilingual school dictionaries in order to ensure that the final product is natural, typical, informative, intelligible and of use to the user.

On Skew Armendariz of Laurent Series Type Rings

Let α be an automorphism of a ring R. We study the skew Armendariz of Laurent series type rings (α-LA rings), as a generalization of the standard Armendariz condition from polynomials to skew Laurent series. We study on the relationship between the Baerness and p.p. property of a ring R and these of the skew Laurent series ring R[[x, x −1; α]], in case R is an α-LA ring. Moreover, we prove that for an α-weakly rigid ring R, R[[x, x −1; α]] is a left p.q.-Baer ring if and only if R is left p.q.-Baer and every countable subset of S ℓ(R) has a generalized countable join in R. Various types of examples of α-LA rings are provided.

Sharing Lessons Learned to Prevent Incorrect Surgery

The purpose of this report is to discuss surgical adverse event lessons learned and to recommend action. Examples of incorrect surgical adverse events managed in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) patient safety system and results of a survey regarding the impact of the surgery lessons learned process are provided. The VHA implemented a process for sharing deidentified stories of surgical lessons learned. The cases are in-operating room selected examples from lessons learned from October 1, 2009, to June 30, 2011. Examples selected illustrate helpful human factors principles. To learn more about the awareness and impact of the lessons learned, we conducted a survey with Chiefs of Surgery in the VHA. The types of examples of adverse events include wrong eye implants, incorrect nerve blocks, and wrong site excisions of lesions. These are accompanied by human factors recommendations and change concepts such as designing the system to prevent mistakes, using differentiation, minimizing handoffs, and standardizing how information is communicated. The survey response rate was 76 per cent (88 of 132). Of those who had seen the surgical lessons learned (76% [67 of 88]), the majority (87%) reported they were valuable and 85% that they changed or reinforced patient safety behaviors in their facility as a result of surgical lessons learned. Simply having a policy will not ensure patient safety. When reviewing adverse events, human factors must be considered as a cause for error and for the failure to follow policy without assigning blame. VHA surgeons reported that the surgery lessons learned were valuable and impacted practice.

Impact of new tunnels on those from the industrial era in Spain

Tunnels have been constructed in Spain since Roman times, when they were constructed for both mining and water transmission purposes. Those tunnels were bored using the available tools for soils and soft rocks and with mining methods for hard rocks: the ‘fire setting’ technique and wooden wedges soaked with water to split the rock. Further tunnelling took place in the middle ages, but the advent of the nineteenth century industrial age heralded increased activity – for example, for railway network expansion, often mining related. These tunnels signal an important heritage, which must be protected through legislation and environmental awareness. Current plans for network expansion, in particular for the Asturias region, require appreciation and sensible protection of these old, mature tunnels right across the whole spectrum of the development process. This paper presents five different types of examples in which the presence of old tunnels has had an important impact on the solution chosen for further tunnelling with or without rehabilitation or reuse of an existing tunnel, and stresses how these solutions are or should be presented publicly.

Indispensability and Explanation

The question as to whether there are mathematical explanations of physical phenomena has recently received a great deal of attention in the literature. The answer is potentially relevant for the ontology of mathematics; if affirmative, it would support a new version of the indispensability argument for mathematical realism. In this article, I first review critically a few examples of such explanations and advance a general analysis of the desiderata to be satisfied by them. Second, in an attempt to strengthen the realist position, I propose a new type of example, drawing on probabilistic considerations. 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Explanations 2.1 ‘Simplicity’ 3 An Average Story: The Banana Game 3.1 Some clarifications 3.2 Hopes and troubles for the nominalist 3.3 New hopes? 3.4 New troubles 4 Conclusion

Schauder’s fixed-point theorem: new applications and a new version for discontinuous operators

Schauder’s fixed-point theorem, which applies for continuous operators, is used in this paper, perhaps unexpectedly, to prove existence of solutions to discontinuous problems. Moreover, we introduce a new version of Schauder’s theorem for not necessarily continuous operators which implies existence of solutions for wider classes of problems. Leaning on an abstract fixed-point theorem, our approach is not limited to one-dimensional homogeneous Dirichlet problems, the only type of examples worked out in this paper for coherence and simplicity but yet novelty.

Symbolic computation of analytic approximate solutions for nonlinear fractional differential equations

The Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is one of the most effective methods to construct analytic approximate solutions for nonlinear differential equations. In this paper, based on the new definition of the Adomian polynomials, Rach (2008) [22], the Adomian decomposition method and the Padé approximants technique, a new algorithm is proposed to construct analytic approximate solutions for nonlinear fractional differential equations with initial or boundary conditions. Furthermore, a MAPLE software package is developed to implement this new algorithm, which is user-friendly and efficient. One only needs to input the system equation, initial or boundary conditions and several necessary parameters, then our package will automatically deliver the analytic approximate solutions within a few seconds. Several different types of examples are given to illustrate the scope and demonstrate the validity of our package, especially for non-smooth initial value problems. Our package provides a helpful and easy-to-use tool in science and engineering simulations. Program summaryProgram title: ADMPCatalogue identifier: AENE_v1_0Program summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AENE_v1_0.htmlProgram obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University, Belfast, N. IrelandLicensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.htmlNo. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 12011No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 575551Distribution format: tar.gzProgramming language: MAPLE R15.Computer: PCs.Operating system: Windows XP/7.RAM: 2 GbytesClassification: 4.3.Nature of problem:Constructing analytic approximate solutions of nonlinear fractional differential equations with initial or boundary conditions. Non-smooth initial value problems can be solved by this program.Solution method:Based on the new definition of the Adomian polynomials [1], the Adomian decomposition method and the Padé approximants technique, a new algorithm is proposed to construct analytic approximate solutions for nonlinear fractional differential equations.Restrictions:The problem [2] with some Robin boundary conditions can not be solved by this program.Running time:Seconds at most in routine uses of the program. Special tasks may take up to some minutes.

Estimating the value of lost telecoms connectivity

We describe a practical method for estimating the economic cost of outages in electronic communications networks, accommodating temporal, geographical and sectoral variations in incidence. The method is illustrated with two types of examples: a hypothetical outage of the main fixed line network operator in Ireland, and seven examples of outages affecting individual local exchanges in areas with concentrations of technology-intensive employment or dense residential population. The national fixed line outage has an estimated cost of €42–50 per household-day arising from effects on the productive and residential sectors, with possible further losses from effects on retail payments and high societal value facilities such as emergency services. Estimated quantifiable economic costs from outages affecting a single local exchange range from €370,000 to €1.1 million per day.

An Efficient 1-D Periodic Boundary Integral Equation Technique to Analyze Radiation onto Straight and Meandering Microstrip Lines

A modeling technique to analyze the radiation onto arbitrary 1-D periodic metallizations residing on a microstrip substrate is presented. In particular, straight and meandering lines are being studied. The method is based on a boundary integral equation, more specifically on a mixed potential integral equation (MPIE), that is solved by means of the method of moments. A plane wave excites the microstrip structure, and according to the Floquet–Bloch theorem, the analysis can be restricted to one single unit cell. Thereto, the MPIE must be constructed using the pertinent 1-D periodic layered medium Green’s functions. Here, these Green’s functions are obtained in closed form by invoking the perfectly matched layer paradigm. The proposed method is applied to assess the radiation onto 1) a semi-infinite plate, 2) a straight microstrip line, and 3) a serpentine delay line. These three types of examples clearly illustrate and validate the method. Also, its efficiency, compared to a previously developed fast microstrip analysis technique, is demonstrated.

A maple package of automated derivation of homotopy analysis solution for periodic nonlinear oscillations

Based on the homotopy analysis method, a general analytic technique for strongly nonlinear problems, a Maple package of automated derivation (ADHO) for periodic nonlinear oscillation systems is presented. This Maple package is valid for periodic oscillation systems in rather general, and can automatically deliver the accurate approximations of the frequency ω and the mean of motion δ of a nonlinear periodic oscillator. Based on the homotopy analysis method which is valid even for highly nonlinear problems, this Maple package can give accurate approximate expressions even for nonlinear oscillation systems with strong nonlinearity. Besides, the package is user-friendly: One just needs to input a governing equation and initial conditions, and then gets satisfied analytic approximations in few seconds. Several different types of examples are given in this paper to illustrate the validity of this Maple package. Such kind of package provides us a helpful and easy-to-use tool in science and engineering to analyze periodic nonlinear oscillations. And it is free to download the electronic version of this Maple package from the address “http://numericaltank.sjtu.edu.cn/sjliao.htm” once the paper is published publicly.

Public feedback - but personal feedforward?

People can learn by considering and understanding examples. With assistance, students should see and appreciate in examples strengths on which they can build, and weaknesses which they should minimise. So feedback and feedforward to students can usefully dwell on both types of example, especially if drawn from individual students’ work. But this can generate problems for learners from a Confucian Heritage Culture (CHC). The writers encountered acute sensitivity in Taiwan to their judgements and responses to weak discussion board postings. Their gently constructive feedforward was regarded by some CHC students as stern and hurtful criticism, Such students often withdrew from participation in class activity. So the writers differentiated in their responding to weak and strong postings, When individuals had made weak postings, the writers opted for personal and private feedback leading naturally to constructive feedforward, For better postings, they mainly provided positive feedback with reasons for their judgements, and summarised this to the class - making generic points about strengths. They now favour using different approaches to communicating and balancing feedback and feedforward, depending on the standard of work being judged, They suggest this might also be a useful practice when tutoring solely in the West.

On Skew Inverse Laurent-Serieswise Armendariz Rings

We study the skew inverse Laurent-serieswise Armendariz (or simply, SIL-Armendariz) condition on R, a generalization of the standard Armendariz condition from polynomials to skew inverse Laurent series. We study relations between the set of annihilators in R and the set of annihilators in R((x −1; α)). Among applications, we show that a number of interesting properties of a SIL-Armendariz ring R such as the Baer and the α-quasi Baer property transfer to its skew inverse Laurent series extensions R((x −1; α)) and vice versa. For an α-weakly rigid ring R, R((x −1; α)) is a left p.q.-Baer ring if and only if R is left p.q.-Baer and every countable subset of S ℓ(R) has a generalized countable join in R. Various types of examples of SIL-Armendariz rings is provided.

Symbolic computation of analytic approximate solutions for nonlinear differential equations with initial conditions

The Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is one of the most effective methods for constructing analytic approximate solutions of nonlinear differential equations. In this paper, based on the new definition of the Adomian polynomials, and the two-step Adomian decomposition method (TSADM) combined with the Padé technique, a new algorithm is proposed to construct accurate analytic approximations of nonlinear differential equations with initial conditions. Furthermore, a MAPLE package is developed, which is user-friendly and efficient. One only needs to input a system, initial conditions and several necessary parameters, then our package will automatically deliver analytic approximate solutions within a few seconds. Several different types of examples are given to illustrate the validity of the package. Our program provides a helpful and easy-to-use tool in science and engineering to deal with initial value problems. Program summary Program title: NAPA Catalogue identifier: AEJZ_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEJZ_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queenʼs University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 4060 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 113 498 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: MAPLE R13 Computer: PC Operating system: Windows XP/7 RAM: 2 Gbytes Classification: 4.3 Nature of problem: Solve nonlinear differential equations with initial conditions. Solution method: Adomian decomposition method and Padé technique. Running time: Seconds at most in routine uses of the program. Special tasks may take up to some minutes.