Types Of Destinations Research Articles

Rating Tourists' Interest in Tourism-Tailored Climate and Environmental Products

The scientific literature comprises a relatively large palette of studies focusing on tourist preferences regarding the weather and climate at the destination. However, the findings do not allow for establishing a hierarchy of climate and environmental features of interest for tourism based on destination type (urban/rural/mountain/seaside), but mainly to list them. We aim to identify some characteristics of a potential climate service targeting tourists by addressing in particular three aspects: 1. which are the weather, climate and/or environmental features most commonly marked as of interest in the general case of 'any destination type' and for the particular case of rural destinations; 2. which are the delivery and presentation forms of greatest interest; 3. how willing would be the tourists to pay for such a service. To this end, we used a questionnaire with five closed questions regarding these aspects, disseminated in Romania and Italy. The results confirm some expectations based on scientific literature and highlight the user interest in information encompassing several climates and/or environmental aspects, preferably in one single product. The results may be valuable for developing and providing effective tourism-oriented climate and environmental products and contribute to a better user uptake of such products and services.

Identification of Urban Areas As Urban Tourism Destinations in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta

The trend of urban tourism is developing along with the development of big cities today, including the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. The Province of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta is divided into 5 (five) administrative cities. Due to the many problems in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, the city planning system has become an obstacle and challenge in developing urban tourism, such as floods, congestion, air pollution, and lack of urban open land areas in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. This study aims to identify urban tourism destinations in urban areas in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. This type of research uses an empirical study with a qualitative approach. The results of the identification of this research are that the Special Capital Region of Jakarta has enormous potential by looking at various types of urban tourist destinations.

Proposta para fazer da Brotas, Brasil, um destino turístico inteligente

The aim of the article was to determine what are the points of improvement to be adopted at the Tourist Town of Brotas, in the interior of São Paulo, in order to make it a destination where technology generates an operative tourism intelligence, converging to the locus where the A electronic intelligence can make a decisive contribution so that this community can become a smart tourist destination. As a specific objective, it was also sought to verify what could differentiate a tourist destination, which has its image and its activities linked to tourism in natural areas, from destinations that have a tourist appropriation based on essentially urban attractions. An initial basis for triggering the research was a previous study, where 114 tourist destinations in São Paulo were promoted, in a non-individualized manner. Thus, it was found that this same criterion can be adopted for any other tourist destinations. In the end, it was concluded that the priority indicators for an action plan for the Brotas destination are environmental sustainability and the municipal tourist information system and that the parameters can be scientific in different types of destinations, regardless of their tourist vocation.

Proposta para fazer da Brotas, Brasil, um destino turístico inteligente

The aim of the article was to determine what are the points of improvement to be adopted at the Tourist Town of Brotas, in the interior of São Paulo, in order to make it a destination where technology generates an operative tourism intelligence, converging to the locus where the A electronic intelligence can make a decisive contribution so that this community can become a smart tourist destination. As a specific objective, it was also sought to verify what could differentiate a tourist destination, which has its image and its activities linked to tourism in natural areas, from destinations that have a tourist appropriation based on essentially urban attractions. An initial basis for triggering the research was a previous study, where 114 tourist destinations in São Paulo were promoted, in a non-individualized manner. Thus, it was found that this same criterion can be adopted for any other tourist destinations. In the end, it was concluded that the priority indicators for an action plan for the Brotas destination are environmental sustainability and the municipal tourist information system and that the parameters can be scientific in different types of destinations, regardless of their tourist vocation.

Incorporating networks in semantic understanding of streetscapes: Contextualising active mobility decisions

Planning for active mobility satisfies many fundamental tenets of good urban design and planning. However, planning for active mobility is a complex endeavour due to numerous local, place-based factors that influence active mobility decisions. Recent advancements in urban data research have demonstrated the effectiveness of deep learning methods in evaluating active mobility potential for urban environments. At present, the incorporation of semantic information from deep learning models and street view imagery into spatio-temporal contexts remains a challenge. In particular, knowledge extraction from deep learning models remains an open question for urban planning and decision-making. Towards this issue, we propose a functional deep learning and network science workflow that employs open data from OpenStreetMap and Mapillary to assess factors affecting active mobility decisions and route planning. We demonstrate the generalisability of our analytical workflow through two case studies focusing on urban greenery in Nerima city (Japan) and urban visual complexity in Pasir Ris town (Singapore). Our results reveal clear patterns of heterogeneity in urban streetscapes and identify unevenness in street infrastructure provision based on destination types. Using this information, we propose specific areas for design intervention to improve active mobility planning. Our workflow is applicable for a diverse range of use cases making it relevant to a wide range of stakeholders, not limited to, urban researchers, policy makers and urban planners.

A comparative analysis of domestic travel intentions and actual travel behaviors in COVID-19: focused on attitude-behavioral gap

ABSTRACT This study aims to comparatively analyze domestic travel intentions and actual travel behaviors in the Korean market. Using mixed methods, Study 1 found that the perceived health risk is the determinant factor for explaining domestic travel intentions. The moderating roles of age demonstrated that seniors intend to travel less since they are more sensitive to the health risk. Study 2 confirmed that seniors traveled less than younger travelers during the pandemic. Unexpectedly, females traveled more than males during the pandemic. Lastly, the types of destinations (indoor vs. outdoor destinations) also influenced travel behaviors; seniors, preferred outdoor destinations to indoor destinations.

Evaluating destinations' efforts to improve sustainability in tourism using the inter-temporal decomposition of a composite indicator

Sustainable tourism indicators are instruments for measuring tourism sustainability, widely used in the planning and decision-making processes. For this measurement, in recent decades composite indicators have been proposed that provide dynamic evaluations to assess the progress that each destination registers towards more sustainable situations. However, the measures proposed so far do not allow the evaluation of each destination's own effort or the effectiveness of the measures put in place, because the evaluation they provide depends on the decisions made when adding information (weighting, reference situations…). In this study, a dynamic measure of sustainable tourism is proposed, which, through the intertemporal decomposition of a global indicator with multiplicative aggregation, assesses the effort that each destination makes to improve its sustainability situation. The aggregation procedure is carried out in two stages. In the first one, a compensatory synthetic indicator is obtained for each aspect using a weighting scheme determined from information and dispersion criteria. In a second phase, the global composite indicator is obtained with a multiplicative aggregation, setting unique and common weights for all destinations through DEA models and using different benchmarks for each type of destination, in order to take into account their different starting situations.

Measuring the sustainability of tourist destinations based on the SDGs: the case of Algarve in Portugal: Tourism Agenda 2030

Medición de la sostenibilidad de los destinos turísticos basada en los ODSEl caso del algarve en Portugal: Agenda turística-2030ResumenObjetivoSe desarrolla un indicador sintético (IS) para medir la sostenibilidad de los destinos turísticos según las cuatro dimensiones propuestas para el desarrollo sostenible: social, económica, medioambiental y política. Su objetivo es determinar los indicadores más adecuados para cada tipo de destino turístico, es decir, qué variables deben considerarse en cada territorio según su tipología (ambiental, social, económica y turística). Para comprobar la utilidad y empleabilidad del IS, se ha aplicado en el Algarve (Portugal). En esta región se analizaron tres destinos: Albufeira, Faro y Lagos, los tres buenos ejemplos del conocido modelo de turismo de sol y playa.MetodologíaEl IS es el resultado de un sistema de indicadores. Para llegar al resultado final se ha utilizado un cálculo multicriterio en el que se han incluido las variables más importantes que se ajustan a la realidad territorial analizada, a partir de un análisis exhaustivo de más de dos mil indicadores propuestos por diversos estudios científicos y organismos internacionales como la OMC. Los resultados de este análisis se han ponderado según la opinión de la población. Se ha realizado una encuesta de más de 1.800 cuestionarios en destinos turísticos con alta estacionalidad y dependencia del turismo en el Algarve – Portugal. Por último, el IS se ha alineado con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.ResultadosSe definió el nivel de sostenibilidad y el nivel de preocupación social respecto a la actividad turística. En el Algarve, el turismo está transformando el paisaje y la economía local, y la masificación se percibe como una actividad económica que afecta negativamente a la sostenibilidad. La preocupación de la población residente por los impactos del turismo ha servido para identificar las estrategias prioritarias para mejorar el nivel de sostenibilidad de los destinos. Los tres territorios analizados presentan problemas diferentes y, por tanto, requieren estrategias de actuación distintas, principalmente de carácter público local. El resultado final indica el nivel de sostenibilidad del destino, lo que permite generar acciones específicas de mejora a corto, medio y largo plazo.Implicaciones practicesLos resultados permitieron desarrollar líneas de actuación dirigidas a mejorar la gestión sostenible de cada destino turístico analizado. Involucrar a la población local permite que los residentes del destino formen parte de las políticas turísticas, asumiendo una estrategia ascendente. Esta investigación aporta respuestas a los destinos que buscan implementar un turismo sostenible, ofreciendo a los gestores del sector turístico herramientas para una correcta toma de decisiones.Originalidad/valorsta investigación presenta un indicador sintético basado en un sistema de indicadores ajustado a las necesidades del territorio a analizar, tiene en cuenta la opinión de la población local como factor de ponderación y se ajusta a los 17 ODS.

Understanding prevention measures and tourist behavior in Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic. A mixed-method approach

This study investigates the adoption of prevention measures in Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with tourist behavior. The research adopts a mixed-method approach as it examines both practitioners’ and tourists’ viewpoints. A qualitative study was conducted with eight destination service providers, while the quantitative study took place among 333 international tourists during their stay in the country. Results from the qualitative study show that the most frequently employed prevention measures are cleaning and disinfection of customer-use spaces, the use of hand sanitizers, mandatory face masks for employees and guests, and social distancing. Tourism service providers observed that international tourist behavior changed significantly from 2020 to 2021. Findings from the quantitative study show relatively high levels of perception of adoption of prevention measures among tourists, low levels of the perceived risk of COVID-19, and high levels of tourist satisfaction. Some differences in tourist behavior related to gender and destination type are also observed. Positive correlations are found between tourists’ perceptions of prevention measures and their satisfaction level, while the correlations between perceived risk of COVID-19 and prevention measures on one hand and perceived risk of COVID-19 and tourists’ satisfaction on the other are found to be negative.

The Impact of Pandemic on Youth Travel Preferences – an International Perspective

"The pandemic has significantly affected international tourism and in order to reach the level of travel recorded in 2019, a series of measures and strategies are needed that take into account the new perspective of tourists on travel. In this context, the primary purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of the effect that COVID-19 has on travel activity preferences, subdividing the young tourists, and most important, how their travel behaviors changed following the pandemic. A questionnaire-based survey has been conducted on consumers of tourist services aged 18-29 years of various nationalities. The key topics investigated were the travel motivations, the criteria according to which they choose the destinations, the type of tourist destination chosen, the average length of stay and activities they prefer to do while traveling. It was analyzed if these preferences changed during the pandemics and among Romanian and foreign young tourists. As young tourists represent a significant segment of international tourism, it was considered that is important for the managers to know how consumers’ behaviors and preferences changed, so they can adapt to them in an effort to reach the pre-pandemic levels of activity. Keywords: travel, youth, COVID-19 pandemic, behavior JEL Classification: Z30, L83"

How does self-construal shape tourists' image perceptions of paradox destinations? The mediating roles of cognitive flexibility and destination involvement

This study proposes the concept of the ‘paradox destination’ as a novel destination positioning strategy for destination marketers. A paradox destination strategy describes the situation where a destination delivers a brand identity with contradictory personalities. Four experiments were conducted to investigate the interactive effects of self-construal (independent vs. interdependent) and destination type (paradox vs. non-paradox) on the image perception of potential tourists. The results revealed that independent potential tourists have a more positive image perception of paradox destinations than do interdependent potential tourists. Moreover, independent potential tourists reported a more positive image perception of paradox destinations than they did for non-paradox destinations. The mediating effects of cognitive flexibility and destination involvement were also tested by this research. In addition to theoretical implications, this paper also provides practical marketing strategies for destination marketers.

Impact of destination brand experience on destination advocacy: trust and loyalty as moderators

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess impact of destination brand experience (DBE) on destination advocacy (DA) and to assess the role of trust and loyalty as moderators in the relationship.Design/methodology/approachData was collected from a sample of 595 tourists from destinations in India. This study used structural equation modeling and moderated regression analysis to test the hypotheses.FindingsResults confirm the impact of all four dimensions of DBE (sensory, behavioral, affective and intellectual) on DA. Furthermore, the moderating role of loyalty and trust is established.Research limitations/implicationsThe study sample is drawn from only few Indian destinations. India boasts of several different types of destinations (wildlife, adventure, heritage, etc.). Future studies may do a comparative analysis of the influence of DBE dimensions across diverse destination types.Originality/valueAlthough past studies have examined the association between DBE and outcomes such as visit intentions, intention to recommend a destination, there is paucity of research that explores the direct association between DBE and DA. The uniqueness of the study lies in associating loyalty and trust as moderators in the relationship of DBE and DA.

The Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Camping Tourism in Spain: A Spatial Approach to Tourist Destinations

The COVID-19 health crisis has wreaked devastation on the world economy, especially on the tourism sector. The camping sector has been little studied despite its high economic impact and participation rate. Moreover, the observable effects of phenomena such as the COVID-19 pandemic have received little research attention. Consequently, the objective of this paper is therefore to analyse the effects of the pandemic on camping tourism by characterising the factors that determine it. The study is carried out by providing a geographical perspective of the sector by tourist areas, whereby two types of tourist destinations are considered: campsites located in coastal areas, and campsites located in natural areas. This is the main contribution of the work, as the proposed geographical analysis studies smaller territorial units than those usually used in tourism research. For the study, Multivariate Analysis techniques are applied, specifically Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis. The results show that there is a balance between supply and demand in the sector, with a significant economic impact, especially on employment and the performance of the sector. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to nature tourism gaining greater popularity, and shows an evolution in travellers' preferences for tourist destinations in favour of campsites located in natural areas over those located in coastal destinations. The geographical location of the tourist destination, therefore, plays a key role in the characterisation of Spanish campsites. This has practical implications for both camping companies and institutions, as the fact that some areas are more attractive than others is a decisive factor in deciding on the location of new campsites.

In the COVID-19 Era, When and Where Will You Travel Abroad? Prediction through Application of PPM Model

This study aimed to derive tourism motives and constraint factors that have changed or are newly applicable after COVID-19, and to identify the influencing relationships between these factors and complex aspects of tourism behavior intentions. For this purpose, the Push-Pull-Mooring model was used. To achieve the purpose of this study, prior literature and empirical studies were used to derive the primary measurement items through the primarily derived PPM model-based factors, and an online questionnaire survey was conducted with consumers who had had experience of overseas travel within the past two years. In total, 322 copies of the questionnaire were used for analysis. Through factor analyses, five push factors, four pull factors, and four mooring factors were derived. To understand tourism behavior intentions, each of the travel resumption times, preferred destination types, and preferred accommodation types were divided into three to conduct multinomial logistic regression analysis. The influence relationships between variables were verified to identify the changes in tourism behavior intentions caused by COVID-19, and the results indicated that some items of the PPM factors had significant influencing relationships with travel resumption times and preferred accommodation types. The preferred destination types were found to have significant influencing relationships with some items of the push/pull factors that were not found to have any influencing relationships with the mooring factors. This study is meaningful in that it presented motives and constraint factors for tourism behaviors from a new perspective based on changes in the tourism environment due to COVID-19, and the application of the PPM model and travel behavior is expected to be applied to diverse tourist behavior studies hereafter to achieve theoretical extensions.

Spatial equity of modal access gap to multiple destination types across Chicago

This study examines the Modal Access Gap (MAG) between transit and automobile to employment, groceries, hospitals, and schools in 15-min, 30-min, 45-min, and 60-min travel-time thresholds in the City of Chicago. We use automobile and transit access data from the Metropolitan Chicago Accessibility Explorer and augment it with data from the American Community Survey and the Smart Location Database. We employ a Spatial Lag Model to explore sociodemographic and built-environment correlates of MAG and the bivariate local indicator of spatial association to create cluster maps to offer a way to assess the spatial equity of MAG as it relates to carless households. The findings indicate that: (1) regardless of the travel-time threshold, the automobile has an advantage over transit in providing access to opportunities, (2) block groups with low MAG are concentrated and clustered in the Central Business District, (3) Millennials and car-free households are more likely to reside in areas with lower accessibility gap to employment, groceries, hospitals, and schools for 30-min and 60-min travel-time thresholds, and (4) areas with high access gap and a high proportion of carless households have a higher percentage of African Americans and low-income households. We recommend using the bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis to classify areas according to the gap in accessibility and proportion of households without vehicles. This classification is then used to prioritize different planning actions for high-high, high-low, low-high, and low-low combinations of MAG and the proportion of carless households. We also show that this spatial identification, at least in the case of Chicago, captures racial and economic differences in the underlying population and can help address inequities in accessibility, particularly in high access gap, high carless areas.

More immigrants, less death: An analysis of immigration effects on county‐level drug overdose deaths, 2000–2015

AbstractPublic and political discourse has routinely suggested that immigration is linked to higher community levels of violence and drug problems. In contrast to these claims, research has consistently shown that immigration is not associated with greater violence at the macro level. However, few studies have examined the links between immigration flows and community drug problems. The current study seeks to address this gap in research by providing a county‐level longitudinal analysis of immigration and drug overdose deaths both overall and by substance type for the 2000 to 2015 period and provides an analysis of homicide for comparison with prior immigration–crime research. In addition, this analysis compares immigration–overdose relationships across immigrant destination types. The current project relies on overdose and homicide data drawn from the Centers for Disease Control's Restricted Access Multiple Cause of Death Mortality files combined with data on county social, economic, health, and legal contexts drawn from multiple macro‐level data sources. Findings reveal that immigration is not associated with higher levels of overdose or homicide deaths, and when effects are significant, immigration is linked to lower levels of overdose mortality across multiple substances and destination types.

COVID-19 impacts on non-work travel patterns: A place-based investigation using smartphone mobility data.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented changes to our mobility. It has not only changed our work-related travel patterns but also impacted leisure and other utilitarian activities. Non–work-related trips tend to be more seriously affected by the neighborhood/contextual factors such as socioeconomic status (SES), and destination accessibility, and COVID-19 impact on non-work trips may not be equal across different neighborhood SES. This study compares non–work-related travel patterns between the pre- and during COVID-19 pandemic in the City of El Paso, Texas. By utilizing smartphone mobility data, we captured the visitation data for major non-work destinations such as restaurants, supermarkets, drinking places, religious organizations, and parks. We used Census block groups (n = 424) within the city and divided them into low- and high-income neighborhoods based on the citywide median. Overall, the total frequency of visitations and the distances traveled to visit these non-work destinations were influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, significant variations existed in their visitation patterns by the type of non-work destinations. While the overall COVID-19 effects on non-work activities were evident, its effects on the travel patterns to each destination were not equal by neighborhood SES. We also found that COVID-19 had differently influenced non-work activities between high- and low-income block groups. Our findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic may exacerbate neighborhood-level inequalities in non-work trips. Thus, safe and affordable transportation options together with compact and walkable community development appear imperative to support daily travel needs for various utilitarian and leisure purposes, especially in low-income neighborhoods.

Measuring City-Level Transit Accessibility Based on the Weight of Residential Land Area: A Case of Nanning City, China

A large body of research on transit accessibility emphasizes the importance of methods to simulating the real-world travel process. Few efforts have been made to conduct empirical research and comparative analysis of overall city-level transit accessibility. In addition, most of literatures utilize census tracts combined with the buffer method to estimate transit travel demand or available service areas, failing to take into account the reality that different land-uses have their own population. This research aims to develop an overall index of city-level transit accessibility based on the weight of residential land area. We integrated five types of destinations and the coverage of residential area within the transit stop service area to evaluate the overall structural problems of land use and public transportation in the process of urban development. Based on a case study on Nanning City, it was found that the weighted average travel distance is increased by 5.42 km, but the overall weighted travel time of the city is shortened by 7.65 min. In addition, an increase in coverage within the stop threshold and a decrease in the number of residential communities outside the threshold indicate that transit accessibility facilitates urban expansion. The empirical results show that the overall transit accessibility index can provide a reasonable measure criterion for the compact spatial structure and support urban strategic planning and address the problem of land use and public transport in the process of urban development.

Re-visiting the concept of winescape through netnography: “A tale of two cities”

Winescape is a central concept in wine tourism studies but is still under-researched, especially when package tours are concerned. This study has a two-fold objective: 1) to identify the winescape attributes of an emergent wine destination (Bulgaria) as perceived by organized wine tourists and compare them to a well-established Old-World wine region (Italy), and 2) to unveil the links between winescape attributes and servicescape dimensions. To this end, we employed a netnographic approach through the application of content analysis of TripAdvisor reviews and a combination of closed and open coding. Seven categories of winescape were identified, which almost completely coincide with the results of previous research. At the same time, some differences were found, mainly in the salience of the individual elements, which suggests a different composition of the winescape depending on several factors, among which the characteristics of the destination and the specifics of the tour operator. The study complements existing knowledge by validating a previously proposed model, and at the same time showcasing the context-dependent differences in attribute salience for two different types of destinations. In addition, it is the first to identify the links between the traditional supply-driven winescape models and the more holistic concept of experienscape.

O1-2 Identification of existing audit instruments for the assessment of urban and rural physical activity environments

BackgroundAccording to a socio-ecological perspective, the neighbourhood environment plays a critical role in promoting physical activity across all population groups. A comprehensive assessment of environmental characteristics is a prerequisite to the planning, implementation and evaluation of physical activity interventions. This work aims to identify existing audit tools for the assessment of physical activity related environmental features in order to evaluate a) their applicability in the European context and b) their relevance in the urban and rural context.MethodsWithin the research project EUBeKo[1] we searched relevant websites (e. g. Active Living Research) and scientific databases (e. g. PubMed) in order to identify existing audit instruments. We then developed a categorization system for the integration of the topics and items retrieved from the identified tools. To reveal context-relevant strengths and weaknesses, we critically inspected the instruments with the support of the current scientific evidence and literature regarding eligibility to the European context and rural/urban applicability.ResultsWe identified 29 audit tools focusing on different topics and features influencing physical activity (e. g. infrastructure, barriers). Some also include aspects of the social environment (e. g. presence of people) or the subjective perception (e. g. walkability, aesthetics). We found that numerous tools contain aspects of the socio-ecological environment reflected on the item level that do not conform with European environmental characteristics (e. g. street signage, types of destinations). Furthermore, we identified an unequal distribution with few tools being developed explicitly for the rural context (n = 3).ConclusionsIt is challenging to rate the applicability and relevance of audit tools. We were able to develop a comprehensive categorization system that can assist researchers and practitioners in the selection of a suitable set of items for an optimized assessment of European physical activity environments. In addition, our work points out the need for an instrument reflecting urban and specifically rural peculiarities of the European context. The main purpose of the research project EUBeKo is to understand and systemize decision and implementation processes of policies and projects aiming to promote physical activity in the context of the built environment.