Type Of Dental Treatment Research Articles

경희대학교 치과병원을 내원한 장애인 환자의 구강건강상태에 관한 연구

Most special health care needs (SHCN) people suffer from oral health problems due to high incidence and severity of oral disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the characteristics of dental treatment provided in this patient population. The study population comprised 485 SHCN patients who visited Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital from 2006 to 2014. Based on the medical record, the date were evaluated according to age, gender, type of disorder, reason for visit, type of behavior management, and type of dental treatment. The most common age group was 7-12 year olds (26%). The chief compliant was dental caries (39%), as followed by oral exam (12%) and trauma (12%). Approximately half of SHCN patients (45.9%) was treated under behavior management. Restorative treatment was the most common procedure with the average of 2.9 teeth treated per patient. The results of the present study may be valuable for establishing the data of SHCN patients for primary dental care.

High educational attainment moderates the association between dental health-care supply and utilization in Europe.

In line with the theory of supplier-induced demand, an increased physician density often goes along with a higher utilization of medical services, including dental services. This study aimed to assess whether dentist density and self-employment are related to dental care use, and whether these relationships are moderated by patients' educational attainment. We used data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) from over 20,000 respondents, 50 + yr of age, in 13 countries. We conducted multilevel logistic regressions with probability and type of dental treatment on individual education, country-specific dentist density, and dentist remuneration, and their cross-level interaction. Patients with a high educational level were more likely to report a dentist visit (OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.912-2.305) and to receive preventive care (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.697-2.043) than those with a low educational level (reference category). Cross-level interaction effects indicated that high dentist density decreases dental care utilization differences between patients with high (OR = 0.996, 95% CI: 0.993-0.999), medium (OR = 0.995, 95% CI: 0.991-0.999), and low education levels. This was also true for prevention use (OR = 0.996, 95% CI: 0.992-0.999 for patients with a high education level, and OR = 0.996, 95% CI: 0.993-1.000 for patients with a medium education level). The findings suggest that although dentist density is positively associated with dental care utilization, patients have differing susceptibilities to dental care supply.

Dental Barotrauma in French Military Divers: Results of the POP Study.

The aim of the POP (odontological problems among divers) study was to assess dental barotrauma among French military divers exposed to an underwater environment. A questionnaire on dental barotrauma was completed by the divers who presented at the SMHEP (Centre for Hyperbaric Medicine and Diving Expertise) for their quadrennial medical exam from March 2011 to July 2014. There were 1317 questionnaires completed, representing 60.6% of all French military divers. A total of 5.3% of divers had a dental barotrauma (70/1317), mainly fracture and/or loss of dental restoration. Dental barotrauma disrupted diving in 34.3% of cases. A total of 76.4% of divers were informed by a military physician of the importance of maintaining good oral health and 88.5% of divers consult their dentist at least once a year. Of the participants, 82.5% made their dentist aware they are divers, but only 4.9% of the dental practitioners advised their patient not to dive after some types of dental treatments and 12.8% indicated that, as divers, they need adapted dental treatments. Dental barotrauma was experienced by 1 in 19 military divers. Nevertheless, a contradiction exists between the frequency of dental barotraumas and the rigorous medical and dental follow-up of military divers. We note that there is inadequate dental management of divers when dental issues are identified. To avoid this unsatisfactory situation, "diving dentistry" should be taught to military and civilian dentists and physicians to make them aware of the potential dental complications and preventive measures associated with operating in a subaquatic environment.

The current status of dental dispute: Centered on the 2nd data(Korea Consumer Agency, Med-in)

There is a need to comprehend dental accidents accurately, and construct patient-safety-system in order to prevent consistently increasing dental accident or dispute. This study is aimed to provide basic data for an efficient counterplain by looking through and classifying already occurred dental accidents from an angle of patient safety. Recently, the number of dispute on dental implant was the highest according to rapid growth of dental implant. As a result of classifying dental accidents by International Classification for Patient Safety (ICPS), it is confirmed that cause of accident is different by each type of dental treatment. It is expected to help preventing and managing dental disputes properly by studying actual state of dental disputes in perspective of patient safety. Effort to reduce dental accidents and activity to pursue patient safety have thread in connection. I believe that financial profits of dental clinic and improvement of quality in dental treatment can be achieved through these efforts.

Our Sedation Experience on Mentally Retarded Patients

Aim: The majority of dental treatments can be performed under local anesthesia. However, sedation or general anesthesia are often required for men tally retarded patients presenting a lack of cooperation. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the outcomes of mentally retarded patients treated under sedation. Material and Method: The records of the 214 mentally retarded patients that were treated under sedation between 2010-2012 were retrospectively evaluated. The retrospective data included demographic variables, duriation of anesthesia, anti-epileptic drugs used, level of sedation, anesthetic agents, the type of dental treatment and adverse events during and after sedation. Results: In this study the mean age of patients was 22,49±9,54. The female/male ratio was 109/105. The number of ASA I, II, III patients were 43, 157 and 14 respectively. 16.8% of the patiens (n=36) was on one anti-epileptic drug regimen, while 29.9% of the patiens (n=54) was on more than one anti-epileptic drug regimen. The sedation levels were determined as minimal sedation (6.5%, n=14), moderate sedation (35%, n=75) and deep sedation (58.4%, n=125) respectively. The midazolam-ketamine combination was the most preferred anesthetic regimen (41.1%, n=88). Single dental extraction was the most performed dental treatment (58.4%, n=125). Postoperative nausea and vomiting was encountered in 3.7% of patients (n=8). Respiratuar depression occurred in 2 patients. Two patients developed bronchospasm, while one patient developed postoperative agitation, deep bradycardia and allergic reaction respectively. Discussion: We are of the opinion that sedation can be performed safely by choosing the appropriate drug and method without depressing respiration and reflexes.

Survey on choice of intravenous sedative agent at department of dental anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College Chiba Hospital between 2010 and 2011.

Use of intravenous sedation is increasing in the management of dental patients in consideration of accompanying diseases and patient demand for comfort and safety. We surveyed choice of sedative agent and dosage on the basis of accompanying diseases or conditions in patients receiving treatment at the Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College Chiba Hospital between 2010 and 2011. A total of 5,256 patients were reviewed and divided into the following categories: 1) medically compromised patients (MC); 2) minor oral surgery (OS); 3) cerebral palsy (CP); 4) mental retardation (MR); 5) mental disorder (MD); and 6) dental phobia with/without gag reflex. The investigated variables were sex, age, weight, duration of sedation, and dosage of agent. Dosage of midazolam (M), M plus propofol (MP), and P alone was investigated. A total of 2,336 patients were managed by intravenous sedation during the study period. The combination of MP was used in approximately 63-79% of patients in all categories, except MC. Midazolam was used in approximately 47% in the MC group. Propofol was used in approximately 32% of patients in the MR group. Other agents (minor tranquilizers, analgesics, and so on) were used in approximately 12% in the OS group. The dose of M was approximately 0.05-0.06 mg/kg. When MP was administered, the dose of M showed no difference among groups. The dose of P, however, tended to be lower in the MC and CP groups than in the other groups. These results suggest that MP is chosen for intravenous sedation in most types of dental treatment.

Dental Camp Experience in Lifeline Express (LLE) Train among Rural Population of Central, India.

The lifeline express is the world's first hospital train. To date, over 800,000 patients living in the remote rural interiors of India where medical facilities are scarce, have been treated. To evaluate the application and feasibility of providing screening, diagnosis, preventive dental treatment for rural population through mobile dental unit in lifeline express train from last three years in Madhya Pradesh, India. The study was retrospective and the data was extracted from six dental camps which have been conducted by Life line Express/ Impact India foundation in between 2011 to 2013 in rural and remote area of Madhya Pradesh. Out of six dental camps 14,081 patients were registered and 6,526 received dental treatment. The type of dental treatment like extractions (3,441), scaling (2,119) and restoration (966) were performed. The study shows a mobile dental hospital like LLE can provide an excellent opportunity for rural populations regarding oral health care.

Gynecologists' knowledge and attitudes regarding oral health and periodontal disease leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Objectives:A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge and practiced behaviors of gynecologists regarding oral health care during pregnancy and the association of periodontal disease with adverse pregnancy outcomes.Materials and Methods:A questionnaire consisting of 16 questions was designed and pilot tested. One hundred and fifty gynecologists practicing in the private sector of United Arab Emirates (UAE) were approached to voluntarily participate and fill up the questionnaire during February–March 2014. Data retrieved were entered into Excel database and analyzed using SPSS.Results:Of the 150 gynecologists approached, 108 filled the questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 72%. The majority (95.4%) acknowledged a connection between oral health and pregnancy and 75.9% agreed that periodontal disease can affect the outcome of pregnancy. Moreover, most of the gynecologists (85.2%) advised their pregnant patients to visit the dentist during pregnancy. Almost three-quarter of the participants (73%) regarded dental radiographs to be unsafe during pregnancy and more than half (59.3%) considered administration of local anesthesia to be unsafe during pregnancy.Conclusion:The present study demonstrated that gynecologists have a relatively high degree of knowledge with respect to the relationship of periodontal disease to pregnancy outcome. However, there clearly exist misconceptions regarding the provision of dental treatment during pregnancy. To provide better oral health care, more knowledge needs to be made available to the pregnant women and the medical community, and misconceptions regarding the types of dental treatments during pregnancy should be clarified.

Detection of Oral Streptococci in Dental Unit Water Lines After Therapy with Air Turbine Handpiece: Biological Fluid Retraction more Frequent than Expected

Oral streptococci detected in water from dental unit water lines (DUWLs) are a surrogate marker of patients' biological fluid retraction during therapy. We investigated oral streptococci detection rate in DUWLs in a representative sample of private offices in real-life conditions. Samples of nondisinfected water (100 ml) were collected from the DUWL designated for the air turbine handpiece in 81 dental units, immediately after dental treatment of patients with extensive air turbine handpiece use. Water was filtered and plated on a selective medium for oral streptococci and, morphologically, typical colonies of oral streptococci were counted. The lowest detection limit was 0.01 CFU/ml. The oral streptococci detection rate was 72% (95% CI: 62-81%), with a mean level of 0.7 CFU/ml. Oral streptococci detection was not affected by handpiece age or dental treatment type, but was associated with dental unit age. Biological fluid retraction into DUWLs during patient treatment and, possibly, the risk for patient-to-patient blood- or air-borne pathogen transmission are more frequent than expected.

Nuclear anomalies in the buccal cells of children under dental treatment

Introduction: Since some dental materials may be aggressive to a person’s body, studies involving such materials seem to be necessary. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the genotoxicity of dental materials through micronucleus (MN) test. Material and methods: Exfoliated buccal cells of 4-to-12 year-old children, who were on some type of dental treatment, were collected either before or after the treatment ending. Each sample was composed of 1,000 cells per patient. Student’s t test was used for comparison. Results: The dental materials were divided into 3 groups, as follows: cement, monomers, and their combination. Treatments using monomer + cement-based materials were found to increase significantly the number of binucleated (BN) cells, (p < 0.05) which indicate several degenerative nuclear changes. Conclusion: The combination of cement-based dental material with monomers increases the cytotoxic action of dental materials.

Dental caries risk indicators by using International Caries Detection and Assessment System in Mosul City.

Aims: To determine the effect of risk factors such as income level, socioeconomic status, parents education, brushing behavior , dental attendance, type of treatment performed and others on dental ca- ries severity of permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: Sample size was (531) students (260 males and 271 females) who were selected randomly from (10) primary and intermediate schools in Mosul City, their ages were ranged between (6-16) years. Risk factors considered on caries severity included parent's income level, parent's education, visiting the dentist, types of dental treatment performed and brushing behavior. Distribution of dental caries on each side of the mouth, DMFT and the percentage of caries free students were also considered. Caries severity was measured using International Caries Detection and Assessment System. Results: These factors have an effect to increase or decrease caries severity either significantly or not significantly. Conclusion: These risk factors should be kept in mind when we decide to reduce caries severity.

Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of dental anxiety among a group of adult patients attending a dental institution in Vadodara city, Gujarat, India

Anxiety is a subjective state of feelings. Dental anxiety is often reported as a cause of irregular dental attendance, delay in seeking dental care or even avoidance of dental care, resulting in poor oral health related quality of life. To assess the prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of dental anxiety among a group of adult patients attending a dental institution in Vadodara, Gujarat. A total of 150 adult patients waiting in the out-patient Department of Oral Diagnosis of K.M. Shah Dental College and Hospital were included in the study. Subjects were selected by convenience sampling. Dental anxiety was assessed by using Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and self-designed, semi-structured questionnaire incorporating various demographic variables, type and nature of dental treatment. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 16. Descriptive analysis, unpaired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and multiple logistic regression were applied for statistical analysis. 46% of the participants were dentally anxious. Females were found to be significantly more anxious than males. Subjects residing in villages had significantly more score than those residing in city. Relative influence of age, education, type of dental treatment, and previous dental visit were not significantly associated with dental anxiety. However, those subjects who had past negative dental experience were found to be significantly more anxious. The study shows that dental anxiety was high among study subjects. It is recommended that this issue should be given due importance and addressed in a practical and meaningful manner.

A pilot study of bioaerosol reduction using an air cleaning system during dental procedures

Bioaerosols are defined as airborne particles of liquid or volatile compounds that contain living organisms or have been released from living organisms. The creation of bioaerosols is a recognized consequence of certain types of dental treatment and represents a potential mechanism for the spread of infection. The aims of the present study were to assess the bioaerosols generated by certain dental procedures and to evaluate the efficiency of a commercially available Air Cleaning System (ACS) designed to reduce bioaerosol levels. Bioaerosol sampling was undertaken in the absence of clinical activity (baseline) and also during treatment procedures (cavity preparation using an air rotor, history and oral examination, ultrasonic scaling and tooth extraction under local anaesthesia). For each treatment, bioaerosols were measured for two patient episodes (with and without ACS operation) and between five and nine bioaerosol samples were collected. For baseline measurements, 15 bioaerosol samples were obtained. For bioaerosol sampling, environmental air was drawn on to blood agar plates using a bioaerosol sampling pump placed in a standard position 20 cm from the dental chair. Plates were incubated aerobically at 37°C for 48 hours and resulting growth quantified as colony forming units (cfu/m³). Distinct colony types were identified using standard methods. Results were analysed statistically using SPSS 12 and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. The ACS resulted in a significant reduction (p = 0.001) in the mean bioaerosols (cfu/m³) of all three clinics compared with baseline measurements. The mean level of bioaerosols recorded during the procedures, with or without the ACS activated respectively, was 23.9 cfu/m³ and 105.1 cfu/m³ (p = 0.02) for cavity preparation, 23.9 cfu/m³ and 62.2 cfu/m³ (p = 0.04) for history and oral examination; 41.9 cfu/m³ and 70.9 cfu/m³ (p = 0.01) for ultrasonic scaling and 9.1 cfu/m³ and 66.1 cfu/m³ (p = 0.01) for extraction. The predominant microorganisms isolated were Staphylococcus species and Micrococcus species. These findings indicate potentially hazardous bioaerosols created during dental procedures can be significantly reduced using an air cleaning system.

Summary of: A pilot study of bioaerosol reduction using an air cleaning system during dental procedures

Background Bioaerosols are defined as airborne particles of liquid or volatile compounds that contain living organisms or have been released from living organisms. The creation of bioaerosols is a recognized consequence of certain types of dental treatment and represents a potential mechanism for the spread of infection. Objectives The aims of the present study were to assess the bioaerosols generated by certain dental procedures and to evaluate the efficiency of a commercially available Air Cleaning System (ACS) designed to reduce bioaerosol levels. Methods Bioaerosol sampling was undertaken in the absence of clinical activity (baseline) and also during treatment procedures (cavity preparation using an air rotor, history and oral examination, ultrasonic scaling and tooth extraction under local anaesthesia). For each treatment, bioaerosols were measured for two patient episodes (with and without ACS operation) and between five and nine bioaerosol samples were collected. For baseline measurements, 15 bioaerosol samples were obtained. For bioaerosol sampling, environmental air was drawn on to blood agar plates using a bioaerosol sampling pump placed in a standard position 20 cm from the dental chair. Plates were incubated aerobically at 37°C for 48 hours and resulting growth quantified as colony forming units (cfu/m3). Distinct colony types were identified using standard methods. Results were analysed statistically using SPSS 12 and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Results The ACS resulted in a significant reduction (p = 0.001) in the mean bioaerosols (cfu/m3) of all three clinics compared with baseline measurements. The mean level of bioaerosols recorded during the procedures, with or without the ACS activated respectively, was 23.9 cfu/m3 and 105.1 cfu/m3 (p = 0.02) for cavity preparation, 23.9 cfu/m3 and 62.2 cfu/m3 (p = 0.04) for history and oral examination; 41.9 cfu/m3 and 70.9 cfu/m3 (p = 0.01) for ultrasonic scaling and 9.1 cfu/m3 and 66.1 cfu/m3 (p = 0.01) for extraction. The predominant microorganisms isolated were Staphylococcus species and Micrococcus species. Conclusion These findings indicate potentially hazardous bioaerosols created during dental procedures can be significantly reduced using an air cleaning system.

Effect of computerized delivery intraligamental injection in primary molars on their corresponding permanent tooth buds

To evaluate the prevalence of developmental disturbances in permanent teeth in which buds were exposed to intraligamental injection (ILI) delivered by a computer controlled local anaesthetic delivery (C-CLAD). The study population consisted of 78 children (age 4.1-12.8 years) who received ILI-C-CLAD to 166 primary molars. A structured form was designed to include information regarding age at treatment, gender, type of treated tooth, tooth location, type of dental treatment, and type of developmental disturbance(s) present in the associated permanent tooth. Teeth, which received regular anaesthesia or were not anaesthetized by local anaesthesia, served as controls. Five children had developmental defects. In C-CLAD-ILI exposed teeth, one child had two hypomaturation defects. The corresponding primary teeth were extracted. No defects were found on the control side. In two children, hypoplastic defects were found only in the control teeth (one in each child). One suffered from a dentoalveolar abscess in the corresponding primary tooth. Diffuse hypomaturation defects were found in two children on both the C-CLAD-ILI exposed and control sides. In the primary dentition, C-CLAD-ILI does not increase the danger of developmental disturbances to the underlying permanent dental bud.

경남지역 청소년들의 치과진료형태가 치과공포감에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 청소년들의 치과진료형태에 따른 치과공포감의 영향관계에 대해 규명하여 청소년의 치과진료 시 불안, 공포감을 완화시켜줄 수 있는 방법을 모색하고자 하였다. 조사대상은 경남지역에 재학 중인 청소년을 대상으로 2009년 12월 2일부터 9일까지 8일간 설문조사를 실시하여 420부를 분석에 사용하였다. 연구결과 상관분석을 통한 치과진료 경험과 공포감의 관계에서 각 구성요소 간 유의한 상관성을 보였고, 회귀분석 결과 전체적인 공포감에는 치과보철 진료경험이, 치과진료 회피 공포감에는 치과보존 진료경험이, 생리적 반응요인 공포감에는 구강악안면 진료경험이, 치료자극 반응요인 공포감에는 치과보철 진료경험이 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 향후 치과 의료기관은 청소년들이 치과진료에 대한 막연한 공포나 두려움을 없애고, 정기적인 치과방문을 통한 예방진료 등의 강화로 구강건강증진을 도모하고 건강한 삶을 영위할 수 있도록 진료형태별 대상별 치과 공포감을 없앨 수 있는 매뉴얼 개발 등의 노력이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study was to examine the influential relationship between the type of dental treatment and the dental fear of teens in a bid to seek ways of relieving adolescents of dental anxiety and fear. The subjects were teenaged students in South Gyeongsang Province. After a survey was conducted for eight days from December 2 to 9, 2009, the answer sheets from 420 students were analyzed. The findings of the study were as follows: When a correlation analysis was employed to look for connections between dental treatment experiences and dental fear, the components of dental treatment experiences had a significant correlation to those of dental fear. As a result of making a regression analysis, overall dental fear was under the significant influence of prosthodontic treatment experiences, and avoidance of dentistry was significantly affected by conservative treatment experiences. Oral and maxillofacial treatment experiences had a significant impact on physiologic response, and dental stimulus was significantly affected by prosthodontic treatment experiences. Therefore dental institutions should direct their efforts into the development of manuals geared toward different types of treatment and different patients in order for adolescents to receive dental treatment without any anxiety or fear, to get a regular dental checkup, to receive more preventive treatment, to promote their oral health and ultimately to lead a healthy life.

Evaluation of patient satisfaction after therapy of unilateral clefts of lip, alveolus and palate

Cleft lip, alveolus and palate (CLAP) is a craniofacial abnormality and is one of the most frequent human developmental anomalies. Therapy of clefts does not only comprise surgical closure of the cleft, but rather aims at an aesthetically and functionally optimal result at adult age. Thirty-three cleft patients with total clefts of lip, alveolus and palate were enrolled in this study. Osseous bridging of the alveolar cleft (osteoplasty) was performed in all patients followed by different types of subsequent treatment. All patients answered a questionnaire to assess their satisfaction with the treatment result and their facial appearance. Patient satisfaction was correlated to the type of alveolar cleft repair. The returned questionnaires revealed varying patient satisfaction with their appearance, occlusal conditions, and dental aesthetics depending on the type of dental treatment in the alveolar cleft area. Questionnaire analysis by gender revealed clear gender-dependent differences in self-rated satisfaction. Aesthetics gain increasing importance for self-perception. Therefore, patient satisfaction with her facial appearance should move even more into focus of therapy of clefts.

Postoperative Morbidities Following Dental Care Under Day-Stay General Anesthesia in Intellectually Disabled Children

The objective of this study was to compare the postoperative morbidities for 24 hours following dental care under day-stay general anesthesia using sevoflurane or halothane in intellectually disabled children. Eighty-six premedicated patients with intellectual disabilities underwent general anesthesia for their dental treatment. They were randomly given anesthesia maintained with sevoflurane (2% to 3%) or halothane (1% to 1.5%) after receiving inhalation induction either with sevoflurane (8%) or halothane (5%) and nitrous oxide in oxygen (50:50). The patients' age, gender, weight, ASA Class, type of dental treatment, and duration of anesthesia and operation were recorded as well as the time required for recovery (Aldrete Scale) and the length of time taken before they were discharged (postanesthetic discharge scoring system) from the hospital. Pain and agitation were recorded using a visual analog scale (0 to 10). Other postoperative morbidities, which include crying, nausea and vomiting, bleeding, and drowsiness, were also noted for 24 hours after the operation. The most common morbidities during the postoperative 24 hours were agitation and pain, and their occurrence was significantly more common in the sevoflurane group than in the halothane group (P < .05). The recovery time was shorter in the sevoflurane group, but it was not statistically significant. There was no difference between the groups in the discharge time. Apart from more postoperative agitation and pain after awakening from sevoflurane, the quality of recovery was similar for both sevoflurane and halothane.

A costs analysis of dental treatment for ectodermal dysplasia

Dental treatment modalities for ectodermal dysplasia (ED) vary markedly depending on the clinical manifestations, but to date there have been no studies exploring the potential economic impact of ED. On the basis of anecdotal and clinical reports, the authors postulate that costs of dental treatment for this condition can have a substantial financial impact on patients and their families. The purpose of the authors' pilot study was to develop an economic model for various treatment modalities for ED with severe hypodontia. The authors first used a comprehensive review of the literature and expert consensus to establish a treatment modalities model for ED. Next, they completed chart reviews to validate the model with sample treatment and costs information. Using these data, they then constructed a model of treatment options and associated costs. The sample included 24 patients with ED who had severe hypodontia. Forty-two percent were female; patients' ages ranged from 4 years, 11 months to 31 years, 1 month. Forty-two percent had dental insurance coverage, while more than one-half paid for services out of pocket. An estimated 84 percent had undergone prosthodontic treatment, 37 percent orthodontic treatment and 19 percent implant surgery. Depending on the age of the patient and types of dental treatment, there was a broad variation in costs. This ranged from $2,038 to $3,298 for those who had received prosthodontic treatment only; it ranged from $12,632 to $41,146 for those who had received a combination of prosthodontic, orthodontic and implant treatment. Dental treatment for ED had a marked financial impact on patients and their families and varied depending on the type and duration of treatment.

Ramsay Hunt Syndrome: An Unusual Variant After Dental Infection

Ramsay Hunt Syndrome: An Unusual Variant After Dental Infection