Types Of Delinquency Research Articles

An examination of types of delinquency through path analysis

Relationships between father's occupation, delinquent peer association, tendency to neutralize, and self-reported delinquency are explored in a path model. Self-reported delinquency are categorized into Minor, Predatory, and Aggressive delinquency. The effect of this division is analyzed among Mexican Americans and Anglo college students (N=694). The structure of the resulting path models remained similar across these subsamples, although there was some variation in the strength of the relationships. The effect of father's occupation was minimal. The strongest relationships were between neutralization and delinquency, controlling for delinquent peers and for father's occupation, which decreased as the seriousness of the delinquency increased. Additionally, neutralization was more strongly related to delinquency among Anglos than among Mexican Americans, explaining 39% of the variation in delinquency among Anglos, but only 28% among Mexican Americans. Association with delinquent peers, however, was more strongly related to delinquency among Mexican Americans.

Perceived Risk of Punishment and Self-Reported Delinquency

Using data from a survey of students in six Arizona high schools, this paper examines the relation between perceived risk of punishment and selfreported delinquency. Consistent with the deterrence doctrine, the relation is inverse regardless of the location of the schools (metropolitan or small town), type of delinquency, or the kind of measure of perceived risk. However, measures of perceived personal risk (the individual's perception of his or her own risk) provide more consistent support for the deterrence doctrine than measures of perceived aggregate risk (perception of the risk for all juveniles in the same community). Moreover, personal risk is inversely related to delinquency even when social condemnation of delinquent offenses, attachment to conventional persons, and several status characteristics (e.g., age, sex) of the students are taken into account.

OFFENDER TYPOLOGIES-TWO DECADES LATER

In the period immediately following the second world war, a major crimino logical interest, particularly among sociologists, grew up around offender typologies. A number of persons offered arguments holding that adult and juvenile lawbreaking involves a heterogeneous collection of activities which must be broken down for study into more homogeneous units. According to this view, typologies or categorisations of offender patterns, types, syndromes, or role-careers are required in order that (a) progress can be made on the etiological task, and (b) efficacious treatment of offenders can be developed. The causal contention is that no single theory can be uncovered to account for such diverse types of lawbreaking (or for the persons who engage in them) as embezzlement, forcible rape, arson, gang delinquency, aggressive delin quency, female delinquency, and so forth. Instead, separate but perhaps inter-related etiological hypotheses must be developed for each distinct offender type. The closeness of this perspective to the medical model of separate syndromes or disorders, each arising out of a different disease pattern or other set of causal factors, is readily apparent. The case for typologies and diagnostic classifications in correctional therapy closely parallels the etiological view. The basic argument is that differential treatment must be developed in which various tactics such as psychotherapy, group counselling, reality therapy, behaviour modification, or other strategems would be matched with particular offender types. The treatment would be fitted to the offender, thereby bringing about more effective rehabilitation than is now being achieved. An early and important articulation of the typological view regarding juvenile delinquents was made by Hewitt and Jenkins (1944), based on research data from a study of referrals to a child guidance clinic. These in vestigators asserted that there are two major, distinct kinds of delinquents encountered in guidance clinic settings. In another typological statement, Cohen and Short (1958) argued that the population of juvenile delinquents is made up of a number of different types of misbehaving adolescents. Unlike Hewitt and Jenkins, these theorists drew upon a variety of impressionistic evidence to support their claims about types of offenders. Among the patterns hypothesised by Cohen and Short was a parent male delinquent subcul ture , along with a number of other variants of working-class gang delinquency. A third, well-known description of delinquent types is found in the work of Cloward and Ohlin (i960), who contended that lower-class, subcultural delinquents fall into several quite distinct types. Still another statement on these matters was made by Kinch (1962), who summarised a large number of essays in the criminological literature that had offered some contentions

A STUDY OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AMONGST ASIANS AND HALF-ASIANS

Journal Article A STUDY OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AMONGST ASIANS AND HALF-ASIANS: A Comparative Study in a Northern Town Based on Official Statistics Get access I. D. BATTA, I. D. BATTA * Bradford Social Service Department Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. W. McCULLOCH, J. W. McCULLOCH †University of Bradford, Schools of Applied Social Studies Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar N. J. SMITH N. J. SMITH †University of Bradford, Schools of Applied Social Studies Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Journal of Criminology, Volume 15, Issue 1, January 1975, Pages 32–42, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046608 Published: 01 January 1975

Family Background, Ethnicity, and Urban Delinquency

Four problems characterize much of the past research on the relation of social factors to juvenile delinquency: measurement of social background, one-dimensional indexes of delinquency, bias in measurement of delinquency, and nonparametric statis tical tests. These problems may be overcome in part by using specific, proximal measures of background; multiple indexes of delinquency; anonymous self-reports of delinquency incidence; and parametric statistics such as components analysis and regres sion or analysis of variance. The present paper demonstrates the use of these methods in a pilot study of about 400 public high- school students in Chicago. The components analysis shows the factor pattern of delinquency varies in samples of boys and girls; hence multiple rather than single indicators must be used. The regression analysis shows that different types of delinquency are functions of different combinations of family background, ethni city, and sex; for example, boys, especially white boys, in the sample more often reported car thefts; and Negro girls reported more frequently than white girls of having engaged in gang fights. Several methodological implications are drawn from the findings for future research on delinquency.

Social class, reported parental behavior and delinquency status.

Earlier studies on the etiology of delinquents have been concerned with social delinquency (offenses committed with others) and solitary delinquency (offenses committed alone) as related to social class. Other studies have considered reported parental behavior as an influence on type of delinquency. The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of social class on reported parental behavior as a significant factor in social and solitary delinquency status. It was concluded, contrary to previous research, that social class cannot be considered a significant factor in differentiating social and solitary delinquents. Reported parental behavior of delinquents, as measured in this study, was also not highly related to social class. The findings do lend support to earlier research suggesting that solitary and social delinquents vary in etiology of their delinquency.

The Case for Differential Treatment of Delinquents

Based on the assumption that the same treat ment program which is beneficial to some types of offenders may be detrimental to other types, a series of experimental programs for delinquents have developed around a theory of the differential use of program elements. The question asked has been: What kinds of treatment programs conducted by what kinds of workers in what kinds of settings are best for what kinds of youthful offenders? In approaching these in vestigations, several classification schemata—categorizing of fenders, treaters, environments, and treatment methods—have been developed. Attempts have then been made to study the matching of workers, settings, and methods with types of delinquents. These studies have produced a number of find ings : Offenders can be reliably classified in treatment-relevant ways. A large proportion of youthful offenders can be suc cessfully treated in community-based programs rather than institutions; however, incarceration leads to higher success rates with one type o...

Susceptibility to social influence and retention of opinion change in two types of delinquents.

Susceptibility to social influence and retention of opinion change in two types of delinquents.

Three types of delinquents: their performance on MMPI and PCR.

Three types of delinquents: their performance on MMPI and PCR.

The Case for Differential Treatment of Delinquents

Based on the assumption that the same treat ment program which is beneficial to some types of offenders may be detrimental to other types, a series of experimental programs for delinquents have developed around a theory of the differential use of program elements. The question asked has been: What kinds of treatment programs conducted by what kinds of workers in what kinds of settings are best for what kinds of youthful offenders? In approaching these in vestigations, several classification schemata—categorizing of fenders, treaters, environments, and treatment methods—have been developed. Attempts have then been made to study the "matching" of workers, settings, and methods with types of delinquents. These studies have produced a number of find ings : Offenders can be reliably classified in treatment-relevant ways. A large proportion of youthful offenders can be suc cessfully treated in community-based programs rather than institutions; however, incarceration leads to higher success rates with one type of delinquent. Grouping of offenders into homogeneous living units by subtype leads to a significant decrease in institution-management problems. Offenders who are well matched with their treaters have much higher success rates than those who are not well matched. Impact of these studies on correctional programs in California is great, both at state and county levels. Interest in these concepts has led to the establishment of the Center for Training in Differential Treatment.

THE TREATMENT OF DELINQUENTS IN A THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY*

Many accounts have been given of various types of delinquents treated by various community methods, even from 19th century sources. There is a danger that these are all classified together when the value of the Therapeutic Community is assessed.It is necessary to understand what a Therapeutic Community is, its basic ideology and structure, and how a participant is affected and may react. The different reactions of different personality types to differing communities then have considerable bearing on essential selection for the appropriate treatment.This article describes and analyses these factors.

MMPI study of three types of delinquents.

MMPI study of three types of delinquents.

Perceptual characteristics of delinquent girls.

Delinquent and non-delinquent girls were classified into the three perceptual types of Reducer, Augmenter, or Moderate according to whether they tended subjectively to alter perceived size. Results indicated a tendency for delinquents to reduce perceived size to a greater extent than non-delinquents. No significant relationships were found between color preferences and perceptual types of delinquents; however, among non-delinquent girls Reducers scored lower on strong color value contrasts (preferring weaker figure-ground contrasts) than Moderates or Augmenters. Augmenters chose strong contrasts more often.

An MMPI comparison of two groups of institutionalized delinquents.

Abstract Two independent studies compared the MMPI performance of 2 groups of matched institutionalized delinquent boys, those who caused trouble in dormitories (SSs) and those who did not (GGs). In the 1st study, Scale 4 was the only statistically significant scale. Cross-validation found no scales statistically significant. Nineteen items which discriminated between SSs and GGs in the 1st study did not hold up in the cross-validation study. It is concluded that the MMPI has questionable value in discriminating between different levels and types of delinquents.

Typologies of Delinquent Girls: Some Alternative Approaches

The staff of the Las Palmas School for Girls expressed a desire for a system other than psychiatric diagnosis for assigning girls to differential treatment modalities. The Interpersonal Maturity Level system was incorporated into the classification procedures of the institution and was found to be pragmatically useful. The major advantage of the system is that it suggests staff styles, treatment modalities, and etiological aspects of types of delinquents based upon perception and behavior. An effort was made to objectify the identification of I-Level types through a Q-factor analysis of a psychological inventory. The attempt failed; however, the Q-analysis helped uncover covert manipulators early in the institutionalization process and appeared to be a step forward in the development of an objective, general typological system.

VARIETIES OF DELINQUENT TYPES*

VARIETIES OF DELINQUENT TYPES Get access SHELDON, SHELDON †† Roscoe Pound Professor of Law, Emeritus, Harvard Law School Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ELEANOR, ELEANOR ‡‡ Research Associate, Special Studies in Delinquency, Harvard Law School Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar GLUECK GLUECK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Journal of Criminology, Volume 5, Issue 3, July 1965, Pages 236–248, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048844 Published: 01 July 1965

A Substitute for Institutionalization of Serious Delinquents

The California Youth Authority is experimenting with an intensive treatment-control program in the community as a sub stitute for institutionalization of delinquents committed by the juvenile courts of two urban areas. Youths from an eligible pool (excluding the 25 per cent who are a threat to community safety) are assigned at random either to a community treatment group or to an institutionalized group; thus we can compare the relative effectiveness of the two programs in improving parole success and community adjustment of various types of delinquents.

The Juvenile Gang: A Cultural Reflex

In the past decade, American sociologists study ing delinquency have become increasingly concerned with the effects of class differences on youthful deviance. Class research stems in part from a research interest developed during the Depression, yet sociologists have not always been accurate in depicting class differences and in claiming identification of exclusive criteria of differences between class groups. Some of the results have been a failure to comprehend realistically the full dimensions of the changing class structure in the United States and a readiness to attribute forms of youthful deviance, including delinquency, to reactive compensations of working-class youths toward middle-class values and limitations of egress from a restrictive background. In what tends to become a relatively simple and unencumbered view, there has been a conspicuous avoidance of reference to pervasive behavioral practices of various types which characterize the culture as a whole. A significant result of this avoidance, apart from its deceptive simplicity, is its failure to recognize a variety of hidden variables in the dynamics of delinquency and in the identification of delinquent types. Unlike scholars elsewhere, for reasons which may reflect the current American culture mentality, sociologists in the United States appear to be minimizing significant facts of intergenerational struggle.

History of the work camp as a method of treating delinquents.

In considering the use of the Work Camp as an instrument in the treatment of delinquency, close attention must be given to the diagnosis of individual work campers, procedures for organizing the environment, and direct therapeutic techniques. These papers outline in detail the latest thinking of specialists from the several mental health disciplines regarding the types of delinquents most amenable to “Work Camp treatment,” the activities and administrative devices most likely to create a rehabilitative climate, the role of individual counseling in the Work Camp, “work” itself as a therapeutic medium, and possible extensions of the Work Camp idea into new settings.

Continuities in the Study of Delinquent Types

The author is Assistant Professor of Sociology in San Francisco State College. He previously served on the faculty of the University of Washington, where he obtained his B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees. The great interest shown by criminologists in the study of typologies in recent years is evidenced by the number of articles on the subject published in this Journal alone. In the following paper, Professor Kinch analyzes the nature of previous typological analyses of juvenile delinquents and points out the need for a synthesis of typological theory. He proposes a method by which these previous studies can be collated and compared and outlines the factors which must be explored in order to develop a systematic typological theory of juvenile delinquency.-EDITOR.