Types Of Cytoplasmic Inclusions Research Articles

The Ultrastructure of Human Axillary Apocrine Glands After Epinephrine

The ultrastructure of the secretory cell of human axillary glands has been described in detail by several authors. However, evidence about the mechanism of secretion in these glands remains largely theoretical. The present study was undertaken to determine whether pharmacologic stimulation would produce more precise information about this process. The results indicate that after epinephrine injection, the distribution, number, and morphology of cytoplasmic organelles do not change significantly. Apical cell membrane changes were seen most consistently, but not universally, at 4hr and 24hr after epinephrine injection. The dispersion of particles contained in the secretory granules was most clearly seen 10min and 4hr after injection and may occur in connection with the cytoplasmic filaments that are closely associated with the secretory granules. These filaments may play a major role in directing the activities of the secretory cells. Two discrete types of granules contain secretory particles: a third type of cytoplasmic inclusion is the initial formation of one type of secretory granule. Whereas mitochondria, which according to some authors are transformed into secretory granules, occasionally become enlarged when they occupy apical sites, no evidence of such secretory transformation was detected. These observation indicate that the mechanism of apocrine secretion is an extremely subtle process which can be clearly understand only with improved technology.

Malacoplakia

A case of malacoplakia of the bladder and intestinal tract is reported in which bacilliform organisms are demonstrated within the malacoplakic macrophages by light and electron microscopy. On electron microscopy, two types of cytoplasmic inclusions are found, those corresponding to the periodic acid Schiff-positive granules which are phagolysosomes, and the Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. Bacteria, probably coliforms, in various stages of degradation, are found within phagocytic vacuoles and phagolysosomes, sometimes in close apposition to phospholipid membranes. The Michaelis-Gutmann bodies develop within the phagolysosomes. It is postulated that the following sequence of events occurs in the pathogenesis of Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. Bacteria are phagocytosed by the malacoplakic macrophages, incorporated into phagolysosomes, and killed, but are incompletely digested. They persist as dense amorphous aggregates and phospholipid membranes which later become encrusted with calcium phosphate crystals to form the laminated Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. Why the macrophages respond in this unusual fashion to a common infectious organism is not clear. It may be due to an immunological abnormality affecting intracellular digestion. Other factors, such as infection with an unusual strain of coliform or intrinsically abnormal macrophages, are discussed. The world literature of intestinal malacoplakia is reviewed and the aggressive nature of intestinal involvement is stressed.

Additional data on the ultrastructure of inclusion bodies evoked by sharka (plum pox) virus

Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of leaves ofNicotiana clevelandii infected with sharka virus revealed several types of cytoplasmic inclusions. Pinwheels and lamellar aggregates were frequent. Pinwheels showed a central core with a threadlike structure in the middle. Lamellar aggregates showed a striation with a periodicity of 55 A on their surface and they were associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. Irregular crystalline structures were found less frequently. Microbodies were common in the cytoplasm of sharka virus infectedN. clevelandii plants, but they also abounded in healthy controls.

Évolution d'Une Virose A Fuseaux dans la Nymphe et l'Adulte de Melolontha Melolontha [Col. Melolonthidae

SUMMARYEvolution of spheroidosis in the pupa and imago of Melolontha melolontha [Col. Melolonthidae]The pathogenesis of a spheroidosis in larvae, pupae and imagos of a Coleopter Melolontha melolontha L. has been studied by curves of mortality and of development after infection and, histologically, in consideration of tissue changes of pupae and imagos.The virus infection stops the metamorphosis before the pupal and the imaginal moults according to the developmental stage of the insect at the time of infection.It is shown the occurence and the development of two types of cytoplasmic inclusions in pupae and imagos as also that the infection at a given time is necessary in order that the development of lesions occurs during pupal and imaginai stages. As in larvae, the fat body of pupae and imagos displays the most serious lesions. Virus inclusions are also localized in peritracheolar cells and in the connective sheath of gonads of infected imagos. The occurence of such lesions in periganglionnar cells of matured larvae and prepupae is considered to be connected with the stop of normal development of the insect during pupal and imaginai moults.

Estudo ao microscópio electrônico de tecidos de plantas infetadas pelo vírus do mosaico comum e mosaico amarelo do feijoeiro

Exames ao microscópio electrônico de tecidos foliares e radiculares de plantas infetadas pelo vírus do mosaico comum ou do mosaico amarelo do feijoeiro, mostraram a presença de dois tipos de inclusões no cito-plasma: filamentosas, consideradas como partículas de vírus, e lamelares, típicas dos vírus do grupo Y. Essas inclusões não foram encontradas no pólen ou no óvulo de feijoeiros infetados. Como o vírus do mosaico comum do feijoeiro é transmitido pelo pólen, sugere-se que êle ocorre nestas células em concentração muito baixa, ou mesmo na forma de ácido nucléico.

Electron microscopy of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in cells infected with rinderpest virus

Cytoplasmic inclusions in lymphocytes, reticular cells, mucosal epithelial cells, and cultured calf kidney cells infected with rinderpest virus were studied with the electron microscope in thin sections, as whole mounts by the negative contrast technique, and following tagging with ferritin-antibody conjugates. One type of cytoplasmic inclusion was composed of numerous filaments with a tubular structure which could be tagged specifically by ferritin-conjugated antibody. Another type of inclusion contained large quantities of fine granular and fibrillar material in addition to filaments. This type of inclusion was found mainly in infected cells of cattle. At higher resolution, individual filaments within the inclusions appeared as helical structures about 190 A in diameter with a hollow central region about 50 A in diameter. The longest of them was about 4 μ in length. No particles resembling mature virus were identified in any of the thin sections studied.

Histochemical changes in Melolontha melolontha (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera) infected by a new virus.

Changes in DNA, RNA, protein, and glycogen in the fat body of a beetle, Melolontha melolontha (Linnaeus), were studied histochemically at intervals of 15, 23, 75, and 195 days after intrahemocoelic injection of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, Vagoiavirus melolonthae. As the disease progressed, the average nuclear diameter increased considerably without any apparent change in DNA content. Cytoplasmic RNA increased progressively for about 75 days and then decreased slightly. Nuclear protein content increased during the first 23 days after virus inoculation. Cytoplasmic protein content progressively increased throughout the disease process. There was no significant change in glycogen reserves 23 days after inoculation; thereafter, glycogen was drastically reduced.Three morphologically different types of cytoplasmic inclusions all staining intensely with naphthol yellow S (thus establishing their proteinaceous nature) were observed. The pyroninophilic "round" type is considered to be "mature" inclusions containing the virus particles demonstrated by electron microscopy. The resemblances between this virus and some viruses of higher animals are discussed.

Cylindrical Inclusions in the Cytoplasm of Leaf Cells Infected with Tobacco Etch Virus

Combined tracings from electron micrographs of serial sections of leaf tissue infected with tobacco etch virus show that one type of cytoplasmic inclusion, when sectioned in different planes, can produce configurations which have been interpreted as being two distinct types of inclusion bodies.

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS IN CELLS INFECTED WITH ROD‐SHAPED VIRUSES

Thin sections of leaf tissue infected with 12 rod‐shaped viruses varying from 180 mμ to 750 mμ in length were examined in the electron microscope. Neither intranuclear nor cytoplasmic inclusions occurred in healthy tissue. Intranuclear inclusions were observed only in material infected with tobacco etch virus. Several types of cytoplasmic inclusions were induced by the group of viruses varying in length from 730 mμ to 750 mμ; however, only one type of inclusion was common to all seven viruses of this group. It is proposed that this inclusion, which appears as a pin‐wheel in cross section and as a bundle in longitudinal section, is diagnostic for infection with viruses of the potato Y group, i.e., rod‐shaped viruses whose lengths vary from 730 mμ to 750 mμ.

Electron Microscopy of Cytoplasmic Inclusions in Cells Infected with Rod-Shaped Viruses

Thin sections of leaf tissue infected with 12 rod-shaped viruses varying from 180 mμ to 750 mμ in length were examined in the electron microscope. Neither intranuclear nor cytoplasmic inclusions occurred in healthy tissue. Intranuclear inclusions were observed only in material infected with tobacco etch virus. Several types of cytoplasmic inclusions were induced by the group of viruses varying in length from 730 mμ to 750 mμ; however, only one type of inclusion was common to all seven viruses of this group. It is proposed that this inclusion, which appears as a pin-wheel in cross section and as a bundle in longitudinal section, is diagnostic for infection with viruses of the potato Y group, i.e., rod-shaped viruses whose lengths vary from 730 mμ to 750 mμ.

Cytochemistry of Protozoa, with Particular Reference to the Golgi Apparatus and the Mitochondria

This chapter describes cytochemistry of protozoa with emphasis on the Golgi apparatus and the mitochondria. The vast studies on cytoplasmic inclusions of the subclass Phytomastigina pertain to the order Euglenoidina. In addition to the chloroplasts, stigma, and associated structures the euglenoids have been considered to have four types of cytoplasmic inclusions: (1) mitochondria or chondriome, (2) vacuome, (3) Golgi material, and (4) mucous bodies. The Golgi material found in the various classes of protozoa has been shown to be homologous with the Golgi dictyosomes of all metazoan cells except the neurons of vertebrates. In a large number of species belonging to all the five classes of the protozoa, studies with the electron microscope have made abundantly clear that the Golgi material exists in the form of typical dictyosomes, exactly similar to those of the metazoan cells. Each dictyosome consists of very flat saccules, the walls of which enclose a slit-shaped area and appear as very conspicuous membranes. It is the walls of these saccules that show osmiophily whereas the contents of the saccules always appear brighter.

STUDIES ON THE HEXAPOD NERVOUS SYSTEM. IV. A CYTOLOGICAL AND CYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF NEURONS AND THEIR INCLUSIONS IN THE BRAIN OF A COCKROACH PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (L.)

1. A variety of cytological and cytochemical staining reactions has been applied in a study of neuronal inclusions in the brain of the American cockroach. Three types of cytoplasmic inclusions, which exist in addition to mitochondria, ribosomes, and the Golgi apparatus, are characterized. For discussion purposes these are called A-cell NSM, beta-, and delta-granules.2. The cytochemical staining reactions used indicate that A-cell NSM is a cystine- or cysteine-rich phospholipoprotein.3. Perikaryal inclusions which stain intensely with PAS, SBB, CPM, and AF, but which are not stained blue-black with CAHP, occur in the majority of neurons. These are called beta-granules. Despite similarities in stainability, there is a possibility that these inclusions are not all of one type. They clearly differ from the Golgi apparatus, and it is also highly unlikely that they are typical mitochondria. The cytochemical data suggest that beta-granules contain a lipid or glycolipid which is either not predominantly phospho...

Recent observations by light and electron microscopy on the cytoplasmic inclusions of the neurones of Patella vulgata.

SYNOPSISA preliminary report is given of observations made on the neurones of the pedal ganglia of Patella vulgata. Three types of cytoplasmic inclusions have been seen in these cells—mitochondria, lipochondria, and Golgi apparatus. The dictyosomes described by other workers probably correspond to pairs of Golgi membranes together with the dense (osmiophilic) substance they enclose. The archoplasm probably corresponds to numerous small Golgi vesicles.

Cytoplasmic inclusions of Phytomastigoda

At the present time, there is a certain amount of disagreement as to the nature and identity of the various types of cytoplasmic inclusions in the Phytomastigoda. According to one viewpoint (9), there should be recognized a vacuomrte, consisting of definite vacuoles or smaller inclusions characterized by certain staining reactions, and an ergastome composed of "liposomes"; the term chondriome is applied only to the so-called initial stages in the development of the vacuome. In another interpretation (20), which is in better accord with the views of the majority of cytologists, the vacuome and the chondriomne are considered to be entirely distinct types of cytoplasmic inclusions, differing in physico-chemical nature and in staining reactions. As for the identity of the Golgi material in the plant-like flagellates, a number of different views have been expressed. In addition to these more fundamental differences of opinion, the literature contains conflicting reports concerning the identity of the various types of inclusions in specific flagellates.