Types Of Crude Oil Research Articles

Experimental study on oxidation characteristics of low temperature oxidation stage of thin oil in P layer in eastern Daqing Placanticline

Abstract The eastern oilfield of Daqing Placanticline belongs to a medium low permeability oilfield as a whole, with some blocks developed earlier and in the stage of high water content and high recovery. The main oil layer is severely flooded, and the remaining oil distribution is scattered. It is difficult to improve the development effect through conventional water flooding adjustments. In order to clarify the feasibility and key parameters of thin oil fire flooding development in the eastern P reservoir of Daqing Placanticline, experimental research on low-temperature oxidation stage oxidation characteristics was conducted using typical block rock cuttings and crude oil. Complete 20 sets of experiments on the oxidation characteristics of crude oil under different temperature and pressure, 4 sets of experiments on the oxidation characteristics of crude oil under different combustion systems, and 12 sets of tests on the composition of crude oil and exhaust gas. Clarify the low-temperature oxidation characteristics of crude oil under different temperatures and pressures, determine the oxidation characteristics of crude oil under different catalytic systems, and divide the temperature range for crude oil to reach ignition, providing theoretical support for improving reservoir fuel for thin oil flooding.

On the influence of asphaltic molecules on the precipitation of acid-induced sludge: Molecular dynamics perspective

During the matrix acidizing treatment, asphaltic molecules precipitate solidly as a consequence of contact between acidic and oil phases at the oil–acid interface. Molecular dynamics simulation, a powerful tool, has not been utilized to investigate this phenomenon comprehensively. In the present study, this powerful technique was used to shed the light on the movement of polar molecules such as asphaltene and resin in the oil phase as well as hydronium ions in the aqueous acid phase toward the oil–acid interface during acid treatment. Additionally, the influence of significant variables such as crude oil type and asphaltene-to-resin ratio were studied. To achieve the aforementioned objectives, the oil and acidic phases were equilibrated separately under specific thermodynamic conditions and then the two phases were put into intimated contact. The precipitation of polar molecules during close contact of acid phase with paraffinic oil was opposite to aromatic oil for both high and low asphaltene-to-resin ratios. On the other hand, oil mixtures with equal number of asphaltene and resin molecules behaved differently. Our research indicates that the type of oil, either paraffinic or aromatic, has a significant effect on the formation of asphaltic sludge. Surprisingly, the influence of the asphaltene-to-resin ratio is so strong that it can offset the effect of the oil type. This is a result of the formation of micellar structures in the crude oil phase over a limited range of asphaltene-to-resin ratios. Additionally, more hydronium ions are attracted toward the interface in oil mixtures containing micelles.

Not all oil types are alike in trade substitution

Motivated by the ongoing war in Ukraine and the public debate on sanctioning crude oil imports from Russia, we estimate the elasticity of substitution between different crude oil types. Using European data on country-level crude oil imports by their field of origin, we argue that crude oil is far from a homogenous good, and that the relevant substitutability for analyzing the impact of trade sanctions must account for the quality of different oil types in terms of their density and sulfur content. Distinguishing crude oil imports by their chemical composition, the elasticity of substitution between types is substantially lower than suggested by previous estimates. Our results also suggest that, by neglecting these differences in quality, standard estimates underestimate the production disruptions and price effects in crude oil refining resulting from sanctions.

Demulsification of water in crude oil emulsions via phosphonium-based ionic liquids: Statistical modeling and optimization

In the present study, the performance of two ionic liquids namely Tetrabutylphosphonium bromide (TBPB) and Tetraoctylphosphonium bromide (TOPB) as the demulsifying compounds are investigated in the demulsification operation of water in light and medium crude oil emulsions for the first time. The response surface methodology (RSM) is employed to evaluate the impact of temperature, pH, water content, demulsifier concentration, and settling time on the demulsification efficiencies of studied demulsifiers. In order to design the requisite experiments and optimize the effective factors on the water removal efficiency, the central composite design (CCD) is applied. To determine the optimal conditions of input parameters, four exact models are created by utilizing the responses of 184 experiments to predict the demulsification efficiencies of two demulsifiers for two types of crude oils based on statistical tests of different models using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). High R2 coefficient values imply that the developed models could reproduce the experimental results of the studied demulsifiers appropriately. At the optimal conditions, the water in light and medium crude oil emulsions are completely broken in the samples containing TOPB. Moreover, TBPB agent presents high and acceptable demulsification efficiencies for both types of crude oils at the optimal values of process parameters i.e. 98.078% and 96.025% for light and medium crude oil emulsions, respectively. The superior demulsification performance of TOPB with respect to TBPB can be ascribed to the longer alkyl chain length of TOPB.

Prediction of crude oil physical properties based on molecular compositional modeling approach

AbstractIn this study, the Structural Units‐Bonding Matrix will be introduced into the crude oil characteristics analysis, specifically engineered to depict the molecular intricacies of petroleum substances. This methodology synergizes the bonding matrix with structural units, assigning the bonding matrix to the foundational layer, while the structural units adorn the surface layer. Through meticulous analysis of crude oil data, this study identified the core and branched molecular constituents of crude oil, facilitating the digital articulation of these molecules. Leveraging this foundational work, this study developed composition models for five quintessential types of crude oil, enabling the precise prognostication of their macroscopic physical properties. Further, by evaluating the viscosity‐temperature characteristics of these selected crude oils, this study established a predictive model for the viscosity–temperature relationship of crude oils, grounded in the quantitative structure–property relationship method. This approach not only augments this study understanding of crude oil molecular composition but also enhances the predictive accuracy of their physical properties, heralding a significant advancement in the field of petroleum molecular science.

Novel Optical Methodology Unveils the Impact of a Polymeric Pour-Point Depressant on the Phase Morphology of Waxy Crude Oils.

Crude oil, also known as petroleum, plays a crucial role in global economies, politics, and technological advancements due to its widespread applications in industrial organic chemistry. Despite environmental concerns, the dwindling supply of easily accessible oil reservoirs necessitates the exploration of unconventional resources, such as heavy and extra-heavy oils. These oils, characterized by high viscosity and complex composition, pose challenges in extraction, transportation, and refinement. With decreasing temperatures, heavy oils undergo phase changes, with transitions from Newtonian to non-Newtonian fluid behavior, leading to difficulties in transportation. Alternative methods, such as the use of polymeric pour-point depressants, help mitigate flowability issues by preventing wax precipitation. Understanding the properties of waxy crude oil, such as the wax appearance temperature (WAT), is crucial for effective mitigation strategies. The objective of this research is to determine the WATs of different types of waxy crude oils through a comparative analysis using advanced techniques such as cross-polar microscopy (CPM), standard rheology, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Disparities in WAT identified through different analytical methods highlight the potential of microscopy to enhance our understanding of complex fluid dynamics in real time in order to proactively identify and address crystallization issues in oilfields.

Prices

Assessed or estimated prices and values for the major types of crude oils traded on spot markets. Updated on a monthly basis.Official sales prices (except as otherwise noted) and are generally market‐related, subject in some cases to retroactive adjustment. Updated on a monthly basis.

Gauging Returns and Volatility of Crude Oil using GARCH Approach

This paper uses two distinct types of crude oil to measure the returns and volatility of crude oil: Brent and West Texas Intermediate (WTI). The time series data of two crude oil prices per barrel, collected from the international market, calculates the volatility and returns. The data spans from February 1, 2014, to February 1, 2024. 2537 observations are considered for WTI, and 2542 observations are taken for Brent in this paper. This study uses the E-view model to analyse the secondary data and look up the ARCH and GARCH impacts at a significance level. The mean reversion of WTI is 0.993582, and Brent crude mean reversion is 0.956194. The results show that WTI has a slower mean reversion than Brent because it is closer to 1. Further half-life model analysis showed that WTI reverted to its mean position after 99 days and Brent after 16 days. This study concludes that WTI is more volatile than Brent crude oil.

Biological origin and depositional environment of crude oils in the Qiongdongnan Basin: Insights from molecular biomarkers and whole oil carbon isotope

Molecular biomarker and whole oil carbon isotope (δ13Coil) analyses were conducted on eleven typical crude oils from the Qiongdongnan Basin to investigate their biological sources and depositional environments. Saturated hydrocarbon biomarkers in most samples are characterized by angiosperm-derived compounds, with aromatic compounds dominated by the naphthalene, phenanthrene, biphenyl, and fluorene series. The related source rocks of these oils were mainly deposited under oxic condition, but a subanoxic–suboxic and enclosed water column condition in the Central Depression during Oligocene. The identification of simonellite and related compounds in the aromatic fractions provides reliable evidence for the input of coniferous gymnosperms. Cadalene may also have a potential association with gymnosperms since it shows a strong positive correlation with simonellite. Evidence from density, n-alkanes, short-chain alkylbenzenes and secondary brine inclusions indicates that the unique crude oil B13–1 may have suffered from thermal alteration. These crude oils (excluding B13-1) can be classified into four types based on the δ13Coil values and molecular biomarkers. Type A oil (solely S34-3) is characterized by non-angiosperm plants, with minor dinoflagellates and increasing contribution from conifer gymnosperms than others. Type B oils (L17–2, L18–1, L25-1, and L25-1W) show heavy δ13Coil (−24 ‰ to −25 ‰) and mixed contributions from both angiosperms and marine algae, with the marine algae contribution increasing. Type C oils (L13–2 and B21-1) share similar biological sources with Type B, but the moderately δ13Coil (−25‰ to −26‰) and high level of terrestrial biomarkers suggesting a predominant contribution of angiosperms. Type D oils (sample Y13-1a, Y13-1b, and Y13-4) possess the lightest δ13Coil (mainly below −26‰) and are primarily derived from angiosperms, with mangrove vegetation playing an important role. Spearman correlation analysis among 14 source biomarker parameters with δ13Coil and geological setting of related source rocks implied that the marine algae should be responsible for the heavy δ13Coil in the Type B. The contribution of marine algae in the Central Depression may have been neglected in the past, as it is usually covered by remarkable angiosperm biomarkers.

Investigation of ionic liquid adsorption and interfacial tension reduction using different crude oils; effects of salts, ionic liquid, and pH

The results revealed the significant effect of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4, MgSO4, and Na2SO4 and pH values of 3.5–11 on the interfacial tension (IFT) reduction using three types of neutral, acidic, and basic crude oils, especially for acidic crude oil (crude oil II) as the pH was changed from 3.5 to 11 (due to saponification process). The findings showed the highest impact of pH on the IFT of crude oil II with a reducing trend, especially for the pH 11 when no salts exist. The results revealed that the salts except MgCl2 and CaCl2 led to a similar IFT variation trend for the case of distilled water/crude oil II. For the MgCl2 and CaCl2 solutions, a shifting point for IFT values was inevitable. Besides, the dissolution of 1-dodecyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([C12mim][Cl]) with a concentration of 100–1000 ppm eliminates the effect of pH on IFT which leads to a reducing trend for all the examined crude oils with minimum IFT of 0.08 mN/m. Finally, the [C12mim][Cl] adsorption (under pH values) for crude oils using only Na2SO4 was measured and the minimum adsorption of 0.41 mg surfactant/g Rock under the light of saponification process was obtained.

Analyzing the Impact of Crude Oil Price Changes on Airlines' Stock Prices in the Indian Aviation Industry

The study examined the connection between airline stock prices and crude oil prices. It focused on five airlines - Air India,, IndiGo, Jet Lite,,Jet Airways, and Spice Jet - as well as three types of crude oil markets based on their market capitalization: WTI-West Texas Intermediate and Texas Light Sweet; Brent-North Sea Brent Crude; and Dubai-Dubai Crude. The results revealed that changes in crude oil prices influenced most of the airline stock returns. Specifically, Air India, IndiGo, Jet Airways, and Spice Jet showed significant correlations between their stock returns and crude oil prices during the study period from January 1,,2007 to November 30, 2018. These findings have implications for individual investors, institutional investors, and policymakers.

Flow coupling analysis and evaluation of different working conditions for crude oil storage tanks under dynamic heating

AbstractDuring periods of sharp demand increase, there is a need for significant expansion in the fundamental requirements for crude oil storage. As demand rapidly escalates, the prerequisites for crude oil storage necessitate substantial expansion. To scientifically and effectively reduce energy waste associated with heating oil, it is essential to study the heating methods and efficiency of crude oil storage tanks. Considering environmental temperature, solar radiation, and the physical properties of the oil, we have proposed a new heating model to elucidate the dynamic heating process of large floating roof storage tanks equipped with coils. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was used to analyze the impact of the dynamic heating model on the temperature and velocity fields within the floating roof tank, taking into account different initial oil temperatures, oil levels, wind speeds, and types of crude oil during the winter heating process. Additionally, the research suggests the optimal maintenance heating temperature and duration for crude oil storage tanks during the winter season, introducing heating efficiency and inhomogeneity of temperature field as two evaluation metrics to compare the advantages of the dynamic heating method over traditional heating methods. This study provides fresh insights into the coil heating domain in crude oil storage tanks.

Interactions between chloride-based salts (CaCl2 and MgCl2), ionic liquids, pH, and titanium oxide nanoparticles under low and high salinity conditions, and synthetic resinous crude oil: dorud oilfield

AbstractUnfortunately, oil reservoirs are complex considering the fluids (e.g., crude oil composition) and rock properties making it hard to propose a simple enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method for higher oil production. Besides, most of the investigations had focused on crude oil which is a complex mixture of thousands of components making it hard to extract any reliable conclusions with respect to the crude oil type. So, the current study is focused on the application of ionic liquids from different families of pyridinium and imidazolium, titanium oxide nanoparticles, and salts (MgCl2 and CaCl2) in the presence of resinous synthetic oil for the first time. The obtained results using the central composite design (CCD) approach revealed the positive effect of resin fraction on the IFT reduction by 27% considering the initial value (34.9%). Using the CCD approach revealed that using pH = 7, MgCl2 concentration = 21,000 ppm, CaCl2 concentration = 21,000 ppm, resin fraction of 9wt%t and 500 ppm of [C12mim][Cl] concentration reduces the IFT to minimum value of 0.62 mN/m while the minimum IFT value for optimum conditions of solution includes [C12py][Cl] led to minimum IFT value of 2.2 mN/m. But, the contact angle measurements revealed better synergy between [C12py][Cl] and TiO2-NPs (0–200 ppm) for better wettability alteration toward water-wet condition (27.3°) than [C12mim][Cl] (33.2°). Moreover, the IFT measurements revealed that the presence of TiO2-NPs is effective in reducing the IFT of the optimum formulations to 0.55 and 0.84 mN/m for [C12mim][Cl], and [C12py][Cl], respectively. According to the results, it seems that the obtained optimum formulations for [C12mim][Cl], and [C12py][Cl] are applicable for EOR purposes as new hybrid solutions.

Multivariate evaluation from electrocoalescence to Brazilian crude oils in pilot plant scale

A multivariate evaluation of the electrocoalescence process for crude oil dehydration is presented in this study. The objective is to assess the impact of operational variables and their combined effects on the final water content. To achieve this, a pilot plant unit was constructed for the evaluation of five operational variables in a steady-state regime. The statistical analysis, conducted using results obtained through a factorial experimental design for three types of crude oil, illustrates how the influence of cross-effects impacts dehydration. Different responses from each type of crude oil depend on the combined variables. The findings highlight that a combination of factors, not always immediately apparent, contributes to a reduction in the final water content. Furthermore, the combination of operating factors appears to be more crucial than individual variables. This suggests an opportunity for the optimization of electrocoalescers by simply adjusting field parameters.

Application of Regression Models on the Prediction of Corrosion Degradation of a Crude Oil Distillation Unit

Abstract The crude distillation unit is the most critical elements in the refining process. Moreover, most of the equipment in the distillation unit are made of general carbon steels. Data analysis models, machine learning techniques can predict corrosion degradation rates. We used Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression, to predict the impact of process parameters. Altogether, we have analysed 84 channels of technological parameters, and 22 different types of crude oils. Among the corrosion agents, the chloride content strongly affected the weight loss of coupons, where the highest coefficient was 0.68. The most influential parameter is found to be the pH value. Thus, an estimation method of the pH value is set up to predict the corrosion degradation rate. The regression correlation for estimating the pH value is 0.53 if the corrosion agents are not used, which can be improved to 0.76 if the corrosion agents are also used in the regression analysis.

Prices

Assessed or estimated prices and values for the major types of crude oils traded on spot markets. Updated on a monthly basis.Official sales prices (except as otherwise noted) and are generally market‐related, subject in some cases to retroactive adjustment. Updated on a monthly basis.

A Novel Biosurfactant-Based Oil Spill Response Dispersant for Efficient Application under Temperate and Arctic Conditions.

Synthetic oil spill dispersants have become essential in offshore oil spill response strategies. However, their use raises significant concerns regarding toxicity to phyto- and zooplankton and other marine organisms, especially in isolated and vulnerable areas such as the Arctic and shorelines. Sustainable alternatives may be developed by replacing the major active components of commercial dispersants with their natural counterparts. During this study, interfacial properties of different types of glycolipid-based biosurfactants (rhamnolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids, and trehalose lipids) were explored in a crude oil-seawater system. The best-performing biosurfactant was further mixed with different nontoxic components of Corexit 9500A, and the interfacial properties of the most promising dispersant blend were further explored with various types of crude oils, weathered oil, bunker, and diesel fuel in natural seawater. Our findings indicate that the most efficient dispersant formulation was achieved when mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) were mixed with Tween 80 (T). The MELs-T dispersant blend significantly reduced the interfacial tension (IFT) of various crude oils in seawater with results comparable to those obtained with Corexit 9500A. Importantly, no leaching or desorption of MELs-T components from the crude oil-water interface was observed. Furthermore, for weathered and more viscous asphaltenic bunker fuel oil, IFT results with the MELs-T dispersant blend surpassed those obtained with Corexit 9500A. This dispersant blend also demonstrated effectiveness at different dosages (dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR)) and under various temperature conditions. The efficacy of the MELs-T dispersant was further confirmed by standard baffled flask tests (BFTs) and Mackay-Nadeau-Steelman (MNS) tests. Overall, our study provides promising data for the development of effective biobased dispersants, particularly in the context of petroleum exploitation in subsea resources and transportation in the Arctic.

PH and ionic liquids impacts on SiO2-nanoparticles for surface phenomena modifications for heavy acidic crude oil

The current study is designed and performed to examine the impact of a combinative method including the new class of surfactants from the ionic liquids (ILs) family (imidazolium type) and nanoparticles (NPs) namely silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs). Besides, the effect of pH concomitant with the other parameters was examined since pH is an essential operating parameter especially if researchers dealing with a non-neutral type of crude oil. Unfortunately, although using chemicals is highly effective, there are limited investigations dealing with a new class of surfactants, NPs, and operating conditions such as pH. In other words, although there are several investigations dealing with alkaline, polymers, and surfactants, a few studies were performed to find the interactions between the new class of surfactants such as ILs, NPs (no matter metallic-based or nonmetallic-based type) and pH which can directly manipulate the in-situ surfactant formation which acts similarly to alkaline injection. In this way, two different surfactants namely 1-dodecyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([C12mim][Cl]), and 1-octadecyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([C18mim][Cl]) and SiO2-NPs with concentrations of 0–2000 ppm and 0–1000 ppm are used for interfacial tension (IFT) and wettability alteration investigations using heavy acidic crude oil. The measured IFT values revealed that increasing the surfactant concentration to 2000 ppm can reduce the IFT to the minimum value of 0.94 and 0.88 mN/m for [C12mim][C] and [C18mim][Cl], respectively. Besides, the measurements revealed that it is possible to reach the water-wet condition with contact angles of 81.3° and 74.5° for [C12mim][Cl] and [C18mim][Cl], respectively. Moreover, the measurements revealed that increasing the pH from 3 to 11 has a considerable effect on the IFT reduction and wettability alteration because of in-situ surfactant formation (reaction between the OH− and the functional group of the crude oil) which can act as a solution including alkaline in it. Finally, the IFT and contact angle were measured using 1000 and 500 ppm of [C12mim][Cl] and [C18mim][Cl] while the pH and SiO2-NPs concentrations ranged between 3–11 and 0–1000 ppm, respectively. The measurements revealed the significant impact of SiO2-NPs for reducing the IFT and changing the wetness of the rock surface with a minimum IFT value of 0.35 mN/m and contact angle of 23.3° (strongly water-wet condition). Considering the obtained results, it can be concluded that the proposed combinative method is highly applicable for higher oil production using the lab-scale equipment. The point is that the further systematic investigations are required since using combinative methods for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) purposes are still in the preliminary stages of their appearance.

Prices

Assessed or estimated prices and values for the major types of crude oils traded on spot markets. Updated on a monthly basis.Official sales prices (except as otherwise noted) and are generally market‐related, subject in some cases to retroactive adjustment. Updated on a monthly basis.

Co-movements of crude oil prices

ABSTRACT This paper investigates whether the world crude oil market is globalised in a ‘one great pool’ or is regionalised by examining the prices of 21 different types of crude oil from various regions worldwide. We employ monthly data from October 2011 to November 2020 to construct spatial panel data models. Using three weight matrices, we account for the physical properties affecting crude oil quality and geographical factors. The resulting empirical evidence reveals that although we cannot refute the globalisation hypothesis, there are distinct price mechanisms specific to each type of crude oil. The pricing of crude oil appears to be influenced by a combination of similar and dissimilar qualities, including American Petroleum Institute gravity (API) gravity, sulfur content and geographical location.