Cross Type Research Articles

Fit and Evaluate the Viscous Models Used for ABS

Viscous models such as Bird-Carreau, Cross, modified Cross, Carreau-Yasuda and Power are often used in commercial software. In order to get the most suitable model, a series of rheological tests were carried out in this study, and a model fitting method based on least square approach was proposed. Combined with the WLF equation related to temperature, these five viscous models were fitted by the fitting method proposed in this paper. The calculated results of the fitted models are compared with the experimental data. The results show that, of the investigated five models, the Carreau-Yasuda and Cross type models can better describe the rheological characteristics of ABS, the Bird-Carreau model is the second, and the Power model is the poorest one. The fitted models are in good agreement with that by Polymat. Some models such as Cross and Power models fitted by the proposed method are even better than that by Polymat.

Comparison of wind flow effect for varying cross – sectional height of tall building using ANSYS

Study of wind is empirical for the designing of tall structures because it considers the instability due to slender behavior of these structures. In this study, three models namely A, B, and C are analyzed on ANSYS using Computational fluid dynamics approach. These three models have a total height of 192 m built of two types of cross – sections as plus and square (below plus). These models differ by the heights of the cross sections only. Plus and square cross – section heights for Model A are 96 m each, for Model B are 48 m and 144 m respectively and for Model C are 144 m and 48 m respectively. CFD simulations are performed for wind of magnitude 10 m/s when incident on these three modes at wind incidence angle 0° and the results are interpreted in terms of pressure contours and streamlines. It is observed that designing for critical faces is a must. Also from streamlines it may be observed that as the cross – sectional height of irregular shape increase, more stability is noticed. It is also observed that the wind velocity increases at the top most points of the models.

Comparison of wind flow effect for varying cross – sectional height of tall building using ANSYS

Study of wind is empirical for the designing of tall structures because it considers the instability due to slender behavior of these structures. In this study, three models namely A, B, and C are analyzed on ANSYS using Computational fluid dynamics approach. These three models have a total height of 192 m built of two types of cross – sections as plus and square (below plus). These models differ by the heights of the cross sections only. Plus and square cross – section heights for Model A are 96 m each, for Model B are 48 m and 144 m respectively and for Model C are 144 m and 48 m respectively. CFD simulations are performed for wind of magnitude 10 m/s when incident on these three modes at wind incidence angle 0° and the results are interpreted in terms of pressure contours and streamlines. It is observed that designing for critical faces is a must. Also from streamlines it may be observed that as the cross – sectional height of irregular shape increase, more stability is noticed. It is also observed that the wind velocity increases at the top most points of the models.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ПУТИ СОХРАНЕНИЯ И СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ ПЛЕМЕННЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОМ ОВЦЕВОДСТВЕ

The article notes insignificant differences in the complex of valuable economic and useful characteristics between animals of various categories of breeding and other farms, which does not allow to increase the productivity of sheep on a national scale. One of the reasons for this is that practically in most breeding farms of all categories, different types of crosses are used, and the breeding advantages of crossbreeds are known to be low.

Viability and vigor of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. Hybrid) seeds from intrageneric and intergeneric crosses at various storage periods

Sugarcane is one of the essential crops with high economic value in Indonesia, because it is the primary source of sugar. Sugarcane is propagated vegetatively for commercial purposes, but for genetic improvement, crosses carried out to produce seeds with the new genetic combinations. This study aims to determine the viability and vigor of seeds from intrageneric and intergeneric crosses at various storage periods. This study used seed samples from 19 intrageneric and intergeneric crosses conducted by ISRI from 2006 to 2016. The seeds were kept in aluminum foil bags in the freezer at -20oC. Viability and vigor of seeds were determined by evaluating germination, growth speed, growth synchronously, vigor index, and maximum growth potential. The results showed that the type of crosses and the storage time of seeds had a very significant effect on germination, growth speed, growth synchronously, vigor index and maximum growth potential. However, the longer storage of sugarcane seeds was not always accompanied by a decrease in seed viability and vigor, both seeds resulting from intergeneric and intrageneric crosses. In addition, the viability and vigor of seeds from intergeneric crosses was lower than the viability and vigor of seeds from intrageneric crosses.

Research on Underground Space Application of Multi-storey Complex Structure Based on Agent-Base Continuous Model

The fire emergency evacuation in a transfer station, with complicate structure and large number of passengers, is more difficult than that in a single subway station. A three-storey subway transfer station with cross type and island-side transfer form was selected as the research object. Through a field investigation, it was determined that there were 368 occupants should be evacuated in B3 platform and 212 people in B2 platform. And the proportion of adults attached 84%. An agent-based egress simulator was adopted to investigate the effect of different evacuation schemes. Results show that the optimal scheme is to change the arrival field for stair 1 and the stair 4 at the both ends of B3 platform to the concourse in B1 layer directly. In addition, fire curtains on B2 should land to an occupant height in the early stage of evacuation and then fall down to the floor after 240 s. It could improve the evacuation efficiency of the B2 and the B3 train fire, and the evacuation time is decreased by 110 s and 20 s respectively. This study would be helpful for safety evacuation design in a transfer station.

Characterising Dutch forests, wetlands and cultivated lands on the basis of phytolith assemblages

Abstract Palaeoecological reconstructions in the Netherlands are commonly based on pollen and macrofossil analysis, but can be limited if the preservation of organic material is poor. Phytoliths, biogenic silica, do not have this limitation and preserve in settings where other macro- and microfossils do not. Little is known about how phytolith assemblages preserved in soils and sediments reflect the parent vegetation in north-western European systems, so it is currently difficult to contextualise past environments. Here, we characterise phytolith assemblages for soil samples recovered from three major vegetation types in the Netherlands to provide reference data for future reconstructions of past vegetation change. We collected 42 soil surface samples from forests, wetlands and agricultural fields across the Netherlands and characterised the phytolith assemblages they contained. We identified the different phytolith morphotypes and quantified the percentages and concentrations (#phytoliths/cm3 soil) in each sample. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling to assess the variation in phytolith assemblage composition within, and between, the three vegetation types. The phytolith assemblages analysed from the forests, wetlands and agricultural fields were clearly distinguishable from each other. Agricultural fields were dominated by four phytolith morphotypes of grass silica short cells (GSSCs): rondel (tabular), cross type 1 (>15 µm), rondel (elongated) and disturbance or crop phytoliths. Forests settings had significantly higher amounts of different arboreal phytoliths (large and small spheroid rugose) compared with other vegetation types. Wetlands could be identified by significantly higher amounts of Cyperaceae phytoliths (papillate) and other GSSCs (saddle and bilobates with thick castula). Phytolith assemblages could distinguish different subtypes of vegetation within forest and wetland areas, while differences between agricultural systems could not be identified. Our study demonstrates that phytoliths preserved in soils or sediments can be used to separate major vegetation types across the Netherlands. Thus, these results support the hypothesis that phytoliths can be used to infer past environmental conditions in palaeoecological reconstructions. We suggest that future work should: (1) focus on characterising which phytolith types are produced by the commonest tree, wetland, shrub and herb species in the Netherlands and (2) characterise phytolith assemblages across a wider array of vegetation types in north-western European systems to increase the capability for quantitative reconstructions using phytolith assemblages.

Fitness consequences of hybridization between wild Newfoundland and farmed European and North American Atlantic salmon

Selection due to multi-generational domestication and genetically distinct origins raises concerns about potential fitness consequences of hybridization between farmed and wild Atlantic salmon. In Newfoundland (NF), Canada, the aquaculture industry uses the North American (NA) Saint John River strain, though site-specific permission has been granted to farm a European origin (EO) strain. We used complementary experiments to investigate differences in (1) dominance status and (2) growth and survival in allopatry (NF wild fish) versus sympatry (NF wild fish with NA/EO farmed individuals and related F1 hybrids) in contrasting tank and semi-natural stream environments. NA farmed salmon were more dominant than NF wild individuals, with hybrids being intermediate in expression and not differing from wild fish. EO farmed salmon also tended to dominate NF wild individuals, but not significantly. Competition with farmed fish and hybrids did not affect the growth of wild fish in sympatry versus allopatry in the tank environment. However, that was not the case in one instance in the stream environment where wild fish in sympatry with NA farmed fish and hybrids outgrew those in allopatry. Within sympatric treatments, both EO and NA farmed salmon outgrew wild individuals in the tank environment, but not always in the stream environment (exception: NA farmed). Hybrids tended to display intermediate growth performance relative to farmed and wild fish in both environments. Survival did not differ among cross types in either environment. These findings suggest that irrespective of distinct origins, both EO and NA farmed salmon displayed greater dominance and growth than NF wild salmon in the tank environment. However, in the stream environment, competition imposed by NA farmed fish and related hybrids on wild fish appeared less than that imposed by the EO strain and related hybrids, as evident in growth performance. Findings thus provide valuable insight into the effects of hybridization and, consequently, fitness-related trait differences among divergent EO and NA farmed, NF wild, and F1 hybrid populations of importance for the conservation and management of Atlantic salmon.

Ethics and Law.

Ethics and Law.

Manifestation of oppel kundt illusion using cross type distractor stimuli among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Manifestation of oppel kundt illusion using cross type distractor stimuli among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Региональные интерпретации столичных образцов в византийской архитектуре XI века

The paper is dedicated to the process of adaptation of metropolitan trends in the architecture of Byzantine provinces in the 11th century. The author analyzes buildings in Macedonia, Attica, and Crete. These examples show how the main church type of this period was interpreted in different regions. The author discusses the particularities in the planning, style and technique, different versions of combining the metropolitan typology with older regional traditions, and modifications that depended on certain local conditions, models, or liturgical requirements. Thus, in the late 10th century a specific modification of inscribed cross church was created on Mount Athos, with two lateral apses that probably appeared in response to particular liturgical needs. It is likely that another addition to the Athonite type, the two-storey twin-domed narthex, also originated on Mount Athos as a replication of the venerated model (the Great Lavra katholikon) and/or in connection with housing the monastic libraries inside the churches. In the early 11th century other churches appeared reflecting these experiments with the basic Constantinopolitan type, representing its original and creative interpretations: the Church of the Holy Apostles in Athens and Panagia Chalkeon in Thessaloniki. Yet such examples remain unique. In Crete, in the first half of the 11th century, another version of the inscribed cross type emerges exemplified in the Churches of Zoodochos Pigi at Alikianou and St. Demetrius at Agios Demetrios near Rethymnon. These monuments have transitional character and combine the main features of the metropolitan type with older local peculiarities, such as the cross-shaped ground plan and niches in the eastern walls of the lateral cross-arms. The replication of these local traits was probably instigated by the donor, St. John Xenos, and relied on his earlier building, the katholikon of Myriokephala monastery (early 11th century). Later this local traits disappear and more standard versions of the inscribed cross churches spread in Crete.

Application of CFD Numerical Simulation Image Imaging Technology in the Study of Droplet Microfluidic Multiphase Flow Characteristics.

In order to study the problem that the flow in the internal channel of the microfluidic chip is different from that of the macroscopic system by the FD numerical simulation image imaging technology. Taking the liquid-liquid extraction of microfluidic chip as the research object, this paper analyzes the theoretical basis, working principle, structural parameters, and the influence of working parameters on the fluid flow of liquid-liquid extraction. The results are as follows: when the inlet velocity of flowing liquid is 10^(−5) m/s, the diffusion efficiency can still be maintained at 95%; the double ψ-type aqueous phase showed laminar flow, the two-phase contact interface increased compared with the bottom flow rate, and the extraction efficiency increased to 98%; the extraction efficiency of double ψ type is higher than that of double Y-type: when the flow velocity ratio increases from vaq : voil=1 : 2 to vaq : voil=5 : 1, the extraction efficiency increases to 99.8%; the experimental extraction efficiency is compared with the diffusion efficiency simulated by simulation. The diffusion efficiency of the cross type is 1.05 times that of the extraction efficiency, and that of the cylindrical type is 1.04 times that of the extraction efficiency. In this study, CFD is used to simulate the characteristics of droplet microfluidic multiphase flow, which enriches the theoretical method and research experience of liquid-liquid laminar flow.

CFD analysis of different radiator surfaces to optimize heat transfer coefficient

Life without an automotive vehicle is almost an imaginary one in these modern days. Due to the development of high temperatures in automotive engines, they require necessary cooling. Radiators help us to provide considerable cooling after each cycle of operation. Different radiator surfaces are studied individually to make the heat transfer coefficient as maximum as possible. A cross type of radiator is made use of in this study in which water and air flow in mutually perpendicular directions. The study is conducted by varying different parameters of the fin (Louver fin) such as the distance between the fins, the angle of the fin, and the overall length of the fin. A two-dimensional CFD analysis is carried out by using ANSYS/FLOTRAN software to improve the coefficient of heat transfer. This is an attempt to increase the coefficient of heat transfer of radiator within the given conditions and without using any nanomaterials.

Impaired knowledge in individuals with heart failure: a middle range nursing theory.

To develop a middle range nursing theory of impaired knowledge in individuals with heart failure. Descriptive study of the cross type developed through the theoretical-causal validity method, which used six steps for theory building: Definition of the construction approach; Definition of theoretical-conceptual models; Definition of main concepts; Development of a pictorial scheme; Construction of propositions; and Establishment of causal relations and evidence for practice. Twenty-four articles were found, which identified two attributes, eight antecedents, and seven consequences, which gave rise to the pictogram, which schematized the concepts by relating them to cardiac physiology. Finally, 11 propositions and four causal relationships were created. The constructed theory enables a targeted driving of nurses' clinical judgment regarding impaired knowledge in individuals with heart failure, culminating in individualized interventions to improve quality of life.

Saccharomyces yeast hybrids on the rise.

Saccharomyces hybrid yeasts are receiving increasing attention as a powerful model system to understand adaptation to environmental stress and speciation mechanisms, using experimental evolution and omics techniques. We compiled all genomic resources available from public repositories of the eight recognized Saccharomyces species and their interspecific hybrids. We present the newest numbers on genomes sequenced, assemblies, annotations, and sequencing runs, and an updated species phylogeny using orthogroup inference. While genomic resources are highly skewed towards Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there is a noticeable movement to use wild, recently discovered yeast species in recent years. To illustrate the degree and potential causes of reproductive isolation, we reanalyzed published data on hybrid spore viabilities across the entire genus and tested for the role of genetic, geographic, and ecological divergence within and between species (28 cross types and 371 independent crosses). Hybrid viability generally decreased with parental genetic distance likely due to antirecombination and negative epistasis, but notable exceptions emphasize the importance of strain-specific structural variation and ploidy differences. Surprisingly, the viability of crosses within species varied widely, from near reproductive isolation to near-perfect viability. Geographic and ecological origins of the parents predicted cross viability to an extent, but with certain caveats. Finally, we highlight publication trends in the field and point out areas of special interest, where hybrid yeasts are particularly promising for innovation through research and development, and experimental evolution and fermentation.

The Refined Model of the Elastic-Plastic Dynamic Behavior of Reinforced Curved Panels Sensitive to Strain Rate

The initial-boundary value problem of dynamic elastic-viscoplastic deformation of flexible curved panels (shallow shells) with plane -cross and spatial reinforcement structures is formulated. The inelastic behavior of the materials of the composition components is described by the constitutive equations of the theory of plastic flow with isotropic hardening, and their sensitivity to strain rate is taken into account. The geometric nonlinearity of the problem is taken into account in the Karman approximation. The used kinematic and dynamic two-dimensional relations and the corresponding boundary conditions make it possible to describe, with varying degrees of accuracy, the mechanical bending behavior of shallow composite shells. This takes into account the possible weak resistance of such reinforced panels to transverse shears. In the first approximation, the used two-dimensional equations, the initial and boundary conditions degenerate into the relations of the traditional non-classical Ambartsumyan theory. For the numerical integration of the formulated nonlinear dynamic problem, an algorithm of time steps is applied, based on the use of an explicit scheme of the cross type. The elastoplastic and elastic-viscoplastic behavior of the reinforced cylindrical shallow shells under transverse dynamic loads generated by an air blast wave is investigated. Metal-composite and fiberglass thin-walled constructions are considered. It is shown that the refusal to take into account the dependence of the plastic properties of the components of the composition on the rate of their deformation does not allow adequately describing the inelastic dynamic behavior of both metal-composite and fiberglass shallow shells. It is shown that in the calculations of even relatively thin reinforced cylindrical panels (with a relative thickness of 1/50), the use of the Ambartsumyan theory leads to completely unacceptable results in comparison with the refined bending theory. It has been demonstrated that even for relatively thin curved fiberglass panels, replacing the traditional flat -cross reinforcement structure with a spatial structure with obliquely laid fiber families can significantly reduce not only the intensity of deformations in the binder, but also the maximum deflection values in modulus. For metal-composite shallow shells with a weakly expressed anisotropy of the composition, the positive effect of the indicated replacement of reinforcement structures is practically not manifested.

Effectiveness of line type and cross type piezoelectric patches on active vibration control of a flexible rectangular plate

Abstract In the present work, vibration control of a simply supported plate with line type and cross type piezoelectric (PZT) patches are investigated with and without actuation voltage. The plate is modeled under the assumption of Kirchhoff’s Plate theory. The mass of PZT patches remain constant in all cases. In case of actuation, applied voltage considered are 1, 2 and 3 mV. The external excitation to the plate is in the form of harmonically varying point load of 1 mN. It is noticed that cross type PZT patch is more effective in deflection suppression of plate than that of line type PZT patch at 3 mV of actuation at patch thickness of 0.75 μm. Suppression of central deflection of plate for line type and cross type PZT patches are obtained in different frequency bands of (175–185 Hz) and (870–880 Hz) respectively.

New species of Crossodonthina from Mangshan National Nature Reserve (Nanling National Forest Park), China (Collembola: Neanuridae)

Two new species of the genus Crossodonthina (Collembola: Neanuridae: Neanurinae: Lobellini) are recorded from Mangshan National Nature Reserve, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province and Ruyuan Yao Autonomous County, Guangdong Province, Central-South China. Crossodonthina clavata sp. nov. is characterized by 3+3 uncolored eyes on head; labral chaetotaxy as 0/2, 2; cephalic chaeta O present; cephalic tubercles Dl, L and So fused each other; mandible with 4 basal teeth and five fringed rami; maxilla with two lamellae and each lamella with two apical teeth. Crossodonthina acuminata sp. nov. can be recognized by 3 black eyes per side on head; mandible with 3 basal teeth and 8 rami; all cephalic tubercles independent, chaeta O on tubercle Fr present; cephalic tubercle Di, De on posterior area of head with 2 chaetae each, intermediate between cross and non-cross type chaetotaxy; tubercle De of Th. I with 3(2) chaetae; furcular remnant without chaeta. It is the first record of Neanuridae species from Mangshan National Nature Reserve.

Antiferromagnetism caused by excess electrons and multiple topological electronic states in the electride Ba4Al5·e−

Electrides are a hot research topic due to their special electronic distribution. Recently, the coupling effects among electrides, magnetism, and topological electronic states have attracted considerable attention in condensed-matter physics. Here, based on first-principles calculations, we report an electride phase, namely, ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{4}{\mathrm{Al}}_{5}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, with combing antiferromagnetic magnetism and multiple types of nontrivial band crossings locating near the Fermi level. The electride feature in ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{4}{\mathrm{Al}}_{5}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ has been evidenced by electron contribution calculations and symmetry analysis. The material is found to show an antiferromagnetic ground state. Especially, the magnetism in the system is provided by the excess electrons in the crystal cavity, which is fundamentally different from the orbital-composed one in traditional magnetic materials. In addition, near the Fermi level ($\ensuremath{-}0.3$ to 0.3 eV) the material shows several regions of band crossings, which are mainly contributed by excess electrons. These band crossings form different topological states, ranging from the zero-dimensional nodal point to the one-dimensional nodal line and two-dimensional nodal surface. The protection mechanism, the effective model, the surface states, and the impacts of spin-orbital coupling on the topological states are systematically discussed. In addition, ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{4}{\mathrm{Al}}_{5}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ has a very low work function and good catalysis on the [001] surface. Our work provides an excellent candidate for studying the potential entanglement of electride states, magnetism, and nontrivial band topology.

Frequent Paternal Mitochondrial Inheritance and Rapid Haplotype Frequency Shifts in Copepod Hybrids.

Mitochondria are assumed to be maternally inherited in most animal species, and this foundational concept has fostered advances in phylogenetics, conservation, and population genetics. Like other animals, mitochondria were thought to be solely maternally inherited in the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus, which has served as a useful model for studying mitonuclear interactions, hybrid breakdown, and environmental tolerance. However, we present PCR, Sanger sequencing, and Illumina Nextera sequencing evidence that extensive paternal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transmission is occurring in inter-population hybrids of T. californicus. PCR on four types of crosses between three populations (total sample size of 376 F1 individuals) with 20% genome-wide mitochondrial divergence showed 2% to 59% of F1 hybrids with both paternal and maternal mtDNA, where low and high paternal leakage values were found in different cross directions of the same population pairs. Sequencing methods further verified nucleotide similarities between F1 mtDNA and paternal mtDNA sequences. Interestingly, the paternal mtDNA in F1s from some crosses inherited haplotypes that were uncommon in the paternal population. Compared to some previous research on paternal leakage, we employed more rigorous methods to rule out contamination and false detection of paternal mtDNA due to non-functional nuclear mitochondrial DNA fragments. Our results raise the potential that other animal systems thought to only inherit maternal mitochondria may also have paternal leakage, which would then affect the interpretation of past and future population genetics or phylogenetic studies that rely on mitochondria as uniparental markers.