Types Of Communication Strategies Research Articles

Categorizing and Quantifying Doctors’ Extended Answers and their Strategies in Teleconsultations: A Corpus-based Study

Abstract This study examined 210 teleconsultations to analyze doctors’ extended answers and communication strategies using corpus software. The results revealed seven categories of extended answers, with explanations for diseases and treatments being the most frequent at 39 %. Proposals for medical treatment had a proportion at 29 %. The remaining categories had lower rates ranging from 3 % to 9 %. The corpus derived four types of communication strategies: baldly on-record strategies (BORSs), positive politeness strategies (PPSs), negative politeness strategies (NPSs), and off-record strategies (ORSs), with NPSs being the most commonly used at 84 %. Except ORSs, these strategies encompassed multiple classes, with NPSs having as much as seven categories, in which offering justifications for definitive minimal responses was the most prevalent at 33 %. Making fuzzy proposals had a share of 32 %. Each of the remaining categories made up a far low rate. But when it comes to the specific category of extended answers, the most commonly used strategy in it is not always the one from NPSs. The study underscores the significance of clear explanations and justifications in teleconsultations. Implications for training programs in teleconsultation settings are discussed, with potential areas for further research suggested to enhance teleconsultation practices.

A Study of Communication Strategies used by English Teachers and its Implication in Teaching English as a Foreign Language

The objective of this research was to analyze the English teachers’ communication strategies and their perception during the teaching learning process. The writer analyzed the data gained through the questionnaire by describing the English teachers’ perception about the communication strategies usually used during the teaching learning process. She also analyzed the teachers’ communication strategies into the fourteen strategies based on to some experts, there are several types of communication strategies that can be used to solve problems in communication (Dornyei 1995, Littlewood 1984, Tarone 1980). (Tarone (1980) presents five types of communication strategies, including: paraphrase, transfer, appeal for assistance, mime, avoidance. Littlewood (1984) describes eight types of communication strategies: they are avoidable communication, adjust the message, use paraphrase, use approximation, create new words, switch to the native language, use non-linguistic resources, seek for help. Meanwhile, Dornyei (1995) stated that the three main types of communication strategies, namely: topic avoidance strategies (topic avoidance and message abandonment), compensatory strategies (approximation, word coinage, circumlocution, literal translation, code-switching, appeal for help, used all-purpose words, non-linguistic signal, foreignizing), and stalling or time gaining strategies (use of fillers/hesitation devices). The design of this research is qualitative research. The writer described the data in order to have a clear and complete description of the research result. The researcher used the result of the English teachers’ questionnaire as the data. The sample of this research was the English teacher who lives and teach in Bandar Lampung in the academic year 2022/2023.

LITERACY OF COMMUNICATION IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION: INVESTIGATING COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN GREECE

This study explores the communication strategies employed by young children in early childhood education settings in Greece, as observed by educators. The research aims to understand how children utilize and adapt various communication styles within school environments. The study involved 44 participants, including undergraduate students majoring in Early Childhood Education and Care, as well as early childhood educators. Data was collected using a comprehensive questionnaire that examined different types of communication strategies and the specific contexts in which these strategies are used. Analysis of the data revealed that educators employ diverse techniques, such as incorporating music and encouraging role-playing games, to enhance children's communication skills. Conversely, children utilize a range of strategies to engage attention and interact effectively with peers and educators. These findings underscore the dynamic interplay between educator-facilitated activities and children's innate communication efforts, offering insights into improving communicative literacy in early education.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0777/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

How Multilingual Japanese Speakers Communicate With People in Bali

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to describe how multilingual Balinese Japanese speakers interact with Bali residents. In this instance, being multilingual means being able to communicate in English, Indonesian, and one's mother tongue, which in this case is Japanese. The method employed is a descriptive qualitative approach using listening, recording, and recording techniques used between Japanese conversations that are in the Japanese community of Bali. The participants of this study are two couples of mixed marriages of Balinese and Japanese who live in Bali and have children. Methods are Code-switching, mingling, cooperative strategy, and nonlinguistic strategy which types of communication strategies are employed. The goal of this communication is to ensure that the conversation flows well and that the speaker realizes their objectives. This research is that in a society that is classified as multilingual, fluency and accuracy in conveying messages, or goals is something that must continue to be studied. This means that every language user when communicating verbally, not only conveys verbal messages but also needs to understand the function, context, topic, and situationKeywords: Multilingual; Communication strategy; Balinese; Japanese

Комунікаційні стратегії місцевого самоврядування для забезпечення реалізації стратегії розвитку територій

The article analyzes the theoretical approach to determining the essence and features of communication strategies as planning communication documents used by local self-government bodies to involve the target audience and the local population in management at the local and national levels. The author defines the standard and distinctive features of communication and communication strategies and outlines the areas of their use. A communication strategy is a document defined as a strategic communication guideline for the planned implementation of informational influence to raise awareness of the planned changes and form appropriate behavior patterns of potential and existing target audiences and target groups of the local community. The expediency of using the complex system approach COMBI (Communication for Behavioral Impact) in developing and implementing communication strategies is substantiated. Careful development and successful implementation of a communication strategy can increase the effectiveness of decision-making by local self-government bodies and contribute to forming the community as a full-fledged subject of local self-government. Emphasis is placed on informativeness, credibility, the accuracy of messages, and the level of their perception by target audiences to evaluate communication strategies. It was established that the structure of the communication strategy should include such elements as compliance with strategic goals, determination of expected behavior, situation analysis, development of messages and their preliminary testing, development of an action plan, explanation of means of control over implementation, monitoring and assessment of impact, development of schedule and implementation plan, as well as determination of resources and budget. The types of communication strategies that can be developed and implemented at the regional level are summarized, and their strategic goals and hierarchical structures are supplemented. The author’s classification of communication strategies according to the following characteristics is presented: type of actor, goal, region, sector, and influence. Keywords: communicative interaction, public administration bodies, communication strategies, development of local self-government, local community, development strategies and programs, components of communication strategies, types of communication strategies.

КОМУНІКАЦІЙНІ СТРАТЕГІЇ В ПУБЛІЧНОМУ УПРАВЛІННІ ТА АДМІНІСТРУВАННІ: УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ КОНТЕКСТ

The article is devoted to the study of communication strategies in public management and administration in modern Ukraine. The concept of "communication strategies" is revealed, their main components and principles of formation are considered. It is noted that the communication strategies of state management and administration bodies contribute to the effectiveness of communication between power structures and society, trust in the authorities, and the consolidation of society. It is proven that public management and administration is a communication process, as it containstypical components of a communicative act. The communication strategies of the state administration reform of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, "Communications strategy in the field of prevention and counteraction of corruption", "Communication strategy on European integration of Ukraine" etc. were analyzed. It was concluded that communication is one of the most important tools for ensuring effective state policy. It is noted that the basis of the communication strategies of public management and administration created in Ukraine are the principles on which the communication policy of the EU is based. Despite the general principles of creating communication strategies and the presence of basic elements, each public management and administration body when creating a communication strategy takes into account its own specificity, values and sphere of interests, and therefore notes its mission, main strategic tasks, analyzes the target audience and selects those resources that will help in the implementation of such a strategy. Attention is also paid to the types of communication strategies described in the scientific literature. A communication strategy can be a presentational, identification, competitive and trust strategy. It is concluded that "pure" types of communication strategies can be singled out as a theoretical concept.

An Analysis of EFL Students' Communication Strategies in Classroom Context

This study aims to find out the types of communication strategies used by EFL students when learning English in the 12th grade English Cross Interest class at SMAN 5 Bantaeng. This study used descriptive qualitative method, data were collected through observation and interviews conducted with 4 students. Data came from three sources: namely audio recordings of naturally occurring classroom interactions; interviews with students and observation notes taken in the classroom. Data from the interaction transcripts were examined using Dorney & Scott's (1997) taxonomy of communication strategies.The results of this study show that there are five types of communication strategies that most often appear when students communicate with their interlocutors as well as towards their teachers during learning activities, namely; Message Abandonment, Non-Linguistic Means, Filler, Appeal For Help and Asking For Clarification. The students used L1 because the students found it difficult to understand L2. This is due to the fact that students lack knowledge of English. Students experience these types of communication strategies due to thinking time, anxiety, lack of focus, nervousness, doubt, lack of knowledge, lack of vocabulary, grammatical errors and self-confidence.

Investigating English Teachers’ Communicative Strategies and Learning Feedback in Constructing Classroom Discourses of EFL Learners

Communication refers to the process of exchanging information between individuals, namely the sender and the receiver, with the aim of achieving mutual understanding. In an educational setting, communication strategies serve as a blueprint for how information is exchanged. In particular, the use of effective communication strategies by teachers is critical in constructing classroom discourse in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms. Such strategies and feedback from teachers are indispensable for students to enhance their abilities and performance in the classroom. Classroom discourse plays a vital role in the learning process, and teachers should consider it during the teaching and learning process. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the communication strategies utilized by teachers in constructing classroom discourse in EFL classrooms, as well as the types of feedback they employ to maintain interaction with their students during teaching and learning processes. To collect the required data, the researcher conducted qualitative descriptive research, using interview notes, note-taking, and observation. The participants were male and female English teachers who taught at different grade levels, including tenth and eleventh grades. The researcher interviewed English teachers regarding their communication strategies and the types of feedback they use during teaching and learning processes. The findings revealed that teachers employed five types of communication strategies, including literal translation, code-switching, nonverbal signals, fillers and hesitation-gambits, self and other-repetition, and appeals for help. The results indicate that the use of such strategies is effective in improving students' performance and ability in class. Additionally, the feedback that teachers use during teaching and learning processes can be categorized into two types, namely oral and visual feedback, which can be given on an individual or group basis.

Is There a Relationship between Communication Strategies and External Causes of Fear?

Oral presentation skills are a universal skill that students need no matter what course they are doing at the universities. Many learners of higher institutions develop fear of oral presentations for many different reasons. The aim of this study is two-fold. Firstly, it is done to explore the external factors that cause learners to fear oral presentations. Next, this study is done to explore the perceptions of language learners on their use of communication strategies. This quantitative study is done to investigate the relationship between external causes of fear of oral presentation and the use of communication strategies. The instrument used in this a survey with three sections. Section A, contains the demographic profile, section B has items on the use of communication strategies while section C has items on external causes of fear of oral presentation. A summary of findings reveal that learners use different type of communication strategies. This study also revealed that there is no association between the use of social affective strategies and external factors. However, the findings also suggest there is also a weak positive relationship between external causes of fear of oral presentation with the use of fluency strategies, the use of negotiation for meaning strategies , the use of accuracy strategies and the use of message reduction strategies. Findings of this study bear interesting implications in the teaching of communication strategies as a strategy to reduce fear of oral presentations.

Comparing the use of CSs by high and low proficient Spanish learners´ of English: Storytelling and Interview Tasks

This research suggests a comparison between two tasks to evaluate oral communication strategies (CSs) through storytelling and interview and to compare the use of CSs between high and low proficient students. The results of the storytelling and oral interview are compared to check if CSs vary with the task and what tasks are better for each of the selected CSs. A number of 60 Spanish learners of English participated in this investigation, and a total of 232 protocols were analysed to obtain the results. The main results are that CSs vary to adapt to task demands and that the frequency and type of CSs used by the students are affected by the level of proficiency of the students. This highlights the importance of selecting the appropriate task for the evaluation to be significant and the necessity to adapt the syllabus to include elements that introduce some productive CSs.

The Effects of Task Types on Communication Strategies in SLA: Looking Back and Forward

Studies on the effects of task types on Communication Strategies (CSs) in second language acquisition (SLA) have been carried out for more than two decades and have made great contribution to the development of second language teaching and acquisition. This paper mainly reviews the existing empirical studies to investigate how different task types employed can lead to the application of various CSs by L2 learners. The existing literatures are reviewed under the scope of three periods: the initial attempts, further investigation and recent studies. It is found that existing research has demonstrated well that both the frequency and the type of CSs are influenced by the tasks under completion. Albeit more systematic and rigorous studies are still called for to further support the findings of some studies and further CS research from newer and broader perspectives are still needed. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for SLA in English as second language (ESL) classrooms.

The Use of Communication Strategies by Second Language Learners of Chinese in a Virtual Reality Learning Environment

Virtual reality (VR) for Language learning has been shown effective in improving students’ communication skills. However very few studies reveal the communication strategies students used in communicating in a VR environment, especially in learning Chinese as a foreign or second language (CFL/CSL). In this pilot study, a prototype Virtual Experiential Language Learning Environment (VELLE) was used to provide immersive learning experiences in developing CFL students’ communication strategies. Productive Failure was employed as an instructional approach to support the learning design. The participants were six CFL students learning in an Australian university. The main data sources included audio recordings of the students’ communication in VR and interview data. The findings showed that participants’ use of various types of communication strategies was influenced by the VELLE and Productive Failure design. In particular, the use of L1 in the problem-solving phase enriched the participants’ learning opportunities and all participants used a lesser number of resource deficit-related strategies after the instruction. Second, Students reported enhanced engagement in language use in the VR context.

US Presidents’ Political Speeches as a Means of Manipulation in 21st Century Society

This article comprehensively analyses the potential for politicians’ speeches to influence the public, taking into account the main linguistic and pragmatic factors: political, social, and cultural context, the communication occasion, the personality of the politician, and the structural features of the text that determine the psycholinguistic effectiveness of the speech. The purpose of the research is to study the functional and pragmatic opportunities of well-known US presidents’ public speeches as a political tool and as part of a political strategy. It is a socio- and psycholinguistic study; its goal is not only to demonstrate the features of different types of communication strategies and tactics but also to explain how this variety arises, how society contributes to it and what complicates the emergence of productive social communications. Political speeches use both purely lingual and extra-lingual means that determine the conceptual content and ways of verbalising meanings, explicable through specific strategies and tactics. The communication situation includes a chronotope and a format for political public speech The personality of the politician, his or her image and status, social and political experience, and degree of eloquence - all play an important role in the preparation and implementation of the speech.

Communication skills utilized by physicians in the pediatric outpatient setting

BackgroundEffective communication has been shown to increase patient satisfaction. The objective of this study was to describe communication strategies employed by physicians, and determine if physician communication strategies affect caregiver perception of quality or satisfaction with physician communication in a pediatric ambulatory setting.MethodsThis observational study was conducted at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and consisted of video recordings of visits that were reviewed by research assistants for physician utilized communication strategies. Caregivers completed surveys on their preferred physician communication qualities, perception of communication quality, and satisfaction with communication. Correlation was performed between types of communication strategy and caregiver satisfaction with communication or perceived quality of communication. T-tests were run to see if there was a significant difference in patient perceived communication and satisfaction scores based on the communication strategies utilized during visits.ResultsThere were five universally used communication strategies across the 84 clinic visits recorded, including: eye contact, good posture, speaking concisely, providing thorough explanations, and providing summary of next steps. The average number of communication strategies used was 15.95 (σ = 1.50) with physicians using at least 16 of the 18 communication strategies in 62% of the clinic visits. There was no correlation between the number of communication strategies physicians utilized and either the caregiver perception of communication quality score (CPCQ) or communication satisfaction (CS) score. Caregivers who preferred an authoritative approach but perceived a collaborative approach reported lower average CPCQ and CS scores compared to caregivers who had their communication expectations met.DiscussionThere are numerous tools designed to help the physician facilitate an effective working relationship with the patient. In our study, the universally used verbal communication strategies are generally recognized as components of an effective communication repertoire. Another part of effective communication is meeting communication expectations with the CS scores suggesting that caregivers felt their communication needs were being met. Dedicating clinical time to understanding this need may help improve the overall clinical experience.ConclusionPhysicians utilize many of the suggested communication strategies to help facilitate an effective clinical encounter. Further studies on caregiver communication requirements and meeting caregiver communication expectations are needed.

INTERLANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH: EXPLORING ORAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

Language learners employ communication strategies (CSs) to avoid communication breakdowns in times of difficulty, and such strategies develop within strategic competence thanks to exposure to a target language. This research is designed as a developmental study aiming to investigate the possible effects of exposure to English as a foreign language on the use of CSs in the interlanguage of Turkish speakers of English. To attain this aim, we chose 20 Turkish learners of English from the beginner level, and they designated the topics they would speak and write about. Their oral and written performances on the topics were tested at the beginning prior to instruction, in the middle, and at the end of the academic year to observe whether CS usage altered over time. The findings revealed that participants resorted to different types of CSs in their speaking and writing tasks. The comparison of CS employment in each test showed that learners’ CS preferences, as well as L1 and L2-based CSs, changed over time in both speaking and writing. Therefore, it is concluded that exposure to the target language may have a significant effect on the preference of CSs. The results of this study are significant as they suggested that CSs in interlanguage evolves from L1-based to L2-based strategies. The findings of this study have important implications for teaching English as a foreign language in reference to the effects of language exposure on the use of CSs in both oral and written performances of L2 learners.

Facebook Use and Social Capital — A Longitudinal Study

How does the use of social networking sites (SNSs) affect social capital offline and online? The increasing popularity of SNSs such as Facebook (FB) implies a significant change in the way we interact with others. In an extensive longitudinal study (N = 311), carried out in Norway between 2008 - 2010, we examined the relationship between FB use and social capital, with a focus on interpersonal interaction, including face-to-face (F2F) interaction. Our findings suggest that overall FB use does not significantly affect offline capital, despite a significant increase in the use of FB from 2008 to 2010, after controlling for age, gender and education. However, different types of communication strategies on FB correlate with various kinds of F2F interaction. Importantly, FB users who focus on FB communication with their close friends, also interact more frequently with their close friends F2F, compared to those using FB to communicate with "online strangers”. The results also indicate that FB has become an important tool for keeping in touch with family members and existing friends rather than forming new connections.

Gendered perspective on online communication strategies: A case on English department students

This study aims to investigate whether gender influence on online communication strategies performed by the English Department. This study provides types of communication strategies, the frequency of communication strategies used, and the factors that influence students in differentiating communication strategies used by both male and female students. The researcher used qualitative approach. Online face-to-face conversation and interview were chosen as the data collection technique. For the research instruments that the researcher used were communication strategies sheet, interview, and audio and video recording. The participants of this study were the eight semester students of English Department. The data collected were analyzed used communication strategies taxonomies proposed by Celce-Murcia et al. (1995). The results of this study show that used variety of communication strategies. The most frequent communication strategy used both male and female students is fillers, hesitation devices, and gambits. It was proven by the percentage that was 50%. The least used communication strategy by the students is circumlocution (0,07%). Related to gender, female students almost show higher number of occurrences for all of the communication strategies than male students. This phenomenon happened due to some factors such as the female characteristics that is socially oriented, expressive and avoid making mistakes. Meanwhile, male students showed characteristics such as talk simpler, have a great willingness to manage anxiety and they seem to conceal their inability to others.

Transmedia project: strategy of communicative interactive (based on the material from the «RBC Pro» website)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the transmedia project of the «RBC Pro» website as an interactive platform on which a media product is formed that has a certain value for the target audience. Traditional methods of obtaining information are not attractive to audiences today. New consumer demands have influenced the emergence of the transmedia format. A new cultural practice of perceiving media content was to emerge. Modern communication technologies give journalism the opportunity to present information through not only traditional means, but also using other digital data transfer tools. The use of transmedia tools was the answer of journalism to the demands of the audience. This study identifies the types of communication strategies used to create the «RBC Pro» transmedia project, systematizes the transmedia principles and technologies for promoting a media product that is attractive for interactive interaction with the audience. The novelty of the research is the disclosure of the multiplication effect of the organizing function of the media, which creatively implements modern technologies for creating and promoting media content.

COMMUNICATION STRATEGY USED IN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN LOCAL GUIDES AND FOREIGN TOURISTS WHEN GUIDING IN MUSEUM KESEJARAHAN JAKARTA

This research was conducted to determine the communication strategy used by the local guide when guiding foreigners in museum kesejarahan Jakarta, especially the types of strategy in communication and the function of each strategy for the local guide to solving their problem in the museum. Communication strategy is the important thing that the guide needed to build a good conversation with the foreigners' visitor there. The objective of this study is to find out the most dominant type of strategy in communication and the functions of each strategy when the guide faced the problem when guiding, the writer used the descriptive qualitative method. The data collection was done by collecting the data from observation and the conversation problem with each foreign tourist. Primary data collected from direct field observations and interviews. The writer analyzes some conversations that can be shown as the problem faced by the tour guide. This research used theory by Celce-Murcia et al’s (1995) model of communication strategies is considered as the most complete and detailed. The writer divided communication strategies into five main categories. They are avoidance, achievement, stalling, self-monitoring strategies, and interactional strategies. Results showed that there were 5 types of communication strategy and The dominant of those theories was an interaction strategy. Problems that faced by the local guide are different culture, limited vocabulary, shyness, difficult accent, too attached to the modules being thought

Understanding the determinants of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines: a challenge in a fast-moving situation

Understanding the determinants of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines: a challenge in a fast-moving situation