Types Of Commercial Activities Research Articles

The impact of transportation on commercial activities: The stories of various transport routes in Changchun, China

Understanding the differences in the commercial landscape-shaping ability of various transport routes is important in proactive urban planning and achieving joint development. This study probes which type of transport routes (expressways, rail transit and trunk roads) is more closely associated with which type of commercial activities (retail, wholesale, auto service, catering, finance and recreation). At the city-wide scale, the density of rail transit is highly correlated with the locations of catering, retail, and recreation establishments. Among the three types of activities, catering exhibits the highest correlation with rail transit, retail the next and recreation last. Expressway density is significantly correlated with the locations of recreation, automobile service, and wholesale activities and its correlations increase in turn. The density of trunk roads is positively related to the locations of auto service, wholesale, and finance activities and that correlations increase sequentially. At the microscale, expressways, trunk roads and rail transit exhibit various corridor effects on locational selection of different types of commercial activities, and the strength of the corridor effect is contingent on the type of transport routes. • The research explore the differences in commercial landscape-abilities of different types of transport routes from two perspective — at city-wide and corridor scales. • We explore which type of transport routes is more closely correlated with which type of density of commercial activities at city-wide scale. • We compared the strength of corridor effects of different types of transport routes on commercial establishments.

CHANGES IN THE FORMAT OF RETAIL ENTERPRISES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF FACTORS OF THE MACRO-MARKETING ENVIRONMENT

The article analyzes the interpretation of the definitions of “retail” and “network retail” in the works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists. These concepts have been clarified in accordance with the objectivity and scaling of commercial activity. The author’s definitions of these concepts are formulated: “retail is a type of commercial activity that represents the retail sale of goods (including accompanying services) to individuals and legal entities for personal consumption or use, not related to business activity, through store trade facilities with significant visitor traffic”; “network retail – a set of retail enterprises located in a certain territory, having a common competitive environment, selling goods and providing trade services to the population with the aim of obtaining a commercial result.” It has been analyzed which format of trade enterprises should be assigned to the retail sector. Approaches to the classification of retail enterprises are proposed, and also defined. The classification of retail trade formats of Ukraine according to the data of “Colliers International” is highlighted and examples of domestic market enterprises are given in accordance with the current classification. The main tendencies and trends of not only Ukrainian, but also global retail, which have found application in the activities of enterprises during the last time, are described, which in turn will provide an opportunity for enterprises of the modern market to surpass their competitors, introducing innovations in the field of their activity and thereby more fully satisfying needs consumers, for the purpose of obtaining commercial benefits. The main trends inherent in Ukrainian retail include: greening; recycling (rejection of excessive consumption); application of artificial intelligence; personalization; improvement of the process of returning goods; long-term partnership; digitization; application of non-contact technologies; development of own brands.

Modelling Willingness to Pay of Electricity Supply Using Machine Learning Approach

Background: Electricity has long been regarded as a catalyst for enhancing economy growth in developing countries. The availability of electricity can drive a country’s growth by allowing firms to take advantage of it to increase its productivity enhancing technologies, the bulk of which are reliant on electricity. Objective: In view of the above, this study aims to model the willingness to pay of electricity supply to consumers in southwestern states of Nigeria using machine learning approach. Methods: The study was conducted in six southwestern states in Nigeria. This data contain information which was obtained through longitudinal survey using a google form questionnaire. The data contains the category of the respondents, type of commercial activity, average daily electricity supplied, willingness to pay of electricity supply per month and so on. K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree and Boosting Classification models were considered. Results: Among the models considered, KNN, SVM and Boosting classification models perform better in classifying whether a consumer is willing to pay for electricity consumption or not. Conclusion: The information obtained from this research can be used to produce insight into electricity production in the states.

E-Business and the Problems of the World of Work During the Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 Pandemic era that has so far been ongoing has had a significant influence on many industries. It also covers other areas including politics, the economics, and the tourism industry. Its interaction with workers' civil rights affects how much money they make or even whether they get fired (Termination of Employment). Prior to the Covid-19 epidemic, the workplace had its own set of concerns relating to workers' rights, including those pertaining to pay, security, health, and even justice-related matters, which were constantly sought because of conflicts of competing interests. On the one hand, business people perceive justice from their perspective, and employees see justice from their perspective as well. E-business, particularly B2C, is a way to help businesses in the present environment and ensure their survival (Business to Consument). E-business is a type of commercial activity that runs automatically across computer networks and the internet. In today's world (during the Covid-19 epidemic), e-business is crucial to the community's economy and microbusinesses. Therefore, in this study, the authors attempt to employ an economic, social, and legal approach.

Barentsburg and Longyearbyen in times of socioeconomic transition: Residents’ perceptions of community viability

AbstractGeopolitical interventions since the end of the 1980s—such as the collapse of the Soviet Union, a decline in the activities of state-owned coal companies, and governmental initiatives to increase tourism activities—have affected the community viability of two main settlements on Svalbard: Barentsburg and Longyearbyen. This paper explores how the residents of these settlements (with different cultural backgrounds) perceive the effects of socioeconomic transitions on community viability. The analysis of qualitative interviews with residents of Barentsburg (n= 62) and Longyearbyen (n= 36) reveals the residents’ perceptions of the pace of the transition and the changing community composition. New types of commercial activities, such as tourism, contribute to local value creation and socioeconomic development but come with concerns grounded in community fluctuation, environmental protection, economic prioritisation, and power relationships. Compared to Longyearbyen, Barentsburg has undergone relatively minor demographic and social changes and remains stable in terms of culture, language, and management practices. We conclude that the viability of Longyearbyen and Barentsburg during the transition was affected by community dynamics and fluctuations, social relationships within and between communities, and local institutional practices.

American opium smuggling trade and John Jacob Astor

The subject of this research is the activity of John Jacob Astor and his role in the American opium smuggling trade. Description is given to the differences between the American and British opium models in China. An attempt is made to determine the peculiarities of Astor's activity in the opium business. The article employs the following sources: works of the German historian Alexander Emmerich from the University of Augsburg dedicated to the American Germans and their fate in the United States; work of the American historian John (Jake) Chen on the history of Chinese diaspora in the United States; work of Jeff Goldberg who specialized in the history of psychotropic substances; article by the member of the Massachusetts School of History  Fredrik Delano Grant, Jr. on the Roosevelt’ opium track’ text of the debate in the British Parliament of April 9, 1840. The novelty of this research lies in familiarization of the Russian-speaking audience with the problems of opium smuggling trade through the research works that have not been previously translated into the Russian language. The conducted analysis of the parliamentary debates in Great Britain determines the commonality of interests of the British and American opium traders with regards to China. The study confirmed the enormous fortune of John Jacob Astor in the American opium smuggling trade, although this type of commercial activity was not primary in his business. The article also describes his continued commercial activity (including opium) in the United States after leaving the Chinese market.

Tendencies and perspectives of sports industry development

The article reveals the trends and prospects for the development of the sport industry, which has a global character. The authors defined the sport industry. It was stated that the presence of accessible and qualitative sport infrastructure is the most important condition for the development of the valuable market for sport services, advance of the industry of sport. The conducted studies have shown that in the modern world, there is a constant search for new effective forms and types of commercial activities in the system of physical culture and sports. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that basis of analysis of the development trends of the global and emerging national sport industry. Study has drawn the main conclusions and recommendations for its further development. The article points out the imperfection of statistics and the lack of monitoring of these indicators. The taxation schemes for manufacturers of sport goods and services and the principles of financing sport education need to be revised. Training entrepreneurial personnel taking into account of specific character and development of the market relations of the branch of sport properly still is not conducted, and this complicates the solution of the problem. It is necessary to streamline the regulatory framework, to ensure the preparation of educational standards and requirements for training personnel for the entrepreneurial structures of the industry, by taking into account the peculiarities of the development of the modern sphere of sports and all levels of its management.

Commercial and Legal Regulation of Advisory Services in the Ukrainian Agrarian Business Prospect Reform

The article is devoted to theoretical and practical aspects of reforming the commercial and legal regulation of advisory services in the agrarian business of Ukraine. The characteristic of agricultural advisory activity model structure in Ukraine is given, which currently consists of several levels of subjects of such activity: the first level - national, nationwide; second level - regional; third level - local; fourth level - personal. Particular attention is given to the legal analysis of the essence of "advisory services in the agricultural business" as a type of commercial activity, and taking into account the provisions of the current legislation, it is proved that in its essence and legal nature - agribusiness advisory is an institution of commercial law. The article examines and characterizes a typical business agreement for the provision of advisory services in the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy, the essential conditions for this type of contracts are given, and their characteristics are defined. The advisory activity is seen as an effective instrument of state agrarian policy.
 Keywords: commercial and legal regulation, advisory service, advisory activity, agrarian business, advisor, expert consulting services, consulting

A preliminary assessment of bacteria in “ranched” ball pythons (Python regius), Togo, West Africa

Captive reptiles are routinely identified as reservoirs of pathogenic bacteria and reports of reptile-associated infections relating to some species are well documented (e.g., salmonellosis). Currently, relatively little is known about the epidemiology and bacteria of ball pythons. We carried out a survey of ball python farms in Togo, West Africa to assess the presence of any potentially pathogenic bacterial taxa that have been identified in recent scientific literature relating to this species. The presence of bacteria belonging to the genera Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Lysobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Tsukamurella in oral and cloacal samples taken from five individual ball pythons is of potential concern for horizontal transmission given that pathogenic species belonging to these genera have been previously documented. The presence of bacteria belonging to the genera Clostridium, Escherichia, Moraxella, and Stenotrophomonas in the oral and rectal samples taken from five mice used to feed ball pythons suggests that they represent a potential reservoir of infection for wild caught ball pythons and their progeny. Furthermore, possible sources of environmental contamination include other captive amphibians, birds, reptiles and mammals, as well as free ranging birds and small mammals. Additional surveillance of ball pythons in the wild and in captivity at python farms in West Africa will shed light on whether or not this type of commercial activity is increasing pathogen exposure and lowering barriers to transmission. Meanwhile, as a precautionary measure, it is recommended that python farms should immediately establish biosecurity and disease surveillance practices to minimize potential horizontal and vertical bacterial transfer.

Market fundamentals of organization of work in the field of stage and audio-visual arts and production

Market fundamentals of organization of work in the field of stage and audio-visual arts and production

Colonización y nuevo territorio: la formación de la elite comercial de Temuco, 1885-1913

The occupation of the Araucania by the Chilean State obeyed, among other things, to economic principles related to annexation of new productive territories to the national context. For the success in this occupation there was an active policy of encouragement of the arrival of a civilizing agent, personify in the European habitant. This agent, together with Chilean colonists, arrived to Temuco, a city that will become soon the center of the new geography of power in Araucania. This work aims to analyze the commercial dynamics of an incipient commercial elite formed by foreign and Chilean colonists in the early years of Temuco (1885-1913). Considering commercial records, city plans and chronicles of the time, differences by nationality are observed in the type of commercial activity and occupied space, as well strategies of economic, social and institutional diversification that transform the germans into the potential local elite of the city.

New Contours of Digitalization Abroad and in Russia: the Economy of Collaborative Consumption

The subject of the research is the collaborative consumption economy (CCE) as one of the trends in the digital economy. The purpose of the research was to identify the scope of the CCE and its main directions. Based on the critical analysis of existing viewpoints, it is concluded that the CCE refers to the relationships between end-users, namely individuals and legal entities, during a limited chronological period with respect to the use of temporarily free goods or services without transfer of ownership. It was revealed that the most interesting CCE projects were related to the lease of housing and vehicles. Other areas of the CCE applications are leasing various things and other property, shooting films, creating music and computer programs involving a significant number of people or attracting the money of listeners and spectators as well as sharing digital content. Examples of the most successful digital platforms for the CCE operation are given. The viewpoint of experts who classify certain types of commercial activities as the collaborative consumption is criticized. Changes that are constantly taking place in this sector are explained.

Analysis of eSports as a commercial activity

The article deals with eSports as a perspective kind of commercial activity. The research urgency is determined by the fact that, given the active increase of eSports market with growth rates of more than 30% per year, the types of commercial activities in this field and in scientific papers are not studied in an adequate degree. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the commercial activity development in eSports and to determine the perspectives for its further growth in Ukraine. In order to determine the key types of commercial activity in eSports, the main sources of revenue in this area compared to sports were investigated, which showed a large unrealized potential for increasing revenues from the sale of tickets to competitions, the realization of broadcasting rights and merchandising. The study also showed that the largest number of income sources in eSports is at the stage of cyber-tournaments, which can be explained by a large consumer audience at this stage. However, unlike the esports world practice, computer game producers and well-known manufacturers of consumer goods in Ukraine do not finance domestic competitions, and, therefore, this stage of commercial activity remains at a low level. In modern conditions, among the types of eSports activities in Ukraine, only the computer games production and the cyber-racers game are properly developed. According to authors, to improve the eSports development in Ukraine, creating the national system of regular eSports competitions is needed, which will form the basis for the development of most types of commercial activities that are part of the cyber-tournaments. To do this, one needs to create appropriate platforms, as well as improve communications with fans in social networks and at amateur competitions. All this will make eSports a highly profitable business in Ukraine.

Commercializing science: nineteenth- and twentieth-century academic scientists as consultants, patentees, and entrepreneurs

The collection of essays introduced in this article contributes to the debate on the commercialization of academic science by shifting the focus from institutional developments meant to foster university technology transfer to the actions of individual scientists. Instead of searching for the origins of the ‘entrepreneurial university,’ this special issue examines the personal involvement of academic physicists, engineers, photographic scientists, and molecular biologists in three types of commercial activity: consulting, patenting, and full-blown business entrepreneurship. The authors investigate how this diverse group of teachers and researchers perceived their institutional and professional environments, their career prospects, the commercial value of their knowledge and reputation, and their ability to exploit these assets. By documenting academic scientists’ response to market opportunities, the articles suggest that, already in the decades around 1900, commercial work was widespread and, in some cases, integral to academics’ teaching and research activity.

Реализация культурно-образовательной деятельности в туризме

It has been established that tourism in our country largely became a type of commercial activity, opportunities to visit other countries have been opened, up-market tourism has been developed, and new forms of leisure entertainment have emerged. System analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature has shown that the cultural and educational potential of tourism is realized not enough in Russia. Development of appropriate structural and functional model of the implementation of cultural and educational tourism potential is possible through the integration of a number of theoretical and applied experience in the neighboring areas, namely in the history and theory of cultural and entertainment activities and organization of tourism activity. The assumption about the feasibility of functional integration of the two certain systems (cultural and educational, and commercial) is made in the article. This assumption actualizes the problem of determining the specifics of this integration, argues its theoretical basis and identifies functional mechanisms of serviceology. Within the framework of pilot study verification of the structural-functional model of tourism development in three aspects was carried out. The first and second aspects, organizational-managerial, and functional, are connected with decision through the entertainment programs, advertising and PR activities, and cultural and educational events. The third aspect, organizational and educational, consists in integration of cognitive-educational, entertainment and recreational leisure functions.

Prediction of Mymensingh Town Future Expansion Using Space Syntax

Urban space changes according to different space use with the passage of time, as seen in land use, location, and land value distribution. The paper intends to analyze the change of integration core related to the growth of commercial land use through different time periods. Two phases of Commercial land-use pattern is studied. The phases are i) 1974, ii) 2013. The entire spatial structure of the commercial land use of Mymensingh reacts to the entire city system, particularly the road network pattern. In this context, this study aims to identify the influence spatial configuration exerts on the location of different types of commercial activity in terms of land use. The results of this study will help to interpret and predict the future commercial land use related to its road network. In this paper the process was conducted in the following steps: Step-01: A field survey was conducted to collect data regarding locations of commercial activity,Step-02: Land-use maps of two phases were collected to analyze the relation between commercial activity and road network,Step-03: Space syntax theory was applied to simulate the data to analyze the relationship and Step-04: Proposition.

Analyzing the commercial activities of a street network by ranking their nodes: a case study in Murcia, Spain

Urban researchers and planners are often interested in understanding how economic activities are distributed in urban regions, what forces influence their special pattern and how urban structure and functions are mutually dependent. In this paper, we want to show how an algorithm for ranking the nodes in a network can be used to understand and visualize certain commercial activities of a city. The first part of the method consists of collecting real information about different types of commercial activities at each location in the urban network of the city of Murcia, Spain. Four clearly differentiated commercial activities are studied, such as restaurants and bars, shops, banks and supermarkets or department stores, but obviously we can study other. The information collected is then quantified by means of a data matrix, which is used as the basis for the implementation of a PageRank algorithm which produces a ranking of all the nodes in the network, according to their significance within it. Finally, we visualize the resulting classification using a colour scale that helps us to represent the business network.

U.S. Research Universities' Institutional Conflict of Interest Policies

RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES RECEIVE INCREASING amounts of income from intellectual property, which makes institutional conflict of interest (ICOI) policies increasingly important. We analyzed the content and scope of ICOI policies at 60 research universities in the U.S. Association of American Universities. In particular, we focused on the following categories: disclosure, review, management, and prohibited or constrained activities. Most of the plans were relatively unelaborated, but 8 were elaborated "university as firm" policies that addressed the way officers and managers acting as agents for the university handled commercial activity through an array of management tools. However, even elaborated current ICOI policies may not be sufficient to manage ICOI because this type of commercial activity is not routine for universities in that faculty discovery or creation of intellectual property is not predictable. Thus, nearly all ICOI is managed on a case-by-case basis by various committees or senior institutional officials. As a result, institutional policy is only as strong as these committees and officers and the management plans they develop and monitor to handle conflicts.

In the slipstream

The 2007 Formula One motor racing championship finished on a controversial note. The drivers’ title was taken by the Ferrari team’s Kimi Raikkonen following his victory in the final race in Brazil. Runner up in the drivers’ competition by just one point was McLaren’s Lewis Hamilton, who finished seventh. It then transpired that cars driven by three drivers who finished ahead of Hamilton had gained the advantage of super-cooled fuel, contrary to Formula One rules. Race stewards confirmed the breach but declined to disqualify the drivers concerned on the ground that such a punishment was too severe. Had it been otherwise, Hamilton would have been world champion. What has this to do with intellectual property? In terms of law, very little; in terms of principle, a great deal. The Paris Convention on the Protection of Industrial Property has since the nineteenth century affirmed the place of legal relief against acts of unfair competition as an obligation to be borne by its signatory states. Some countries have made express statutory provision for a general law against unfair competition; others have provided that only specific types of commercial activity shall be regarded as unfair. Others again have made no provision for unfair competition at all, on the basis that their laws on passing off, advertising practices and consumer protection cumulatively offer an adequate degree of comfort to the innocent and injured trader. The strength of Article 10bis of the Paris Convention is its flexibility. It opens by stating that “any act of competition contrary to honest practices in industrial or commercial matters constitutes an act of unfair competition”, then adds a non-exclusive list of activities which it purports to embrace: essentially those which cause confusion, deception or damage to another’s reputation. This strength is however also its weakness since it provides no measure by which to ascertain the point at which its requirements have been fulfilled by signatory states. The term “unfair competition” gives a clue as to the limits of that doctrine’s applicability in that the acts that fall within its scope might be expected to be both “unfair” and “competition”. If this is so, we can say that an act which is unfair but not does not constitute competition, or which is competitive but not unfair, should be permitted? It is within this framework that the grand battle between the producers of expensive and somewhat elite

Commercial activities in primary schools: a quantitative study

The commercialisation of schools is a controversial issue, but very little is known about the actual situation in UK schools. The aim of this study was to investigate, with particular reference to health education and health promotion, commercial activities and their regulation in primary schools in the Yorkshire and Humber region of the UK. A questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 650 headteachers with respondents being asked whether a range of commercial activities had been present in their school during the previous 20 months. They also indicated whether the school had any policies on the types of activity covered by the questionnaire. The results showed that four types of commercial activity had been present in over 50% of responding schools. These were voucher/token collection schemes, business linked competitions/contests, business linked sports coaching and sponsorship. Voucher/token collection schemes were found to be the most common form of activity, with 85% of schools having participated in at least one of these initiatives. Only 4% of schools had any policies on the types of activity covered in the questionnaire. Further research in the UK on commercial activities in schools is recommended.