Types Of Cognitive Strategies Research Articles

Cognitive Strategies of Transformational Use of English Phraseological Euphemisms in Linguistic Experiment

Cognitive strategies of occasional transformational use of English phraseological euphemisms in linguistic experiment are subject to consideration. The purpose of the study is to determine the cognitive strategies of the occasional use of phraseological euphemisms. The subject of the research: the types of cognitive strategies, which are used in ocasional transformations of English phraseological euphemisms, the study of which was performed after the literature survey and a brief description of the linguistic experiment. Research methods: the method of phraseological analysis developed by A.V. Kunin, which exists in two forms - phraseological identification and phraseological description, contextual analysis method, definitional analysis, component (seme) analysis. The novelty of the study: as a result of the linguistic experiment, for the first time, cognitive strategies of the transformational use of English phraseological euphemisms, combining the characteristic features of both phraseological and euphemistic nominations, were determined. Results of the study: two cognitive strategies were identified that are characteristic of all types of occasional use – informing strategy and the strategy of expressivization. Evaluation strategy is defined when using the addition of a component / components, insertion and replacement of a component / components; objectification strategy is revealed in the cleft use of euphemistic units; accentualization strategy when using phraseological reiteration, permutation and phraseological saturation of context. For the first time, we have singled out the strategy of cognitive deployment of the image, which is characteristic of the most complex types of occasional use of phraseological euphemisms, namely, phraseological pun, extended metaphor and phraseological allusion.

Cognitive Strategies of Transformational Use of English Phraseological Euphemisms in Linguistic Experiment

Cognitive strategies of occasional transformational use of English phraseological euphemisms in linguistic experiment are subject to consideration. The purpose of the study is to determine the cognitive strategies of the occasional use of phraseological euphemisms. The subject of the research: the types of cognitive strategies, which are used in ocasional transformations of English phraseological euphemisms, the study of which was performed after the literature survey and a brief description of the linguistic experiment. Research methods: the method of phraseological analysis developed by A.V. Kunin, which exists in two forms - phraseological identification and phraseological description, contextual analysis method, definitional analysis, component (seme) analysis. The novelty of the study: as a result of the linguistic experiment, for the first time, cognitive strategies of the transformational use of English phraseological euphemisms, combining the characteristic features of both phraseological and euphemistic nominations, were determined. Results of the study: two cognitive strategies were identified that are characteristic of all types of occasional use – informing strategy and the strategy of expressivization. Evaluation strategy is defined when using the addition of a component / components, insertion and replacement of a component / components; objectification strategy is revealed in the cleft use of euphemistic units; accentualization strategy when using phraseological reiteration, permutation and phraseological saturation of context. For the first time, we have singled out the strategy of cognitive deployment of the image, which is characteristic of the most complex types of occasional use of phraseological euphemisms, namely, phraseological pun, extended metaphor and phraseological allusion.

Cognitive control strategies and adaptive performance in a complex work task.

Adapting to task changes in work settings frequently calls not only for shifting one's thoughts and behaviors to the new demands, but also for dealing with outdated knowledge and skills. This article focuses on the role of control strategies in task adaptation and reports two experimental studies using an air traffic control simulation task. In both studies (N = 66 and 105 with k = 1,320 and 1,680 observations, respectively), all participants first learned and performed an initial version of the task then received instruction about control strategies, performed an altered version of the task with new execution rules, and finally worked on a memory test. Participants were instructed to either deliberately forget the old rules, remember the old rules, or simply learn the new task (Study 2 only). Results from discontinuous growth curve modeling revealed that the directed forgetting in both studies and the control group in Study 2 showed higher performance in the simulation after the change relative to their performance before the change (transition adaptation). There were no relearning differences between the groups suggesting that these differences persisted throughout the task. However, the memory test at the end of the study revealed that the directed forgetting groups and the learning control group remembered less outdated task execution rules in the memory test after the simulation than the remembering group. The findings suggest that different types of cognitive strategies have costs and benefits. Conceptual and practical implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Dealing with emotional states during cancer diagnosis and treatment by using cognitive strategies in oncology patients: Comparison to noncancer population.

e23184 Background: Diagnosis of cancer is perceived by individuals as a life-threatening event. Patients (pts) experience a great distress, as well as a various emotions and apply diverse cognitive strategies to deal with them during cancer diagnosis and its treatment. State of mind can help in emotions management and could be supportive or destructive during treatment.Employing adaptive strategies may help them to cope better this specific traumatic event and help doctors to get higher compliance with their pts.Therefore, it is important first to recognize these strategies and then arrange personalized psychological support for them in cooperation with oncologist. Methods: 197 individuals were included into the study between 11.2017 and 12.2018: 115 cancer pts ( Me= 62years) and 82 healthy subjects ( Me= 45years). All subjects filled out: Cognitive-Emotional Regulation Questionnaire(with 4 non-adaptive strategies (NAS)–self-blame, blaming others, catastrophizing, rumination and 4 adaptive strategies (AS)–acceptance, refocus on planning, putting into perspective, attention to something positive), and demographic data. Statistical analyses were based on t-Students test and linear correlation (significance level: p < .05). Results: Significant differences were observed between cancer patients and healthy group in all types of cognitive strategies. Cancer pts tend to catastrophize more frequently ( p < .01) and employed planning strategies less often ( p < .001), but generally had more AS( p < .01), especially attention to sth positive and acceptance ( p < .001). In cancer group NAS, especially catastrophizing ( p < .05) and rumination ( p < .001) correlate negatively with education and place of living, which means that less educated pts and living in the countryside had more NAS. In contrast, cancer pts living in cities used more AS( p = .001), mainly attention to sth positive, refocus on planning ( p < .01) and putting into perspective ( p < .001). The older pts less often applied focus-on-planning strategy ( p < .01). Conclusions: Cancer pts rarely used planning strategies and tend to develop an extremely negative future vision, but generally had more AS to deal with traumatic event then healthy population. More attention should be given to pts with cancer who are older, live in in the countryside and are less educated.

Coping with Sexual Abuse

General consensus exists in the psychological literature with regard to what constitutes child sexual abuse (CSA) and the negative implications for victims of CSA throughout the course of their lives. Recently, different types of cognitive strategies that victims may use to cope with CSA and the possible effects of these coping strategies on memory have received considerable empirical attention. The first aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the current literature about why, how, and when victims of CSA use the cognitive coping strategies of false denial, disclosure, and recantation to cope with psychological, emotional, and even interpersonal implications of their abuse. Over the years, disclosure is the one strategy that has been researched extensively, whereas research on false denial and recantation has barely just begun. The second aim is to provide a recent overview of the relationship between coping strategies and memory in the context of CSA. Specifically, we will discuss how false denials may have the potential to negatively affect a victim’s memory. Finally, we present an argument for the need to undertake research into insufficiently examined coping strategies such as false denial and recantation.

Examination of the Core Cognitive Components of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Analogue Investigation

We aimed to examine the core elements of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy that target distressing negative cognitions, cognitive restructuring (CR) and cognitive defusion (CD), respectively. Participants (N=142) recalled a saddening autobiographical event, identified a distressing thought it triggered, and completed a task that induced rumination on these cognitions. They then completed one of four brief interventions that targeted these emotionally charged cognitions: analogue versions of CR and CD, and two control interventions. The personal negative cognitions were then reactivated to examine the protective effects of these interventions. CR and CD were similarly efficacious in alleviating distress, compared to a control intervention that focused on participants’ negative thoughts. Mood improvement was associated with state levels of reappraisal and not with acceptance in CR, whereas the reverse was observed in CD. Improvement was associated with perceived efficacy of the intervention in CR but not in CD. The present findings suggest that although CR and CD effectively promote different types of cognitive strategies, they may share important features that set them both apart from maladaptive forms of coping.

COGNITIVE STRATEGY OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN LEARNING DIRECT LINE EQUATION

This study aims to find out: (1) the profile of cognitive strategies of junior high school students in learning equation of straight line, both in understanding the material and in problem solving, (2) description of learning result of equation of straight line of junior high school student from the type of cognitive strategy used. This research procedure through two stages, namely through the preparation stage and implementation phase. The preparation stage includes the preparation of learning tools in the form of Learning Implementation Plan (RPP), Student Book, Teacher Book, Student Activity Sheet (LKS), Cognitive Strategy Brochure, and research instrument. The things prepared in this preparation phase are validated, except the cognitive strategy brochure. While the implementation stage includes the application of learning tools to students of class VIII1 SMP Negeri 2 Bantimurung as a selected class. In the implementation phase, it is obtained: (1) cognitive strategy in understanding the material displayed in the student's book and cognitive strategy in problem solving which is shown in the LKS (qualitative data), and (2) the score of learning result test (quantitative data). The results of the analysis on the qualitative part found in general cognitive strategy profile to understand the material of straight-line equation is to underline the important things of formulas and the profile of cognitive strategy to solve the problem of straight-line equation is deductive thinking strategy. Description of learning result of equation of straight line after learning by using cognitive strategy is average score 71,68 with standard deviation 12,33 from ideal score 100. Minimum score obtained by student is 50,00 and maximum score obtained by student is 94,83 With a score range of 44.83. Students who have a cognitive strategy profile are able to highlight important things, able to make summaries and able to complete concept maps, and have experience in solving problems by applying heuristic strategies, deductive thinking, and forward thinking have learning outcomes in very high categories, whereas Students who are incapable of completing concept maps and having no advanced thinking strategy generally have high learning outcomes, and students who do not have a strategy in understanding the material and have only experience in solving problems by implementing deductive strategies have learning outcomes in the medium category And low.

The Role of Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Regulation of Craving by Reappraisal in Smokers

Rationale and ObjectiveDrug cues can induce craving for drugs of abuse. Dysfunctional regulation of emotion and motivation regarding rewarding objects appears to be an integral part of addiction. It has been found that cognitive strategies decreased the intensity of craving in addicts. Reappraisal strategy is a type of cognitive strategy that requires participants to reinterpret the meaning of an emotional situation. In addition, studies have found that activation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is associated with the selection and application of cognitive reappraisal. In present study, we sought to determine whether such cognitive regulation engages the dACC and improves inhibition of craving in smokers.MethodsSixteen smokers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during performance of a cigarette reward-conditioning procedure with cognitive reappraisal. We focused our analyses on the dACC as a key structure of cognitive control of craving. Cue induced craving under different conditions was obtained. Correlational analysis between the functional response in the dACC and the subjective craving was performed.ResultsWe found that using a cognitive reappraisal was successful in decreasing the conditioned craving. Right dACC (BA 24/32) engaged in the cognitive reappraisal. In addition, the individual’s subjective craving was negatively correlated with the right dACC activation.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the dACC are important substrates of Inhibition of cue induced craving in smokers. Cognitive regulation by cognitive reappraisal may help addicted individuals avoid the anticipated situations where they are exposed to conditioned cues.

Clinical investigation of cognitive styles in patients with acquired brain damage

This study aims to investigate relationships between the preference in use of visual–verbal cognitive representation and strategies and lesion site in patients with acquired brain injury. The Visualiser-Verbaliser Questionnaire (VVQ) and the Questionnaire on Visual and Verbal Strategies (QSVV) were administered to 48 patients by an examiner in an ambulatory setting. Data showed that the preference for verbalisation decreased in patients with a parietal focal lesion, who tended to use a mixed cognitive style. Patients with subcortical bilateral lesions verbalised more than patients with no lesion or right focal lesions. In general, damage in a specific area associated to a type of cognitive strategy may compromise its use, but does not lead to its extinction. From a neurorehabilitation perspective, findings suggest that patients can learn to use cognitive strategies to compensate for their deficits.

Feeling bad? The “Power” of positive thinking may not apply to everyone

The present studies demonstrate that effects of cognitive strategies on emotions are moderated by neuroticism. In Study 1, individuals low in neuroticism who used effective strategies extensively felt less negative emotions in a hypothetical unpleasant situation than those who used such strategies minimally. However, cognitive strategy use did not affect individuals high in neuroticism. Study 2 found a similar moderating effect when participants were taught to use the different types of cognitive strategies. Likewise, reappraising a past unpleasant event helped low-neuroticism individuals feel less negative about it than their counterparts who focused on the event, but did not help high-neuroticism individuals (Study 3). In conclusion, cognitive strategies strongly influenced how low-neuroticism individuals felt, but had no effects on high-neuroticism individuals.

Cognitive strategies affecting recall of sexual behavior among high-risk men and women.

Most sexual health research depends on self-reported information, but little is known about the ways in which individuals arrive at their responses to sexual behavior questions. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the cognitive strategies and contextual cues used to recall sexual behaviors among men and women at high risk for HIV. 102 men and 106 women were recruited from a public health sexually transmitted disease clinic (mean age = 31 years; 45% African American, 50% White) and asked to think aloud as they responded to questions about number of lifetime sexual partners and frequency of vaginal and oral sex (in the past 2 weeks or 3 months). Transcripts of participant interviews were coded for the different types of cognitive strategies and contextual cues that were used to recall counts of sexual partners and behaviors. Multivariate logistic regressions indicated that respondents tended to enumerate each instance of behavior when recalling low frequencies of behavior and small numbers of partners and to use rate-based estimates or general impression strategies when recalling high frequencies and numbers. Most respondents did not use self-generated contextual cues. Results suggest that reports of high frequencies of sexual behavior or large numbers of partners are approximations. For valid and reliable assessment, researchers should direct respondents to recall sexual behavior in small, manageable chunks through the use of interviewer prompts.

Cognitive Strategy Generation in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a condition of impaired quality of movement and occupational performance. It has been hypothesized that the difficulties experienced by children with DCD may in part be due to an impaired ability to use cognitive strategies to solve occupational performance problems. Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP) is a verbally-based approach to helping children remediate this difficulty. The current pilot study investigated the use of cognitive strategies in children with DCD to determine whether cognitive strategy use is improved by CO-OP. Observations of video-recorded sessions of 18 school-aged children were scored for frequency and type of cognitive strategies used. Differences within and between groups revealed changes in the types and frequency of cognitive strategies. The results of the present study support the use of a cognitively-based approach such as CO-OP in assisting children with DCD in developing cognitive strategies when solving occupational performance problems. However, further research using a larger sample is necessary to fully explore the impact of CO-OP on the strategy use of children with DCD.

An Approach to Modeling Error in Air-Midas Using Contextual Control Model

Predictability of the possible avenues of human error is important for designing error recovery mechanisms in systems' interfaces. Our approach for modeling errors during the taxiing and pre-flight phase, involves using Hollnagel's (1993) Contextual Control Model (CoCoM). Hollnagel postulates that changes in the human's operational context make her switch control modes or cognitive strategies. Previously, Verma & Corker (2002) encoded rules to implement CoCoM for Air Traffic Controllers (ATCo) in the Air-MIDAS (Man-Machine Integrated Design and Analysis System) architecture. They defined the operational context as the number of simultaneous goals and the event horizon time required to successfully complete those goals, and also encoded behavior associated with three types of cognitive strategies- unplanned, tactical, and strategic. In this study, new sets of rules are being coded for the pilots, such mat changes in the context will cause the simulated operator to change cognitive strategies. The dependent variables of interest are cognitive strategies used by pilot-agents, workload, status of tasks (completed, aborted, working), and consequences of errors performed.

Feature positive discriminations in adults and children

The present experiment examined whether children and adult students differ in cognitive strategy used to solve a serial feature positive discrimination. The participants learned to make a specific response (R) to a target stimulus (T) when it was preceded by a feature stimulus (F) and to refrain from responding to T when presented alone. This discrimination can be solved in two distinctively different ways: by forming a direct relation between F and R (simple associational strategy), or by F indicating the T–R relation (higher-order relational strategy). The strategy used was examined by means of a transfer test and a counterconditioning manipulation. The results suggest that, for both the children and students, responding during the transfer test was under the control of the simple associational strategy. However, retest responding was controlled by a higher-order relational strategy more in the students than in the children. These results were discussed in the framework of previous findings in the developmental literature on age differences in type of cognitive strategy.

How to Listen More Efficiently: Self-monitoring Strategies in Listening

The efficiency of cognitive strategies in information processing has been established by a considerable body of research on text comprehension. Caution needs to be used, however, when it comes to generalizing the results to listening. It is argued that, in order to decide if cognitive strategies meet the processing demands of listening, and if so, which strategies, the specifics of the listening situation must be taken into consideration. An empirical basis is needed to investigate the facilitative and possibly interfering effects of using metacognitive strategies during listening. Using qualitative methodology, listening logs collected from 35 undergraduate students were evaluated for the effects - as perceived by listeners - of three types of cognitive strategies, namely, interest management, asking pre-questions, and elaboration techniques. The results support the hypothesis that these strategies, when appropriately adapted to the listening context, facilitate information processing from aural input.

Resilient child sexual abuse survivors: Cognitive coping and illusion

This research examined cognitive coping strategies associated with resilience in a nonclinical sample of child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors. In Study 1, 180 college women completed surveys assessing self-enhancing cognitive distortions of reality, known as positive illusions, and CSA history. CSA survivors and nonvictimized women were found to be equally likely to engage in illusion, and for both groups, measures of illusion were strongly associated with psychological well-being. In Study 2, a qualitative study, a subsample of 20 CSA survivors from Study 1 were interviewed regarding their efforts to cope with CSA. Analysis was focused on comparisons between well-adjusted and poorly-adjusted women. The high adjustment group revealed a greater tendency to engage in four types of cognitive strategies: disclosing and discussing CSA, minimization, positive reframing, and refusing to dwell on the experience. The results of both studies highlight the importance of cognitive reappraisal in CSA recovery. Implications for therapists working with CSA survivors are discussed.

A Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Improving Basketball Performance

Evidence indicates that champion and less successful athletes across several sports can be differentiated by the type of cognitive strategies they employ. The cognitive-coping strategies identified in champion athletes were presented to a highly skilled college basketball player. Performance improvements were observed in the athlete's points per game, field goal percentage, field goals made per game, and percentage of total team scoring. Future research in this area was discussed.

Effects of different cognitive strategies on chronic pain experience

The present research sought to examine the importance of cognitive factors in the experience and treatment of chronic pain. An attempt was made to explore possible mediational influences by testing the effectiveness of several cognitive strategies. Experimental conditions were manipulated to examine the influence of three types of cognitive strategies: (1) reinterpreting the pain stimuli, (2) diverting one's attention from it, and (3) concentrating on the sensation itself. Dependent measures such as subjective indices of pain, behavioral observations, and an unobtrusive measure of pain behavior were obtained in an attempt to explore the experience of pain. Results demonstrated that, within a physical rehabilitation hospital setting, patients with a history of persistent pain showed a significant change in their ratings of the quality and intensity of this experience, and in their behavior, through the use of reinterpretive cognitive instructions.

Selective attention and instrumental modification of the GSR.

ABSTRACTA series of experiments were conducted on instrumental modification of the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) in a discrimination procedure where preparatory signals indicated which discriminative stimulus was to occur. When shock avoidance was contingent upon the presence of a response the GSR was enhanced; when shock avoidance was contingent upon the inhibition of a response there was a decrement in reactivity. Heart rate acceleration occurred to Respond stimuli while deceleration occurred to Inhibit stimuli. Various types of cognitive strategies were reported by the subjects from attempts to control attention by attending less to stimuli associated with inhibition to attempts to arouse a response by thinking of exciting events and to inhibit by thinking of calming events. Postexperimental recognition of words tended to be negatively related to magnitude of response. When the verbal stimuli served directly as discriminative stimuli, however, these relationships tended to be reversed.