Type Of Charity Research Articles

Discriminação e abandono de recém-nascidos mestiços na América Portuguesa: Os exemplos de Mariana, Vila Rica e Recife

Resumo O financiamento da criação de recém-nascidos abandonados pelos pais nas ruas das localidades portuguesas foi regulamentado pelas Ordenações Manuelinas (1512) e frequentemente constituía um tema controverso porque era uma iniciativa onerosa, que recaía sobre os cofres municipais e, no limite, sobre a população local, por meio de impostos (fintas) lançados pelo termo. Quando passou a ser obrigação legal, uma vez posta em prática, os concelhos encarregavam-se de cuidar de todos os expostos da localidade. Este artigo analisa os casos de Mariana e Vila Rica, em Minas Gerais, e Recife, em Pernambuco, onde foi regulamentado o financiamento da criação dos enjeitados. Contudo, essa forma de caridade, típica das regiões católicas no Ocidente, passaria por inovações frente à presença de populações miscigenadas na América portuguesa. Nos três exemplos estudados, as autoridades propuseram restringir o público de auxiliados a partir de critérios étnicos, estabelecendo, assim, novas fronteiras das noções de caridade, pobreza e assistência.

FUNDRAISING INTERMEDIARIES INHIBIT QUALITY‐DRIVEN CHARITABLE DONATIONS

Charitable donations are frequently raised by an intermediary, which accepts donations and subsequently sends the proceeds to the chairty—for example, a workplace campaign for United Way, a 5‐km walk for Susan G. Komen, or buying cookies from a local troop for the Girl Scouts. These fundraisers can greatly increase donations received by a given charity, but how do they affect what types of charities we support? This article shows intermediary fundraisers can make donors insensitive to differences in charity quality: Unattractive charities can receive the same financial support as an attractive charity. In a series of across‐subject experiments, when donations are framed as going directly to the charity, unattractive charities receive fewer and smaller contributions relative to attractive charities; however, when donations for the same charities are collected by (meaningless) intermediary fundraising campaigns, donations become indistinguishable across charities. The fundraising campaign does not affect donor recall of charity identity or evaluation of charity quality; it simply precludes donors from using these data in the donation decision. Follow‐up experiments suggest the results are driven by information overload. (JEL A13, C91, C93, D61, D64, H41)

Assessment the Impact of Zakat on Aggregate Consumption and Poverty: Evidence From Egypt

This study aims at investigating the impact of Zakat on aggregate consumption and poverty alleviation in Egypt. To achieve this, the study presents the concept of poverty and the strategies of poverty alleviation in a conventional economy, and then discusses the concepts of poverty in Isl am and the ability of Zakat to eliminate poverty in the Muslim community. The most important results arethe potential Zakat collection in Egypt cannot eradicate poverty from the Egyptian economy and the other types of charities may play an important rolein eradicating poverty in Egypt. The study recommends the need to pass legislation that requires the collection of Zakat from different sectors, organizations and institutions as well as individuals. Finally, the study emphasizes the need to voluntary charities as complementary tools in poverty eradicating. The study recommends also the Egyptian government to monitor and control the processes of collecting and distributing Zakat where the more directed to the poorest eligible (first of the eligible categori es), the greater the effect on consumption then on poverty.

Purposes, activities and beneficiaries

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline a method developed for analysis of narrative reporting by charities concerning the carrying out of their aims for public benefit (as required by charity law). It seeks to assess the effectiveness of the method as a means of measuring performance of third sector organisations (TSOs). Design/methodology/approach – The method presented was used for qualitative reviewing and scoring of 1,400 sets of charity reports and accounts from England and Wales on 22 variables, with most variables involving an assessment of narratives on a five-point quality score. Various methods of standardising the scoring between different reviewers and different types of charities are considered. Findings – The method was found to be largely effective in discriminating between charities which had a clear focus on the public benefit requirement and those which did not. However, other factors, such as lack of awareness of the requirements and levels of concern regarding charitable status, appear to have had a substantial impact on reporting practice. Research limitations/implications – The limitations and uncertainties in converting a qualitative assessment of a narrative into a numerical score are discussed. Practical implications – The method is likely to be of value for other studies of narrative reporting in financial statements, especially in relation to fulfilment by TSOs of the purposes for which they were established. Originality/value – The paper contributes both to the understanding of narrative reporting by TSOs and to the development of methodological approaches for such analysis.

The Sheltering Cloak: Images of Charity and Mercy in Fourteenth-century Italy

The iconography of charity (caritas) underwent considerable changes in fourteenth-century Italy, signifying a break with the traditional transalpine depictions of love personified. Some iconographical aspects of the French Caritas Misericordia (or Mercy Charity) were transferred to the Madonna of Mercy, also known as the sheltering-cloak Madonna. With her cloak spread to protect the needy and her devotees, the Madonna of Mercy likewise personifies benevolence, leaving room for artists to develop an allegorical type of Charity. Significantly, the earliest Mother of Mercy images show the Virgin extending her cloak with her own hands as Mercy Charity. The meaning of the gesture is multifaceted. The Virgin is not just offering a cloak, but sharing hers. Because of the association of textiles with flesh, and therefore with the incarnation, textile relics were supposed to have protective powers. With the garment, Charity—and later the Virgin—provides the pauper with a protective layer. The development of the Madonna of Mercy fits changed views and practices of charity in Italy during the thirteenth century. The Madonna of Mercy is depicted frequently in churches, oratories, and charitable institutions, often depicted more than once within one hospital. In the gesture of opening up her mantle, she mirrors the hospital loggia. The cloak of the Virgin could symbolize the protective walls of a building, or even the dome of heaven. Reversely, the loggia of the hospital could be regarded metaphorically as a sheltering cloth protecting the citizens of the community. Visually the loggia functioned not just as a transitional area, but an embracing and enclosing space covering the community like a sheltering cloak. As such, the loggia articulated the purpose and aspirations of the hospital in society, reflecting the popular image of the Madonna of Mercy.

Financial Sustainability Within UK Charities: Community Sport Trusts and Corporate Social Responsibility Partnerships

The change in political leadership in the UK in 2010 has created financial uncertainty and instability for many third sector organisations. In a shifting funding landscape, it is clear that an over-reliance on Government funding is a risky strategy and that there is a need to diversify and seek out alternative sources of revenue. This article considers the impact of political change on the financial sustainability of community sports trusts associated with Premier League and Football League clubs in England. It explores sources of revenue through the analysis of financial statements, revealing that on average community sports trusts receive a significant proportion of income from grant funding whilst sponsorship income is relatively small. The article goes on to discuss the potential for community sports trusts to diversify revenue streams by developing social partnerships that address the corporate social responsibility (CSR) agendas of commercial organisations. It illustrates that although commercial sponsorship can provide benefits including the provision of additional funding that can enable financial stability, key issues include the balance of power, the impact on organisational flexibility, whether there is a need to restructure, and the development of long-term partnerships. Although the findings from this article are focused on a particular type of charity, given the importance of CSR partnership income for the charities sector they may also have broader implications for other charitable organisations.

Who Gives Charitable Donations for Overseas Development?

AbstractIndividuals' donations to overseas charities are an important source of funding for development assistance from rich industrialised countries. But little is known about the nature of these charitable donations. The literature on giving focuses on total donations to all causes and does not identify separately the pattern or the determinants of giving to any particular cause. We investigate giving to overseas causes using UK survey microdata that record individuals' donations to different types of charity. We establish a picture of overseas giving, comparing this with giving to other causes. Socio-economic correlates of both types of giving are analysed, including gender, marital status, occupation, education and, especially, income. We also investigate the relationship between individuals' overseas giving and their attitudes towards poverty in developing countries.

Who Gives for Overseas Development?

Individuals' donations to overseas charities are an important source of funding for development assistance from rich industrialised countries. But little is known about the nature of these charitable donations. The literature on giving focuses on total donations to all causes and does not identify separately the pattern or the determinants of giving to any particular cause. We investigate giving to overseas causes using UK survey microdata that record individuals' donations to different types of charity. We establish a picture of overseas giving, comparing this with giving to other causes. Socio-economic correlates of both types of giving are analysed, including gender, marital status, occupation, education and, especially, income. We also investigate the relationship between individuals' overseas giving and their attitudes towards poverty in developing countries.

Factors underlying the inclination to donate to particular types of charity

AbstractTwo hundred and fifty members of the general public were interviewed in central London and asked to assume that they had been given a certain sum of money, all of which they had to donate to a single good cause. The interviewees were presented with the names of three organisations in different fields (cancer care, animal welfare and human rights) and asked to make a selection. Respondents were then questioned about their personal values, inclinations and other characteristics potentially relevant to the choice. It emerged that personal values and inclinations exerted powerful influences on selections. Moreover, the possession of certain personal values and inclinations correlated significantly with specific organisational values that the respondents most admired. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications

The Ignudo as proto-capriccio

The range of interpretation accorded Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ignudi (figure 1) is disconcertingly comparable with that applied to Giorgione's La Tempesta, utterly contrasting though the imagery is in almost every respect. In both cases the artist's conception has sometimes been taken to be free of iconography and even of standard subject. Alternatively, various references have been proposed, sometimes to abstruse literary or theological texts. Fanciful or even (in the case of Michelangelo) unconscious self-portrayal has provided an alternative thread of interpretation. A key factor in both sets of interpretations is the valence of the nude — might these be cases in which the prominent inclusion of the nude does not straightforwardly connote the ideal? Might these nudes partake of qualities we could call realistic even while retaining some reference to an abstract or ideal realm? Giorgione's female nude has intermittently been seen, since its earliest mention by Marcantonio Michiel, as a gypsy (though idealizing references to the type of Charity have received much attention too); Michelangelo's ignudi in their seated yet contorted poses have been taken to signify lesser levels of spiritual existence (though, here too, more idealizing significations have also been proposed). Neither artist presents us with what Kenneth Clark would have dubbed a naked figure; yet in neither instance is anything approximating a heroic, self-consciously proud, or statuesque attitude taken.

The scope for market segmentation within the charity market: An empirical analysis

AbstractBased on the analysis of 384 questionnaires, this paper investigates the scope for market segmentation for a variety of UK charities. The results call into question the idea that donor preferences expressed for a particular type of charity are associated with particular demographic, lifestyle or opinion and attitude segments. The managerial implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are made.