Types Of Caves Research Articles

Performance Evaluation of Directional Porous Oil Storage Medium Fabricated by PTFE and Naphthalene

Porous oil storage media is the core of self-lubricating rolling functional components. The internal pore directivity of porous oil storage media is different，and it reduces the utilization rate of lubricating oil. In this paper, a new fabrication method of porous oil storage media with directional pores is carried out, and the properties of the porous media, such as hardness, density, porosity, oil storage rate and oil retention rate are evaluated. The experimental results show that the fabrication pressure has a linear positive effect relationship with the hardness of the porous media, and has no significant effect on the density, porosity, oil storage rate and oil retention rate. The mass fraction of pore former has a linear negative effect relationship with the hardness and density of the porous media, and a linear positive effect relationship with the porosity the greater the mass fraction of pore former, the greater the initial oil seepage rate of oil rejection. The internal pores of the porous media have a fibrous structure of the karst cave type, and the internal pores are interconnected and have good orientation. This study aims to provide a lubricating theoretical reference for the fabrication of porous oil storage media.

Bacterial communities forming yellow biofilms in different cave types share a common core.

The walls of different types of caves under diverse geological settings (limestone, gypsum and volcanic) are colonized by biofilms of different colors: white, yellow, pink, grey, green to dark brown, but only a few colored biofilms such as the white, yellow and grey ones have been extensively studied. However, an assessment among the microbial communities originating these biofilms in different lithologies is lacking. Here we compare the yellow biofilms from two caves, Covadura and C3, in the Gypsum Karst of Sorbas in Spain, with those from two Spanish limestone caves (Pindal and Santian), and four volcanic caves in Spain and Italy (Viento, Honda del Bejenado, Grotta del Santo, Grotta di Monte Corruccio). The structure of yellow biofilms in gypsum caves closely resembles that found in other Spanish and European limestone caves. However, volcanic cave biofilms exhibit greater variability in their microbial community structure and morphologies. Biofilms from gypsum, limestone and volcanic caves were characterized by the abundance of the genera Crossiella and the gammaproteobacterial wb1-P19. The uncultured Euzebyaceae were abundant in gypsum and Spanish volcanic caves, while in the limestone and Italian volcanic caves, they were rare or absent. Nitrospira was also abundant in limestone and volcanic caves, but not in gypsum caves. Due to the abundances of Crossiella, gammaproteobacterial wb1-P19, and uncultured Euzebyaceae, in many different ecosystems, not only in caves, as recently reported, understanding the functional diversity in which these lineages are involved seems critical. Although we have studied a limited number of yellow biofilms from caves in Spain and Italy, data from other caves in USA and Russia also point out the existence of a similarity among the most abundant members composing the structure of yellow biofilms, suggesting that they share a common core.

Investigating the relationships between radon and the geology of the Sterkfontein cave

Radon, a naturally occurring radioactive gas, has become a subject of increasing interest and concern, particularly in the context of subterranean environments such as caves. This research investigates these dynamics in the Sterkfontein Cave in South Africa, which has formed in the karst geology of the Cradle of Humankind, Gauteng. Additionally, it set out to compile a radon map for the cave, identifying potential radon hotspots. Twenty-four electret ion chambers were placed in the tourist section of the cave and left for a period of 24 h. The radon concentrations were found to be between 53 Bq/m3 and 2770 Bq/m3. Three regions within the cave exhibited elevated radon concentrations, with these occurrences being linked to phosphatic deposits. A subterranean lake also concentrates radon gas in the lower areas of the cave. While the cave's average radon concentration of 427 Bq/m3 exceeds the World Health Organization's (WHO) hazardous level of 300 Bq/m3, occupational exposure remains minimal during a typical cave tour. Consequently, there is no discernible risk during an average tour through the cave.

Kucha and Termez—Caves for Mindful Pacing and Seated Meditation

In this paper, by comparing the archaeological remains of meditation caves in Kucha and Termez and by referring to Buddhist literature, we aim at gaining a better understanding of how meditation was practiced in both regions. In Kucha and Termez the arid climate shifted between extreme summer heat and extreme winter cold, making the caves ideal choices for meditation. In Kucha, various types of meditation caves have been recorded. These include small cells for seated meditation, single corridors, and corridors that intersect to form a cross or an inverted U plan. The latter type is associated with a residence and a courtyard, which show many similarities with the complexes located in the mounds south and west of the monastery of Kara Tepe. Two possible uses of the corridor-shaped caves have been proposed based on various factors, such as the distance of the caves from the surface monastery, the similarity of the type, the presence of a courtyard in front of the caves, and the existence of a cell where a person could repose. Buddhist accounts remark on the importance of mindful pacing (Skt. caṅkrama; Chi. jingxing 經行) along with sitting meditation in the daily practice of bhikṣus. According to descriptions in the vinaya, we can infer the possibility of having several types of pathways for mindful pacing, besides the most common straight path. Note also that various ancient records of Buddhist monks mention monuments associated with mindful pacing. Drawing on both architectural remains of the investigated areas and textual evidence, we suggest that the carved corridors, both single and intersecting, might have been specifically designed for mindful pacing. In the better-preserved complexes, the length of the courtyard’s sides corresponds with that of the corridors. While the courtyard could have been utilized for various activities, the similarity in size between corridors and the courtyard hints at its potential use for mindful pacing in mild weather. Furthermore, because the Kara Tepe monastery could accommodate less than fifteen monks, the presence of several meditation complexes, each consisting of four intersecting corridors and a small cell, implies that these units were intended for a monk to live in seclusion for a period.

Mechanism, mode, and prediction of karst caves collapse in the deep marine carbonate fracture-cavity reservoir

Tahe oilfield in the Tarim Basin of China is a typical deep marine carbonate fracture-cavity type reservoir. Large paleokarst caves are the important storage space types in this reservoir. Drilling data reveals that most of the caves have varying degrees of collapsed breccia filling. A better understanding of cave collapse mechanism, modes, and distribution is crucial for highly efficient production. In this study, large karst caves in the Ordovician of Tahe oilfield are taken as research objects, and several types of typical cave conceptual models are established based on similarity theory. Physical tests and numerical simulation methods are used to reveal the collapse mechanism under different depths, shapes, filling types, and tectonic stresses of different periods. Collapse modes are established based on the revealed mechanism, morphology, and damage zone of simulated karst caves. Seismic prediction methods of different types of collapsing caves are explored according to their reflection characteristics. The results reveal that compaction and shearing damage are the main reasons for cave collapsing. The roof and surrounding rock of the cave sink in during the collapse process, with a shear-slip damage zone of 2–3 times larger than the cave diameter. The sand/mud-filled cave is shown to be more stable than the water-filled cave, and the unfilled cave is the least stable. Tectonic stresses acting in the early Hercynian period are the primary reason for the current collapsed caves. Two cave collapse modes are established, type Ⅰ being mainly affected by overlying gravity and type Ⅱ mainly affected by shear stress. There are local differences in seismic reflection characteristics between these two types. The prediction of the two types of collapsed karst caves can be realized by combining the seismic attribute of colored inversion, frequency division energy, GR inversion and coherent energy gradient, etc. The comprehensive prediction results of collapsed karst caves in Tahe oilfield show a good correspondence with oil well productivity.

부산시 카페 상권 분석; 매장이용 카페와 테이크아웃 카페 비교

The cafe business in Busan exhibits an annual growth trend, driven by an improving economic level and an increasing demand. Trends and consumption patterns in the cafe industry are subject to various influencing factors, and the volatility has intensified, particularly due to unexpected societal changes such as COVID-19. This study aims to analyze and predict trends in Busan's cafe business by considering population trends, the number of COVID cases, and the Consumer Price Index (CPI) of Busan. In particular, according to customer usage patterns, we will classify cafes as in-store cafe and takeout cafe, and analyze trends and forecasts of the number of cafes in a multivariate time series. The data used in this paper is collected and utilized from public data, and the open source Python programming language is used for analysis. The Busan cafe commercial district analysis method uses regression analysis, SARIMAX (Seasonal AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average with eXogenous), and VAR (Vector Autoregression). Through this, we understand how the two types of cafes are affected by environmental variables and compare the performance and prediction ability of each analysis method. The results derived from this are expected to provide useful insights into the future development direction and prediction of the local cafe commercial area.

The geomicrobiology of limestone, sulfuric acid speleogenetic, and volcanic caves: basic concepts and future perspectives.

Caves are ubiquitous subterranean voids, accounting for a still largely unexplored surface of the Earth underground. Due to the absence of sunlight and physical segregation, caves are naturally colonized by microorganisms that have developed distinctive capabilities to thrive under extreme conditions of darkness and oligotrophy. Here, the microbiomes colonizing three frequently studied cave types, i.e., limestone, sulfuric acid speleogenetic (SAS), and lava tubes among volcanic caves, have comparatively been reviewed. Geological configurations, nutrient availability, and energy flows in caves are key ecological drivers shaping cave microbiomes through photic, twilight, transient, and deep cave zones. Chemoheterotrophic microbial communities, whose sustenance depends on nutrients supplied from outside, are prevalent in limestone and volcanic caves, while elevated inorganic chemical energy is available in SAS caves, enabling primary production through chemolithoautotrophy. The 16S rRNA-based metataxonomic profiles of cave microbiomes were retrieved from previous studies employing the Illumina platform for sequencing the prokaryotic V3-V4 hypervariable region to compare the microbial community structures from different cave systems and environmental samples. Limestone caves and lava tubes are colonized by largely overlapping bacterial phyla, with the prevalence of Pseudomonadota and Actinomycetota, whereas the co-dominance of Pseudomonadota and Campylobacterota members characterizes SAS caves. Most of the metataxonomic profiling data have so far been collected from the twilight and transient zones, while deep cave zones remain elusive, deserving further exploration. Integrative approaches for future geomicrobiology studies are suggested to gain comprehensive insights into the different cave types and zones. This review also poses novel research questions for unveiling the metabolic and genomic capabilities of cave microorganisms, paving the way for their potential biotechnological applications.

Research on Collapse Risk Assessment of Karst Tunnels Based on BN Self-Learning

The high risk of collapse is a key issue affecting the construction safety of karst tunnels. A risk assessment method for karst tunnel collapse based on data-driven Bayesian Network (BN) self-learning is proposed in this study. The finite element calculation is used to analyze the distribution law of the plastic zone of the tunnel and the karst cave surrounding rock under different combinations of parameters, and a four-factor three-level data case database is established. Through the self-learning of the BN database, a Bayesian Network model of karst tunnel collapse risk assessment with nodes of four types of karst cave parameters is established. The specific probability distribution state and sensitivity of the parameters of different types of karst caves under the condition of whether the tunnel and the karst cave plastic zone are connected or not are studied. The research results show that the distance and angle of the karst cave are the main influencing parameters of the tunnel collapse probability, and the diameter and number of the karst cave are the secondary influencing parameters. Among them, the distance, diameter, and number of karst caves are proportional to the probability of tunnel collapse, and the most unfavorable orientation of karst caves is 45° above the tunnel. When the tunnel passes through the karst area, it should avoid the radial intersection with the karst cave at the arch waist while staying away from the karst cave. The results of this work can provide a reference for the construction safety of karst tunnels under similar conditions.

Mountain caves of the central region of Veracruz: A vertebrate biodiversity reservoir in a Neotropical hotspot.

The mountain region of central Veracruz, Mexico hosts a large system of karst and volcanic caves that are unexplored. In particular, the vertebrates that inhabit these subterranean ecosystems are unknown. This study evaluated the diversity of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish in three environments (euphotic, disphotic, and aphotic) of 16 caves of different geological origin (12 karst caves and 4 volcanic caves) distributed along an altitudinal gradient (300-2400 m a.s.l.). We found a richness of 242 vertebrate species (184 birds, 30 mammals, 15 reptiles, 12 amphibians, and 1 fish) and an abundance of a total of 11,323 individuals (4,969 mammals, 6,483 birds, 36 reptiles, 27 amphibians, and 5 fish). The richness of all vertebrate classes was higher in karst than in volcanic caves. Vertebrate diversity was also higher at mid-altitudes between 600-899 m a.s.l. Diversity varied between environments, where bird and reptile richness was higher in the euphotic environment, while mammal and amphibian diversity was higher in the aphotic environment. The similarity in the composition of vertebrate species does not depend on the distance between karstic and volcanic caves. Volcanic and karst caves shared on average up to 70% and 55% of vertebrate species, which indicates that only 30% and 45% of species, respectively, is different in each cave type. Given the vulnerability and fragility of these subterranean ecosystems, as well as the important diversity that they contain, we recommend including the caves of the central region of Veracruz in the conservation agenda of local governments and communities. Community-based conservation can help ensure the presence of vertebrate species in the caves of this region.

Assessing the deterioration risk of mural paintings in Cave 98 of Mogao Grottoes based on the hygrothermal behavior

Cave 98 is a typical cave in Mogao Grottos with various and serious degradations. This paper aims to clarify the heat and moisture transfer law of Cave 98 and murals and evaluate whether the current hygrothermal environment is conducive to the long-term preservation of murals. In this paper, a coupled heat and moisture transfer 2D model of Cave 98 was first established, and the accuracy of the model was verified by on-site monitoring data. Then, the spatial distributions of the temperature and moisture in Cave 98 were analyzed, and the quantitative evaluation of the deterioration risk of mural paintings in different locations was further evaluated. The results showed that 14% and 13.8% of the time indoor temperature and relative humidity (RH) exceeded the target range. Salt damage occurred more than 10 days a year, mold contamination occurred just a few days a year, and deterioration occurred at its peak in summer. Dehumidification measures can be taken during periods of high humidity to improve the adaptability of the current preservation environment.

Species richness, occurrence and rarity of bats in Brazilian caves

AbstractCaves are among the most important roosts of hundreds of bat species worldwide. However, caves can be formed in different lithologies. Cave structure and characteristics, which are shaped by lithology, can, in turn, influence roost preferences for different bat species. Therefore, cave lithology and characteristics can help us to better understand why some bat species may be rare in some caves and common in others. Brazil is a continental country, rich in bat species (181 spp.), lithologies and caves (>23 000). However, only a small fraction of the known caves has been sampled for bats so far, with no emphasis on the role lithology may have. Based on a literature review and using data on bat occurrence, in this study, we investigated the influence of lithology on bat species richness and rarity in Brazilian caves. We evaluated 117 studies, including data from 552 caves, and updated the number of bat species occurring in Brazilian caves to 81. Species richness differed between lithologies: carbonate caves had higher species richness, whereas iron caves had lower species richness. Richness was positively related to carbonate caves and with cave size: the bigger the cave, the more species‐rich it tends to be. Overall, caves in the Cerrado had the highest species richness, followed by Atlantic Forest, Caatinga caves and Amazonian caves. Thirteen species can be considered as primarily cave‐dwelling species, recorded in 10%–20% of the caves. Rarity was common among primarily cave‐dwelling species. Nearly 22% of the sampled caves harboured endangered species, reaching 53% of the species‐richest caves. Our analysis provides a comprehensive baseline for bat fauna in different types of caves in Brazil. Even so, we strongly recommend the establishment of long‐term monitoring of population trends for bats in Brazilian caves, which is necessary information but almost non‐existing for the country.

Blind fish have cells that see light

Most animals on earth have evolved under daily light–dark cycles and consequently possess a circadian clock which regulates much of their biology, from cellular processes to behaviour. There are however some animals that have invaded dark ecosystems and have adapted to an apparently arrhythmic environment. One such example is the Mexican blind cavefish Astyanax mexicanus , a species complex with over 30 different isolated cave types, including the founding surface river fish. These cavefish have evolved numerous fascinating adaptations to the dark, such as loss of eyes, reduced sleep phenotype and alterations in their clock and light biology. While cavefish are an excellent model for studying circadian adaptations to the dark, their rarity and long generational time makes many studies challenging. To overcome these limitations, we established embryonic cell cultures from cavefish strains and assessed their potential as tools for circadian and light experiments. Here, we show that despite originating from animals with no eyes, cavefish cells in culture are directly light responsive and show an endogenous circadian rhythm, albeit that light sensitivity is relatively reduced in cave strain cells. Expression patterns are similar to adult fish, making these cavefish cell lines a useful tool for further circadian and molecular studies.

Sea Caves and Other Landforms of the Coastal Scenery on Gozo Island (Malta): Inventory and New Data on Their Formation

Sea caves are a type of cave formed primarily by the wave action of the sea. The coastal scenery of the Gozitan coast is very interesting in that sea caves and other coastal landforms, such as sea arches, develop at the sea level. We mapped seventy-nine semi-submerged sea caves opening at the sea level, five completely submerged sea caves, seven sea arches, one sea stack, and one shelter around the coast of Gozo, mainly in the Western and Eastern parts of the island, due to favorable lithological and topographical conditions. Additionally, we surveyed the topography of the emerged part of nine sea caves using the iPhone build-in LiDAR sensor, and eight sea caves in the submerged part using SCUBA equipment. This inventory represents the most detailed example of a database of coastal caves and related forms in the Mediterranean, mainly sourced from a swimming survey along the entire island. Thanks to the combination of outputs of the above-water emerged and submerged surveys, we defined three types of semi-submerged sea caves: (i) box caves, (ii) joint caves, and (iii) complex caves. Moreover, we added a cave-like landform above the sea level on calcarenites called shelter, or a little extended notch deeply carved into the cliff. The shape mainly depends on the structural and lithological setting of sea cliffs. In the Western sector of the island, we also discovered the only sea cave in Gozo, measuring 122 m in length and 10 m in width, with its floor developing above the mean sea level. This cave base is of interest due to rounded landforms related to marine erosion. In the innermost part of the cave, there is also a beach with rounded pebble at an elevation of about 7 m asl. Considering the tectonic stability of the island, it could be possibly related to the MIS 5.5 highstand.

Tinjauan Desain Furniture dan Suasana Pada Kafé Wongkis 76

The cafe is a place that is very popular with many people, from young people to old people. Cafe is usually visited as a place to eat and drink with a relaxed atmosphere. But along with the development of the times more and more various types of cafes are present, this place is visited not only to eat and drink in a relaxed atmosphere but some people come to the cafe for a business job, family gatherings, and millennials who usually just want to get an additional collection of aesthetic photo spots. In this study, I conducted a review of the wongkis 76 cafe located on Jl. Telaga Sari, Tanjung Morawa District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra. The method I use in this research is a descriptive research method with a qualitative method approach. The data was collected from a field observation by conducting a survey directly to the location that I reviewed, namely wongkis 76 Café. From the results of the survey, I found several problems that exist in Wongk is 76 cafe, these problems include the narrow cafe space in several spaces for walking and one of them is on the stairs from the 1st floor to the 2nd floor. Some of the furniture the chairs in this cafe are not ergonomic and the size is not in accordance with the anthropometry of the human body, where the ergonomic shape of a chair greatly affects the comfort of the visitors. The purpose of this research I did to find out the problems that exist in wongkis 76 Cafe and find solutions to these problems.

Sensitivity Analysis of Mechanical Parameters of Collapse Roof of Carbonate Rock Deep Buried Oilfield

Carbonate rock oilfields account for two-thirds of proven marine carbonate oilfield reserves, which are the primary way to increase future oil and gas energy reserves. Cave collapses occur during the process of oil reservoir development, seriously affecting oil production. In order to reveal the collapse failure mechanism of carbonate karst caves and predict whether the fracture cave type oil reservoir will collapse before drilling, a binary depth reduction method for determining the critical collapse depth of karst caves is proposed based on the Tahe fracture cave type oil reservoir. The sensitivity of karst cave collapses to multiple factors is analyzed, and a prediction formula for the critical collapse depth of karst caves with changes in the deformation modulus, the internal friction angle, and the cohesion is established through multiple regression analysis. By calculating and analyzing the numerical values of a large number of operating conditions under different mechanical parameters, the failure process, failure mode, and the change law of collapse depth during the Tahe oilfield destruction process were obtained. We used the established formula for predicting the collapse depth of karst caves to predict and analyze the actual distribution of karst caves in the Tahe oilfield. The calculation and analysis results showed that in the karst cave failure mode characterized by vertical shear failure, the cohesive force is the most sensitive factor affecting cave collapse, followed by the internal friction angle. The deformation modulus is hardly sensitive to the influence of the karst collapse. Through the geomechanical model test, the result verified the accuracy and reliability of the calculation results. The research results will provide necessary theoretical support for the large-scale safe extraction of deep petroleum resources, increase oil production in China, and have important theoretical significance and engineering application value.

A New Correlation for Single-Sided Natural Ventilation Rate Based on Full-Scale Experimental Study in Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, China

Although research on the natural ventilation of single-sided buildings is progressing, research on the natural ventilation of the Mogao Grottoes, which have special shapes and structures, is relatively limited. The purpose of this paper is to develop a correlation for calculating the natural ventilation rates of such grottoes. Field experiments were carried out on two typical caves to measure their meteorological parameters and natural ventilation rates to verify the validity of the proposed correlation. The results show that our correlation has good reliability and stability when predicting the natural ventilation rates of the caves. First, the new correlation has a small average deviation of 16.35%. The average deviations in the natural ventilation rates predicted by seven established correlations are as low as 17.85% and as high as 59.39%, revealing a large gap compared with the correlation proposed herein. Second, the maximum deviation in the outputs of the proposed correlation is only 7.70% between each case. Finally, a comparison between the calculated results and the values measured in Cave 328 shows that the correlation is also suitable for large-volume caves. The developed correlation provides theoretical support and a scientific method for preventive protection and a quantitative analysis method for the study of natural ventilation in caves.

Radon concentrations in the Sudwala cave, South Africa

There has been a growing interest in the effect of radon gas on humans visiting caves. A radon survey was consequently done in the Sudwala tourist cave close to Nelspruit in the eastern part of South Africa to determine the radon exposure of tourists and guides. The Sudwala cave, which evolved in karst geology, is a popular tourist destination. Twenty-eight electret ion chambers were placed in various locations throughout the cave for a period of 24 h. Radon concentrations varied between a minimum of 255 Bq/m3 and a maximum of 1822 Bq/m3 with a geometric mean of 750 Bq/m3. The radon levels were found to be relatively stable up to 600 m from the entrance, after which they sharply increased. This suggests that different processes disperse radon in the initial and deeper parts of the cave. It was concluded that this is the result of natural cave ventilation which is caused by changes in ambient barometric pressure. Despite the measured level being higher than the World Health Organization (WHO)’s mitigation level of 200 Bq/m3, the occupational exposure is quite low due to the frequency and duration of a typical cave tour and therefore poses no risk to the tourists and tour guides.

The hidden microbial ecosystem in the perennial ice from a Pyrenean ice cave.

Over the last years, perennial ice deposits located within caves have awakened interest as places to study microbial communities since they represent unique cryospheric archives of climate change. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the temperature has gradually increased, and it is estimated that by the end of this century the increase in average temperature could be around 4.0°C. In this context of global warming the ice deposits of the Pyrenean caves are undergoing a significant regression. Among this type of caves, that on the Cotiella Massif in the Southern Pyrenees is one of the southernmost studied in Europe. These types of caves house microbial communities which have so far been barely explored, and therefore their study is necessary. In this work, the microbial communities of the Pyrenean ice cave A294 were identified using metabarcoding techniques. In addition, research work was carried out to analyze how the age and composition of the ice affect the composition of the bacterial and microeukaryotic populations. Finally, the in vivo effect of climate change on the cellular machinery that allow microorganisms to live with increasing temperatures has been studied using proteomic techniques.

Definition and process-based classification of caves

Cave is re-defined in order to be linked to the cave formation processes, to cover the known cave types, to differentiate from porosity and contiguous spaces, to be applied also in a continuum of size and to avoid explorational bias. Despite the scientific basis, the proposed definition remains simple enough to be used by cavers and non-specialists. Following this definition, a classification scheme that is also process-based combines the known cave types. Clustering is based on five levels of classification, from which the first two levels define the major cave categories. The rest of the branching is the result of variation in settings and formation agents. A discussion on various classifications and definitions reveals the non-static character of such schemes that tend to change in relation to the progress of research cave census and improved communication of scientists on previously and new discovered caves.

Evaluation and conversion of temple waste flowers into incense sticks in Tumakuru district of Karnataka, india

In any waste management process, the 3 R’s, i.e., Recycling, Reuse and Recover play a very important role. The present work focuses on collection, handling, and usage of waste flowers. A large volume of flower waste generated daily at Tumakuru is improperly disposed of in open places or in dust bins and finally reaches landfill along with the other municipal solid wastes. As a part of India’s Swachh Bharat programme, this paper gives an idea of reducing the flower waste quantity and converting them into incense sticks. The various types of flowers were analysed and compared based on the results obtained from physicochemical properties. SEM and EDS were used to determine the surface morphology and chemical compositions of crushed flowers, respectively. From the SEM study, it can be seen that filament type, cave type and stripelike textures were observed on the surfaces of crushed flowers, and the EDS analysis has shown that the rose flower powder has a rich amount of carbon (66.98 %) and yellow chrysanthemum flower contains less carbon (37.68 %) compared to other crushed flowers. Also, this paper demonstrates the practical aspects in making incense sticks from flower waste. It was suggested that dumping process must be managed with flexibility, following strict implementation of the applicable legislation, and awareness programs are needed to collect and reuse flower waste from different sources.