Carrier Type Research Articles

Enhancing Encapsulation Efficiency of Chavir Essential Oil via Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Ultrasonication of Whey Protein Concentrate-Maltodextrin.

This study focused on the characterization of emulsions and microparticles encapsulating Chavir essential oil (EO) by application of modified whey protein concentrate-maltodextrin (WPC-MD). Different physical, chemical, morphological, thermal, and antioxidant properties and release behavior of spray-dried microparticles were assessed. Antioxidant, solubility, emulsifying, and foaming activities of modified WPC were increased compared to those of primary material. The results indicated that the particle size distribution varied depending on the type of carriers used, with the smallest particles formed by hydrolyzed WPC (HWPC). Binary blends of modified WPC-MD led to improved particle sizes. The spray-drying yield ranged from 64.1% to 85.0%, with higher yields observed for blends of MD with sonicated WPC (UWPC). Microparticles prepared from primary WPC showed irregular and wrinkled surfaces with indentations and pores, indicating a less uniform morphology. The UWPC as a wall material led to microparticles with increased small cracks and holes on their surface. However, HWPC negatively affected the integrity of the microparticles, resulting in broken particles with irregular shapes and surface cracks, indicating poor microcapsule formation. Encapsulating EO using WPC-MD increased the thermal stability of EO significantly, enhancing the degradation temperature of EO by 2 to 2.5-fold. The application of primary WPC (alone or in combination with MD) as wall materials produced particles with the lowest antioxidant properties because the EO cannot migrate to the surface of the particles. Enzymatic hydrolysis of WPC negatively impacted microparticle integrity, potentially increasing EO release. These findings underscore the crucial role of wall materials in shaping the physical, morphological, thermal, antioxidant, and release properties of spray-dried microparticles, offering valuable insights for microencapsulation techniques.

Emergent two-band conduction at Ti delta-doped LaAlO3/KTaO3 (111) heterointerface

Recently, several intriguing interfacial phenomena have been discovered at the KTaO3 (111)-based heterointerfaces, such as the two-dimensional electron gas, superconductivity, anisotropic conductivity, etc. However, the available techniques to systematically manipulate such interfacial states are quite limited. Here, we devise a delta-doping strategy by inserting a sub-nanometer Ti layer with distinct reducibilities to the LaAlO3/KTaO3 (111) interface. In the delta-doped samples, we observe an unforeseen two-band conduction, evidenced by the emergence of a new type of electron carrier with an order-of-magnitude enhancement of mobility (∼1800 cm2V−1s−1) than the original carriers. Moreover, the appearance of the high-mobility carriers causes a sharp transition between the non-Fermi-liquid superconducting state and the Fermi-liquid state with reduced spin–orbit scattering. Further evidence shows that the new type of carriers stems from another in-gap state with a shallower energy level compared to the original carriers. Our study broadens the spectrum of interfacial carrier manipulation by introducing an extra band/channel for carrier conduction, which not only opens up new possibilities in device applications but also shines a light on the underlying physics of interfacial superconductivity.

A silica nanobean carrier utilizing lysosomal and mitochondrial autophagy to kill ovarian cancer cell

The development of responsive and smart drug nanocarriers that defeat the tumor microenvironment that resists cancer therapy has attracted considerable attention in recent decades. Upgrades are sought to effectively increase the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy drugs and reduce damage to normal tissues. In this study, a new type of silica nano-particle carrier, dual-functionalized mesoporous silica nanobeans (DF-MSNB), is used to encapsulate the drug, doxorubicin (DOX), to form the DOX@DF-MSNB complex. The complex simultaneously releases drugs and tracks drug uptake by cells after the environmentally triggered release of the encapsulated drug and fluorophore. Upon sensing the high GSH level and low pH in the tumor microenvironment, the disulfide bond breaks in the linker between the drug and the carrier. An attached fluorescent group is activated, and the DOX drug is released from the carrier. Our results show that DOX@DF-MSNB co-localizes with mitochondria and lysosomes in A2780 cells, enabling DOX to subvert the cells’ mitochondrial function and activate macrophage and mitochondrial autophagy. The application of a mitochondrial autophagy inhibitor confirms that DOX@DF-MSNB inhibits tumor development by activating mitochondrial autophagy.

Investigation of photosensitive and photodetector characteristics of n-TPA-IFA/p-Si heterojunction structure

n-TPA-IFA organic material was synthesized and deposited on p-Si by spin coating method to produce n-TPA-IFA/p-Si heterojunction diode. We determined that the dielectric constant and energy band gap of TPA-IFA organic material were 3.91 and 3.37 eV by DFT/B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) method using on Gaussian 09 W, respectively, and the carrier type of TPA-IFA organic semiconductor material was also n-type at room temperature from temperature-dependent hall effect measurements. Using forward and reverse bias I–V measurements in the dark and under various light intensities, we examined the key electrical characteristics of the n-TPA-IFA/p-Si heterojunction diode, including Φb\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\Phi }_{b}$$\\end{document} and n\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$n$$\\end{document}. It was determined that the rectification ratio (RR) was approximately 104. The reverse current's observed increasing behavior with increasing light indicates that the produced heterojunction diode can be utilized as a photodiode, detector, or sensor. The values of n, Φb\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\Phi }_{b}$$\\end{document}, and Io were determined using I–V data in dark as 1.34, 0.91 eV, and 7.25 9 10–12 A, respectively. On the other hand, when the n-TPA-IFA/p-Si heterojunction diode is exposed to 100 mW/cm2 illumination, these parameters were obtained as 1.85, 0.80 eV, and 5.11 9 10–10 A, respectively. Photovoltaic parameters such as short circuit current (Isc) and open circuit voltage (Voc) were determined as 0.018 mV, 0.08 A and 0.050 mV, 0.29 A under 20 mW/cm2 light and 100 mW/cm2 light intensity, respectively. The photodetector properties of n-TPA-IFA/p-Si heterostructure were explored at different light intensities, and the photoresponsivity (R), photosensitivity (PS), specific detectivity (D∗\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${D}^{*}$$\\end{document}), and linear dynamic range (LDR) of the heterojunction changed with reverse voltage and light intensity. It was found that as light intensity increased, the linear dynamic range (LDR), a crucial characteristic for image sensors, increased as well (10.15 dB and 18.84 dB for 20 and 100 mW/cm2).

Study on the encapsulation effect and mechanism of hollow ceramsite to phase change materials (PCMs)

In order to promote the development of phase change materials (PCMs) and make them better applied, more in-depth research on the PCMs encapsulation is needed. The hollow ceramsite prepared in this study is a new type of PCMs carrier. Due to its unique structure, the encapsulation of PCMs by hollow ceramsite differs from that of ordinary porous ceramsite. In this paper, the adsorption and sealing effect of hollow ceramsite on PCMs was studied, the key factors affecting the adsorption and sealing effect were determined, and the encapsulation mechanism was revealed. The results show that the driving force of PCMs into the cavity of hollow ceramsite is mainly from the external pressure; the pore size and PCMs properties are the key factors determining the adsorption effect of hollow ceramsite. The pressure on the pore is proportional to the square of the pore diameter; increasing pore size enhances the possibility of the PCMs entering the cavity of ceramsite. The contact angle between PCMs and pores is smaller, and the surface tension of the PCMs in the pores is greater, making it difficult for PCMs to enter the cavity of ceramsite. The sealing mechanism of the coating on infiltrating PCMs is achieved by reducing the pore diameter of the sealing coating and increasing the resistance of PCMs to break through the pore. The sealing mechanism of the coating on non-infiltrating PCMs is achieved by changing the contact property between the PCMs and pore, increasing the energy barrier. After coating, the mass loss rate of infiltrating paraffin was controlled within 5 %, and the leakage rate of non-infiltrating hydrated salt was controlled within 1 %.

Professional Legal Consciousness: An Ideal Theoretical Model or Legal Reality?

The article analyzes and evaluates the type of legal consciousness, which in the domestic literature has been defined and is still defined as professional legal consciousness, which, according to the author, must meet the following requirements: it is enough to know the current legislation applied in practice, respectful attitude to law and how consequence, the ability to apply the law, making effective and legal decisions. Emphasizing that it would be illogical to reduce into one type of carriers of professional legal consciousness those officials who carry out their professional activities on the basis of the law, respecting the law, and those law enforcers who commit offenses and even crimes, while showing a negative attitude towards the law, the position is substantiated, according to which the analyzed type of legal consciousness is considered as an ideal theoretical model and defined as practical legal consciousness.

The Effects of the Coating and Aging of Biodegradable Polylactic Acid Membranes on In Vitro Primary Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most frequent cause of blindness in developed countries. The replacement of dysfunctional human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) cells by the transplantation of in vitro-cultivated hRPE cells to the affected area emerges as a feasible strategy for regenerative therapy. Synthetic biomimetic membranes arise as powerful hRPE cell carriers, but as biodegradability is a requirement, it also poses a challenge due to its limited durability. hRPE cells exhibit several characteristics that putatively respond to the type of membrane carrier, and they can be used as biomarkers to evaluate and further optimize such membranes. Here, we analyze the pigmentation, transepithelial resistance, genome integrity, and maturation markers of hRPE cells plated on commercial polycarbonate (PC) versus in-house electrospun polylactide-based (PLA) membranes, both enabling separate apical/basolateral compartments. Our results show that PLA is superior to PC-based membranes for the cultivation of hRPEs, and the BEST1/RPE65 maturation markers emerge as the best biomarkers for addressing the quality of hRPE cultivated in vitro. The stability of the cultures was observed to be affected by PLA aging, which is an effect that could be partially palliated by the coating of the PLA membranes.

Exhaustive Study of Electrical Conductivity in the MNb2−x TixO6–0.5x (M = Mg, Ca, Zn; x = 0, 0.1, 0.2) Columbites

The CaNb2O6 and ZnNb2O6 columbites (Sp.gr. Pbcn) were studied as oxygen ion conductors both theoretically and experimentally. A theoretical approach included geometrical-topological analysis, bond valence site energy (BVSE) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The BVSE approach showed the possibility of pure oxygen ions diffusion with migration energies less than 0.45 eV in both compounds. However, DFT calculations indicated the possibility of diffusion of both anions and cations. The single-phases columbites were synthesized by the Pechini method for accurately determine charge carriers type and investigated by impedance spectroscopy, by the Tubandt method, which confirmed the absence of cationic conductivity, and measured the electrical conductivity as a function of oxygen partial pressures. The CaNb2O6 sample was characterized by the pure oxygen-ionic conductivity ∼2 × 10−6 S cm–1 at 800 °C (E a = 0.82 eV), while the ZnNb2O6 had a similar conductivity value due to mixed ionic-electronic contribution (E a = 0.83 eV). The electromotive force method also showed the predominance of the ionic type of conductivity in CaNb2O6, while ZnNb2O6 has a mixed conductivity with ion transport number of about 0.4. Additionally, we synthesized Ti-doped samples MNb2−x Ti x O6–0.5x (M = Mg, Ca; x = 0.1, 0.2) to study the doping effect on conducting properties.

An all phosphorene lattice nanometric spin valve

Phosphorene is a unique semiconducting two-dimensional platform for enabling spintronic devices integrated with phosphorene nanoelectronics. Here, we have designed an all phosphorene lattice lateral spin valve device, conceived via patterned magnetic substituted atoms of 3d-block elements at both ends of a phosphorene nanoribbon acting as ferromagnetic electrodes in the spin valve. Through First-principles based calculations, we have extensively studied the spin-dependent transport characteristics of the new spin valve structures. Systematic exploration of the magnetoresistance (MR) of the spin valve for various substitutional atoms and bias voltage resulted in a phase diagram offering a colossal MR for V and Cr-substitutional atoms. Such MR can be directly attributed to their specific electronic structure, which can be further tuned by a gate voltage, for electric field controlled spin valves. The spin-dependent transport characteristics here reveal new features such as negative conductance oscillation and switching of the sign of MR due to change in the majority spin carrier type. Our study creates possibilities for the design of nanometric spin valves, which could enable integration of memory and logic elements for all phosphorene 2D processors.

Nickle ion surface engineered MOF derived α-Fe2O3 octahedrons for high efficiency toluene detection with high moisture resistance and long-term stability

Metal-organic framework derivatives have become very promising candidates for gas sensors due to their advantages of large specific surface area, many surface active sites, and tunable properties. Meanwhile, Ni ion doping is an effective technique to enhance the moisture resistance of sensing materials. Inspired by this, in this work, we have successfully synthesized porous octahedral structures of Ni-Fe2O3 derived from metal-organic frameworks by in situ doping, in which the Ni contents were 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 mol%, respectively. Notably, Ni doping changes the conductive type of Fe2O3 from n-type to p-type with a significant decrease in resistance. At the same time, the sensing performance of Fe2O3 octahedrons for volatile organic compound gases, especially toluene, is greatly improved. The 0.5 mol% Ni doped Fe2O3 sensor showed the highest response to toluene at 225°C (100 ppm, 47), which is five times higher than the pristine Fe2O3 (response 9.5). In addition, the sensor demonstrated fast response and recovery time (20 s/40 s), low detection limit (200 ppb), high moisture tolerance (98% RH, 47), and long-term stability of over 60 days. The main reason for the exceptional performance of Ni doped Fe2O3 sensors is its special porous octahedral structure, and more importantly, the change of carrier type of the sensing material after Ni doping and the substantial increase of oxygen vacancies, and the catalytic effect of Ni ions.

C3N based heterobilayers: a potential platform to explore optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties

We theoretically investigate the full thermal transport and optoelectronic features of two established van der Waals heterostructures based on the recently synthesized monolayer of C3N using the machinery of the Boltzmann transport equation and GW+BSE calculations. Among the structures, C3N/hBN tends to exhibit a small indirect gap semiconducting nature with an admixture of comparatively higher ‘flat-and-dispersiveness’ and band degeneracy in the conduction band minima. A nearly comparable high thermoelectric power factor is observed for both carrier types at 300 K and 900 K at specific concentrations. The other material, C3N/Graphene however maintains a low Seebeck coefficient with large electrical conductivity which correctly manifests its metallic character. A combination of low atomic mass, higher anharmonicity and longer lifetime of acoustic phonons in C3N/hBN results in an intermediate lattice thermal conductivity (196 W m−1 K−1) at room temperature as compared to its constituent monolayers. Under heavy n-type doping, C3N/hBN hetero-bilayer displays a figure of merit value of 0.13 (and 0.36) at room temperature (and at 900 K). As per the optical signatures are concerned, C3N/hBN reveals two distinct absorption peaks with a high electron–hole quasiparticle interaction energy correction. Besides both the heterostructures display a much better absorption throughout the spectrum as compared to graphene. We expect these findings will motivate future research in designing thermoelectric and optoelectronic materials made of light mass, earth-abundant and non-toxic elements.

Effect of niobium doping on excitonic dynamics in MoSe2

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as attractive two-dimensional semiconductors for future electronic and optoelectronic applications. Their charge transport properties, such as conductivity and the type of charge carriers, can be effectively controlled by substitutional doping of the transition metal atoms. However, the effects of doping on the excitonic properties, particularly their dynamical properties, have been less studied. Using Nb-doped MoSe2 as a case study, we experimentally investigate the effect of doping on excitonic dynamics in TMDs. Transient absorption measurements are used to directly compare the dynamical properties of excitons in Nb-doped MoSe2 across monolayer, bilayer, and bulk flakes with their undoped counterparts. The exciton lifetimes in Nb-doped flakes are significantly shorter than those in their undoped counterparts. This effect is attributed to the trapping of excitons in defect states introduced by Nb impurities. These results reveal an important consequence of Nb doping on excitonic dynamics in TMDs.

Anemia among Medical Students from Jakarta: Indonesia-Iron Deficiency or Carrier Thalassemia?

Anemia, a global health concern, affects one-fourth of the global population, particularly women. In Indonesia, its prevalence is 23.7%, with 32.0% among 15-24 year-olds. Factors include poor nutrition, infectious diseases, chronic diseases, inherited disorders, and inadequate healthcare access. This study aimed to investigate anemia prevalence and its etiology among medical students from Jakarta. This study was a descriptive research with a cross-sectional approach. Undergraduate students aged 18-23 years old were selected and consented to participate by a consecutive nonrandom sampling methods. Laboratory blood data were evaluated (including Hb, MCV, MCH, HbA2, and ferritin levels) and DNA was isolated to confirm the type of thalassemia carrier. In total, 140 medical students, mainly female, were recruited. Anemia was found in 13.6% (11.4% had low MCV and/or MCH), and 16.5% had low MCV and/or MCH without anemia. Hb electrophoresis revealed high HbA2 values, suggesting the HbE variant (2.1%), and β-thalassemia carrier (0.7%). DNA analysis confirmed the cd26 mutation and heterozygous IVS1nt5. Among those without anemia, 5% had α-deletion, while in the group with anemia, 1.4% had α-deletion (with coexistent IDA), 3.6% had α-deletion, and 0.7% had β-mutation. DNA analysis can identify specific mutations associated with alpha-thalassemia, distinguishing between iron deficiency anemia and the alpha-thalassemia trait. Thalassemia screening should involve low MCV and/or MCH values as the first step (stage 1), followed by Hb analysis (stage 2) and DNA analysis (stage 3). In common areas, a combination of Hb and DNA testing is best. However, healthcare professionals must diagnose and treat thalassemia, as proper management relies on accurately identifying the underlying condition.

Lipid-based nanoparticles as drug delivery carriers for cancer therapy.

Cancer is a severe disease that results in death in all countries of the world. A nano-based drug delivery approach is the best alternative, directly targeting cancer tumor cells with improved drug cellular uptake. Different types of nanoparticle-based drug carriers are advanced for the treatment of cancer, and to increase the therapeutic effectiveness and safety of cancer therapy, many substances have been looked into as drug carriers. Lipid-based nanoparticles (LBNPs) have significantly attracted interest recently. These natural biomolecules that alternate to other polymers are frequently recycled in medicine due to their amphipathic properties. Lipid nanoparticles typically provide a variety of benefits, including biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review covers different classes of LBNPs, including their characterization and different synthesis technologies. This review discusses the most significant advancements in lipid nanoparticle technology and their use in medicine administration. Moreover, the review also emphasized the applications of lipid nanoparticles that are used in different cancer treatment types.

MiHoYo Case Study--Taking Development of Genshin Impact

Game is a modern new art, as a global characteristic cultural language and a new type of cultural carrier. Cultural export is an important strategy aimed at strengthening a country's image, attracting international attention, and promoting cultural exchanges by disseminating a country's cultural values, art forms, and ideas. The core of this strategy is to promote the country's unique cultural elements to the international stage through various media and channels, thereby promoting a more comprehensive and positive understanding of the country on a global scale. This study explores the impact of cultural output on the development of the video game industry by taking Shanghai MiHoYo.Network Technology Co. It summarizes the role of cultural output in its brand strategy and analyzes the cultural communication strategy it adopts. The results of the study show that cultural output as a branding strategy brings great advantages to the development of electronic games and enhances the competitiveness of the industry.

Synthesis of the 2D Ternary Topological Insulator Bi2‐xSbxSe3 with a Low Carrier Concentration and Ultrahigh Carrier Mobility

AbstractHighcarrier concentration and low mobility in Bi2Se3 hide thetopological surface states (TSS). In the 2D ternary topological insulator (TI) Bi2–xSbxSe3,compensatory Sb doping regulates the carrier concentration and mobility withambipolar performance, together with the ultrathin thickness; these factorsmake the TSS in the 2D ternary TI Bi2–xSbxSe3 more observable. Here, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is provided for synthesizing ultrathin Sb‐doped Bi2Se3 nanoplates with dimensions of 2–126 nm in thickness, 3–100 µm in lateral size, and an average Sb doping ranging from 0.15 ≤ x ≤ 0.75. Bi2–xSbxSe3 field effect transistors and Hall devices are manufactured to determine the carrier concentration and mobility of the obtained Bi2–xSbxSe3 nanoplates. These findings demonstrate that the 2D carrier concentration for Bi2–xSbxSe3 nanoplates can decrease up to 1.6 × 1012 cm–2. Furthermore, field‐effect mobility and Hall mobility of up to 3411 cm2 V–1s–1 and 6462 cm2 V–1 s–1, respectively, are realized. A strong ambipolar field effect is found in low‐carrier‐density Bi2–xSbxSe3 nanoplates, proving that these nanostructures may be freely controlled in terms of carrier type and concentration. The synthesis of high‐quality Bi2–xSbxSe3 nanoplates with low‐carrier concentration and high‐mobility provides a platform for investigating TI characteristics more clearly.

Chemical looping of synthetic ilmenite, Part I: Addressing challenges of kinetic TGA measurements with H[formula omitted]

Reliable experimental data and models are required to better understand and design chemical looping processes with oxygen carrier materials like ilmenite. A dubious variability of suggested kinetics for similar oxygen carrier materials has been presented in the literature. Part I of this work focuses on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of gas–solid kinetics and addresses several of its challenges, which are possible reasons behind such deviations. The reduction of synthetic ilmenite (60 mass% Fe2O3＋40 mass% TiO2) powder with H2 in a TGA system was investigated for this purpose.Multiple steps were necessary to overcome mass transfer limitations during the measurements: (i) small sample masses down to 1.6mg, (ii) high gas flow rates, (iii) a suitable sample carrier and (iv) proper sample dispersion on the sample carrier. Three types of sample carriers (crucible, basket and plate) were tested; the plate showed the best performance overall. It was alarming that an exemplary increase in sample mass from 1.6 to 3mg, which was still significantly lower than all other studies reviewed, already introduced a noticeable influence of diffusion. Isothermal (650–950°C, 17–50vol% H2) and nonisothermal parameter studies were conducted and yielded vastly different isoconversional activation energies. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of the TGA system suggested considerable axial dispersion of H2 influencing the initial conversion period.These findings help to assess the reliability of kinetic studies and guide towards diffusion-free, kinetic measurements. The results will be used for model development in part II.

Unconventional magnetotransport properties of two-dimensional ferromagnet Fe5GeTe2

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals FexGeTe2 metallic ferromagnets have Curie temperature near or even higher than room temperature, showing great prospects in the field of spintronics. Here, we study the magnetotransport properties of Fe5GeTe2 nanoflakes. Multiple sign changes of angle-dependent magnetoresistance (ADMR) are observed with changing temperature or magnetic field. The high field-induced negative to positive MR transition in low temperatures (T < 50 K) and the temperature-induced sign reversal of anisotropic MR at T = 130 K are responsible for these exotic and complex characteristics of ADMR. In addition, the electron–magnon scattering induced negative MR exhibits abnormal nonmonotonic temperature dependence, which is related to the nonmonotonic variation of anomalous Hall resistance and the transition of the carrier types at T = 150 K. The exotic magnetotransport properties of Fe5GeTe2 revealed in this work may help pave the way for the practical application of this 2D magnetic material.

Anammox process in anaerobic baffled biofilm reactors with columnar packings: Characteristics of flow field and microbial community

The enrichment of anammox bacteria is a key issue in the application of anammox processes. A new type of reactor － anaerobic baffle biofilm reactor (ABBR) developed from anaerobic baffle reactor (ABR) was filled with columnar packings and established for effective enrichment of anammox bacteria. The flow field analysis showed that, compared with ABR, ABBR narrowed the dead zone so as to improve the substrate transferring performances. Two ABBRs with different types of columnar packings (Packings 1 and Packings 2) were constructed to culture anammox biofilms. Packings 1 consisted of the single-form honeycomb carriers while Packings 2 was modular composite packings consisting of non-woven fabric and honeycomb carriers. The effects of different types of columnar packings on microbial community and nitrogen removal were studied. The ABBR filled with Packings 2 had a higher retention rate of biomass than the ABBR filled with Packings 1, making the anammox start-up period be shortened by 21.28%. The enrichment of anammox bacteria were achieved and the dominant anammox bacteria were Candidatus Brocadia in both R1 and R2. However, there were four genera of anammox bacteria in R2 and one genus of anammox bacteria in R1, and the cell density of anammox bacteria in R2 was 95% higher than that in R1. R2 has the advantage of maintaining excellent and stable nitrogen removal performance at high nitrogen loading rate. The results revealed that the packings composed of two types of carriers may have a better enrichment effect on anammox bacteria. This study is of great significance for the rapid enrichment of anammox bacteria and the technical promotion of anammox process.

Исследование зависимости физико-химических свойств флуоресцентных гибридных полимерных носителей от условий гидротермального синтеза

Currently, the search for new types of carriers for low-molecular weight substances, as well as the development of optimal methods for the effective encapsulation of these substances are important tasks of modern chemistry and pharmacology. However, there are still limitations in this area, among which one of the most significant is the lack of the optimal carrier capable of stably retaining a low-molecular weight substance. The work presents hybrid polymer structures obtained by in situ hydrothermal synthesis as an effective candidate for these purposes. The fluorescent dye rhodamine B has been used as a model low-molecular weight substance for encapsulation into the structures. The resulting hybrid polymer structures demonstrated good stability when stored in an aqueous environment for 336 h with the release of the low-molecular weight dye rhodamine B no more than 2%. In addition, the influence of the conditions for obtaining hybrid carriers (including the composition of the carriers (thickness of the polymer shell and the presence of a calcium carbonate core) and synthesis temperature) on their physical-chemical characteristics has been studied. Thus, the optimal approach for obtaining fluorescent hybrid polymer carriers with a set of desired properties has been revealed. In particular, it has been shown that the optimal production conditions are hydrothermal synthesis temperature of 180 °C and the absence of CaCO 3 core inside the polyelectrolyte shell which allow us to obtain a stable hybrid polymer carrier with bright fluorescence. The results presented in this study can be used to create functional platforms and systems with tunable fluorescent properties and the ability to deliver low-molecular weight substances.