Carbon Steel Type Research Articles

FE modeling of the effect of conductivity in galvanic corrosion between different types of stainless steel and carbon steel in a structure bolted joint

PurposeThis study presents a numerical modeling by the finite element method of galvanic corrosion between the bolt (cathode) and the end plate (anode). The bolt is made of three types of stainless steel: austenitic (SS304L, SS316L), martensitic (SS410, SS420) and duplex (32,101), and the end plate is made of carbon steel (S235JR).Design/methodology/approachFinite element modeling.FindingsThe results obtained show, on the one hand, that this corrosion rate increases as the conductivity increases, on the other hand, the stainless steels having the highest corrosion resistance causes a considerable loss of mass of the end plate and subsequently a decrease in the lifetime of the bolted joint.Originality/valueThe galvanic corrosion of beam to column bolted joint with end plate, used in steel structures, was studied in order to determine the corrosion rate of the end plate and subsequently to predict the total lifetime of the bolted joint.

Biocorrosion Behaviour of Carbon Steels by Tropical Microbes in the Presence of Corrosion-Inhibiting Bacterium

A set of microbiologically induced corrosion was carried out on different types of carbon steels: AISI 1006 and API 5L X52, iron-oxidizing bacterium and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium, a mixed culture of Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans SKC/SAA-2 and Aspergillus niger and Comamonas thiooxydans SKC/SAA-1, in the presence of the corrosion-inhibiting bacterium, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida. According to the immersion test experiments, weight loss of API 5L X52 was lower (0.06-0.27%) than AISI 1006 (0.14-0.32%). AISI 1006 showed more detrimental localized pitting corrosion than API 5L X52. During the longer incubation time, the corrosion-inhibiting bacterium was more homogenous and compact, which affected the specimen surface more protective characteristics. The 2-week-old biofilm effectively protected the API 5L X52, as indicated by the low amount and more negligible pitting corrosion. This study will be the first report on the biocorrosion behaviour of carbon steels using different corrosion-causing microbes in the presence of the corrosion-inhibiting bacterium.

Analysis of High Temperature Corrosion Attack on A36 Steel Galvanized Coating

One type of low carbon steel is A36 steel which is generally widely used in building and bridge construction. The weakness of the A36 is that it is susceptible to corrosion. The purpose of this thesis research is to provide a galvanic coating type ER-809 (Zinc Rich Cold) on the surface of A36 steel. The time of immersion or immersion in the galvanized solution varied for 30 seconds, 60 seconds and 1.5 minutes. Then the dry koroi test was carried out, which was heated to a temperature of 850 degrees Celsius with a holding time of 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours. Furthermore, to find out the Corrosion Attack Rate (Corrotion Petration Rate / CPR) using the Weight Loss Method.

Experimental study on behavior of restrained high strength Q690 steel beams exposed to fire

In comparison to the isolated steel beam, the restrained steel beam is able to sustain fire loads using the effect of the surrounding restraints. However, Q690 steel has lower resistance to high temperatures than other types of carbon steel. To address this gap, a series of experimental tests on restrained high-strength Q690 steel beams subjected to fire are reported in this paper. Four full-scale restrained high-strength Q690 steel beams were investigated under several fire scenarios, and one was tested at room temperature. In this study, three transient tests and one steady-state test were chosen to fully comprehend the behavior of the restrained high-strength Q690 steel beams exposed to fire. Under the two test conditions, the impact of the steady-state and transient conditions on the fire response of the restrained Q690 steel beams are compared, and the variation of axial peak force, bearing capacity, and deflection were analyzed. The results showed that the critical temperature of the steady-state test is close to the critical temperature of the transient test, and the maximum axial force of the steady-state test is comparable to the one of the transient test. Due to the combined action of load and axial forces, the restrained Q690 steel beam generally develops flexural-torsional buckling failure after reaching the critical temperature in transient tests. In comparison, the steady-state test exhibits early flexural-torsional buckling behavior before reaching the critical temperature.

Corrosion Protection Efficacy of the Electrodeposit of Poly (N-Methyl Pyrrole-Tween20/3-Methylthiophene) Coatings on Carbon Steel in Acid Medium

In this study, poly(N-methylpyrrole-Tween20/3-methylthiophene) coatings were electrodeposited on carbon steel type OLC 45 by electrochemical techniques in oxalic acid solution. Surfactant Tween 20 as a dopant ion employed during electropolymerization can have an important influence on the corrosion protection of this coating by obstructing the penetration of aggressive sulfate ions. The new composite coatings have been analyzed electrochemically, spectroscopically and morphologically by cyclic voltammetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. Corrosion protection consideration of PNMPY-TW20/P3MT-coated OLC 45 has been analyzed by potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarization, open circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements in 0.5 M H2SO4 medium. The corrosion rate of PNMPY-TW20/P3MT-coated OLC 45 has been indicated to be ~10 times reduced compared to uncoated OL 45, and the corrosion protection efficiency of the coating is above 90%. The greatest efficacy is achieved by PNMPY-TW20/P3MT composite by electrodeposition at 5 mA/cm2 and 3 mA/cm2 current densities applied and at 1200 mV potential applied in 5:1 and 3:5 molar ratios. The PNMPY-TW20/P3MT coating realized by the galvanostatic method exhibited a non-damaging surveying after 96 h of immersion in the aggressive medium, further verifying its excellent protection capacity. The consequences of the corrosion experiments clearly divulged that PNMPY-TW20/P3MT coatings ensure a very good anticorrosion protection of OLC 45 in aggressive medium.

Pengembangan Alat Bantu Arbor untuk Pembuatan Roda Gigi pada Mesin Frais Vertikal

The machining process is included in the classification of metal cutting processes, which are used to change the shape of metal or non-metallic product by cutting, peeling or separating. One of the machines used in this cutting process is a vertical type milling machine. This machine functions to make a product, one of which was a gear. The supporting equipment needed to make this gear was a vertical arbor tool. The material used in the manufacture of this product was a cast carbon steel type using the design method for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA), which began by examining and identifying needs, conceptualizing and designing products and making these products tailored to the dimensional specifications of standard and common cutter modules in the market. The results of the manufacture of this tool were directly tested for the manufacture of gears of various sizes and produced products whose deviations were within the tolerance of the measuring instrument, namely in the range 0 to 2%. In addition, the von Mises stress simulation at an engine speed of 150 Rpm, 450 Rpm and 750 Rpm and the resulting maximum stress was still below the yield limit, so it was safe to use.

Evaluation of Corrosion Protection Performance of New Polymer Composite Coatings on Carbon Steel in Acid Medium by Electrodeposition Methods

In this research, electrodeposition procedure was utilized for the synthesis of a new composite polymer: N-methylpyrrole–Triton–X100/N, N,N-diethylaniline (NMPY-TRX100/NNDEA) used as a coating on carbon steel type OL 37 electrode for corrosion protection. The surfactant Triton–X100, a dopant ion utilized throughout the process of electropolymerization, had a significant impact on the corrosion protection of this composite by impeding the penetration of corrosive ions. PNMPY-TRX100/PNNDEA coatings were successfully realized on the OL37 substrate by a galvanostatic method of synthesis using the solutions 0.1 M NNDEA, 0.1 M MPY, 0.03 M TRX-100, and 0.3 M H2C2O4, at varied current densities (3 mA/cm2, 5 mA/cm2 and 8 mA/cm2) in different molar ratios (1:1, 1:5, 3:2 and 5:1). The deposition was performed for 20 and 30 min. The polymeric composite coatings were characterized electrochemically, spectroscopically, and morphologically by cyclic voltammetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy methods. Corrosion protection performance of PNMPY-TRX100/PNNDEA-coated OL 37 was examined through potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarization, open circuit potential measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy procedures in 0.5 M H2SO4 media. The corrosion rate of PNPMPY-TRX100/PNNDEA-coated OL 37 was denoted to be around nine times less than that of an uncoated electrode. The corrosion protection yield of the coating was more than 90%. The best effectiveness was realized for PNMPY-TRX-100/PNNDEA by electrodeposition at 5 mA/cm2 current density applied in molar ratios of 5:1 and 3:2, and at 8 mA/cm2 current densities applied in molar ratio 5:1. The outcomes of the corrosion experiments revealed that PNMPY-TRX-100/PNNDEA coatings provide a good anticorrosion protection of OL 37 in corrosive solutions.

Experimental evaluation of the local failure criterion and its implementation in a damage mechanics model

Herein, a tensile test for notched round–bar specimens of two types of carbon steel used in nuclear containment vessels was performed. The test results were analyzed using the Bridgman solution and an elastoplastic finite element method. The analyses showed that ductile failures in the tensile state were initiated when the sum of equivalent and mean stresses reached a critical value of the material. A simple analysis of local failure for a nuclear containment was conducted using the failure criterion, and its engineering effectiveness was then discussed. The criterion is consistent with Argon's void nucleation model and can be implemented into the void nucleation term of stress control in the Gurson–Tvergaard (GT) model. The simulation performed using the GT model, which applied the limit value of the sum of equivalent and mean stress obtained from the tensile tests to the void nucleation term, successfully reproduced failure behaviors in the specimens.

The effect of inter critical heat treatment on mechanical and wear properties of AISI 1015 steel

ABSTRACT Dual-phase (DP) steels mainly consist of ferrite and martensite phases. In this paper, DP steel was developed by inter-critical heat treatment followed by water quenching using AISI 1015 steel which is a type of plain low carbon steel. After developing DP steel, the mechanical and wear properties of AISI 1015 have been investigated. Inter-critical heat treatment was done at four different temperatures 740°C, 770°C, 800°C, 830°C in a muffle furnace. After SEM, it was found that the percentage of martensite increases with the heating temperature in the dual-phase region followed by water quenching. The results revealed that inter-critical heat treatment increased the tensile and hardness properties but decreased the ductility as the temperature increased. For wear properties, it was concluded that the specimen heat-treated at higher temperature showed a higher wear rate due to lower ductility. This was due to higher ductility at a lower temperature in comparison to lower ductility at a higher temperature. So, basically, the percentage of martensite affects the properties of dual-phase steel.

REPLACEMENT OF MANUAL GMAW WELDING BY FCAW SEMI-AUTOMATIC WELDING

The article describes a replacement and benefits between manual gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with solid wire and semi-automatic flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) with metal flux-cored wire for a specific application of a welded steel compensator used for connecting piping systems to form larger units. For the replacement of the technologies and improvement of the welding efficiency and productivity a specific type of carbon steel mounting insert, DN300 PN16, was selected. Since these pressure parts are subject to the directive 2014/68/EU, both the welding processes have to meet the same welding quality requirements. In particular, they are the welding procedure qualification report (WPQR) and the welder’s or welding operator’s qualification in accordance with valid European standards. Based on this requirement, a sample was selected so that it would cover the widest possible range of carbon steel mounting inserts produced. This article describes the whole experiment including the selection of the right equipment and filler material, finding the ideal welding parameters, and the subsequent qualification of the welding procedure and the operator with emphasis on the largest possible increase in the welding speed and productivity for these specific weldments.

HIC and SSC of Carbon Steel in High Partial Pressure CO2 Environments with Elevated H2S

The Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) and Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) behaviours of sour service and non-sour service carbon steel API 5L X65 were investigated under high pressure carbon dioxide environments, containing elevated amount of hydrogen sulphide (H2S); the test environments simulated offshore pipelines transporting full-well streams in high carbon dioxide (CO2) environments with elevated H2S concentrations. It was systematically studied under standard NACE condition and high pressure carbon dioxide field condition with variation in other key parameters (temperature, pressure and hydrogen sulfide concentration). The HIC and SSC were tested using a High Pressure and High Temperature (HPHT) Autoclave. The surface cracking morphology was analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Ultrasonic Technique (UT) and Magnetic Particle (MP). The results showed that no cracks were detected in NACE standard and field-condition SSC tests for both sour service and non-sour services carbon steel. In HIC test, crack was detected on non-sour service carbon steel in NACE standard test while no crack was detected on field condition-based tests for both types of carbon steel.

Natural nutmeg oil as a green corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl solution: Chemical, electrochemical, and computational methods

Nutmeg oil was verified as a safe and green inhibitor for the corrosion of carbon steel type L-52 (CS L-52) in 1.0 M HCl solution through chemical, electrochemical, and computational studies. The outcome of these measurements confirmed that nutmeg oil was an effective inhibitor. The percentage inhibition efficacy (%IE) increased with increasing nutmeg oil concentration and decreasing temperature, reaching 94.73% at 500 ppm nutmeg oil. Polarisation curves revealed that the nutmeg oil acted as a mixed inhibitor, which was explained by the adsorption of nutmeg oil onto the surface of the CS. The adsorption process follows the Langmuir isotherm. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies showed a single capacitive loop, indicating that the corrosion reaction was controlled by a charge transfer process. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters of the kinetic activation and adsorption process were calculated and interpreted, with results showing that the nutmeg oil acted as a pitting corrosion inhibitor through noticeable variation in pitting potential in the noble directions. This study also aimed to predict the inhibitory potency of the four molecular constituents of nutmeg oil through computational work, for which effort DFT and MC simulations were performed for the four inhibitor molecules.

The Effect on Using Different Types of Electrodes toward the Tensile Strength of the Welding Joints Groove V Low Carbon Steel Type DIN 1.0038

The choice of electrode type in welding will affect the strength of the welding result. The aim of this study was to determine the effect on using different type of electrode on the tensile strength of low carbon steel type 1.0038 by using experimental method. The welding was conducted using Groove V. In addition, the specimens used in this research were the low carbon steel plate type 1.0038 with a thickness of 8 mm and were given SMAW treatment using 2 different types of electrodes, namely E 6013 and E 7016 whose diameters were 2.6 and 3.2 mm. The standard specimen used was ASTM-E8 and being tested using a Universal Testing Machine. Based on the research that had been conducted, it was obtained that the steel type 1.0038 welded using E 7016 electrodes had a higher tensile strength than the one using E 6013.

ANALYSIS OF CORROSION RATE OF ASTM A 387 GRADE 12 AND A 283 GRADE FOR SULFURIC ACID TANK MATERIAL

Corrosion is a process of degradation metal quality which is very detrimental in the industry. Especially in an industries related to utilization of acidic liquids such assulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, etc. If corrosion rate of carbon steel can be estimated, the prediction of remaining life of carbon steel, and the preventive methods of corrosionwould be more appropriate. This will reduce technical, economic and aesthetic losses. The aims of this study was to determine corrosion rate of carbon steel in sulfuric acid. This study used ASTM A 387 Grade 12 and ASTM A 283 Grade A carbon steel type fortank material, where one material is represented by 5 specimen. The corrosion rate of Specimens were measured by the weight loss method for 31 days. The 5 specimens were divided into 3 regions where specimens no.1 and 2 were immersed in sulfuric acid , specimens no.3 were in the middle area or zone level (partially immersed), and specimens no.4 and 5 were not immersed in sulfuric acid. The highst corrosion rate occured on specimen No.3 with maximum corrosion rate was 0,097 mm/y for ASTM A 387 Gr 12 and 0,096 mm/y untuk material ASTM A 283 Gr A. The results of corrosion rate on ASTM A 387 Grade 12 material are lower than corrosion rate of ASTM A 283 Grade A material. This is caused by presence of Mo and Cr alloy elements in ASTM A 387 Grade 12.

Structural capacity and fatigue performance of ASTM A709 Grade 50CR steel

ASTM A709 Grade 50CR steel includes a range of 10.5% to 12.5% chromium, which greatly enhances the corrosion resistance of this type of steel in comparison to conventional steels widely used for structural applications. Despite the wealth of information on the durability of ASTM A709 Grade 50CR steel in corrosive environments, there was a gap in the literature concerning how this type of steel responds to the loads that the structures experience during their service life. To investigate this critical aspect and facilitate the future use of corrosion-resistant steel, the current study devised a holistic structural testing program with a focus on bridge applications. For this purpose, a full-scale girder was designed, fabricated, and tested under a four-point bending setup. The girder’s ability to meet the design expectations was assessed by comparing the results to the requirements of AASHTO Bridge Design Specifications. In addition, several tensile and fatigue tests were carried out to obtain an in-depth understanding of the performance of ASTM A709 Grade 50CR steel under both monotonic and cyclic loading scenarios. This led to the development of load–displacement, stress–strain, and S-N curves. The investigations were then expanded to quantify the remaining capacity of three different types of steel, i.e., corrosion-resistant steel, weathering steel, and carbon steel. For this purpose, a set of simulations were performed to estimate the corrosion rate and section loss of the girders under consideration over time. The outcome of this holistic study contributed to providing the insight necessary for the safe and efficient design of structural members made with corrosion-resistant steel.

Analytical determination and validation by finite elements method of hydrogen weld of carbon steel after post-heating

The objective of this work is to determine analytically the amount of hydrogen residual in a weld after having carried out post-heating for a certain period of time in order to reduce the risk of cold cracking due to the presence of hydrogen in the weld and its validation by the finite element method. Post-heating is a variable present in the welding procedures and therefore, it is mandatory in those welds that require it. This work can be helpful to determine both numerically by the finite element method and analytically the post-heating suitable in a welding process depending on that process, the welded material and the base material. In this work, the phase transformation and time difference of the phase transformation between the weld metal and base metal are not considered. The diffusivity values are those used by the reference method that analytically calculates the residual hydrogen in a carbon steel weld. There are two values of hydrogen diffusivity (minimum value and maximum value) in this way the diffusivity values that represent all types of carbon steel are collected. The least amount of hydrogen in the weld is with a post-heating to 200?C, producing a decrease in hydrogen in the weld at a higher speed than with the rest of temperatures below this.

Effect Electrolyte Temperature and Electrode Distance to Electroplating Hard-Chrome on Medium-Carbon Steel

ASSAB 618S steel is a type of medium carbon steel that is often used as a machining tool for the petroleum industry. Based on the observation, it does not work optimally due to high acidity. As a result, there is corruption in the machining tool. In this study, an electroplating process will be carried out as a way to overcome corrosion in machining made of ASSAB 618S steel. The variables involved independent variables, dependent variables, and control variables. The independent variable is the temperature of the electrolyte solution with variations of 55°C to 70°C. The dependent variable is the corrosion rate on the results of electroplating hard chrome coating. The controlled variable is the distance of electrodes with variations of 3 and 9 cm. The data obtained showed that the highest corrosion rate was obtained from the temperature variation of the electrolyte solution of 55 degrees Celsius and the electrode distance of 9 cm, while the lowest corrosion rate was obtained at a temperature variation of 70 degrees Celsius electrolyte and 3 cm electrode distance. The data is in accordance with the theory of corrosion rate that is smaller better. It means that the smaller the corrosion rate, the better the corrosion resistance. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the temperature of the electrolyte solution, the distance of the electrode, and between both interactions give an influence on the corrosion rate of the electroplating hard chrome coating.

Microstructure and phase analysis of brazing bonds for stainless steel (AISI 316L and 431) to carbon steel (A516 G70) using a Ni–Si–B filler metal alloy

Investigation the mechanism of brazing stainless steels (Austenitic stainless steel type 316L and martensitic stainless steel type 431) similar and dissimilar and also brazing them with carbon steel type A516 grade 70 to see the difference in bonding phases, the five specimen were brazed with Ni base filler metal with (4.5% Si and 3.2% B) using a furnace with protected gas (pure Argon) at constant holding time 10 min. The optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to study the joint microstructure, also the interdiffusion of the elements was examined by energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis (EDS). While the reaction phases are identified by x-ray diffraction (XRD). The brazed joints showed continuous bonding between the filler alloy and the substrate, indicating to good wetting between the surfaces. EDS line and mapping scan shows The Nickel element which it’s at the filler metal alloy will be goes into the interface almost, because the stainless steels sides can handle it, also Cr element. While Si element will concentrate at the bond zone, finally Fe element Transfer through brazing zones easy. XRD test reveals that the bonding zone of the five specimen shows more the six types of phases which are Ni-Cr-Fe, Cr-Ni-Fe-C, SiC, Fe2B, Cr2B, and Cr-Fe-Ni-Mo.

The inhibition action of some organic polymers on the corrosion carbon steel in acidic media

Corrosion inhibition performance of three sodium polyacrylates polymers was analyzed for carbon steel type OLC 45 in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. Effectiveness of this polymers were investigated by potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarization methods, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and metallurgical microscopy techniques. The polymers involved in this study are three sodium polyacrylates hydrophobically modified with linear and cyclododecyl and, respectively, dihexyl chain (NaPADD, NaPACDD and NaPADH). We assume that, these polymers prevent corrosion of metal electrodes by a protective process can be due to either the adsorption of inhibitor molecules building a protective film or achievement an insoluble complex. Results showed that these polymers accomplished a considerable inhibiting action on OLC 45 corrosion and act that a mixed corrosion inhibitors and it could be proved by the effects of polymers on the electrochemical properties of metal electrodes. The adsorption of the polymers on the electrodes surface obeys to the Langmuir isotherm model. The temperature influence on the corrosion behavior of the metal electrodes in 0.5M H2SO4 with and without the inhibitor at 800 ppm was analyzed in the temperature domain from 293 to 333 K. The negative value of thermodynamic parameter like Gibbs free energy of adsorption shows the spontaneity of adsorption process. The characterization by FT-IR and SEM confirms the adsorption of inhibitors and the formation of corrosion products on the working electrode surface. EIS and potentiodynamic polarization data were indicative its corrosion protection ability. The best inhibition of 97% gets at an inhibitor concentration of 800 ppm for NaPACDD.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Laser Surface Melting by Using Enthalpy Method

In this study, experimental and numerical applied of heat distribution due to pulsed Nd: YAG laser surface melting. Experimental side was consists of laser parameters are, pulse duration1.3ms, wavelength 1064nm, laser energies 1.5, 2. 6 and 4.3 J, laser beam diameter is 0.6 mm and spot diameter 0.78 mm was applied a low carbon steel type St37 with a dimension 10, 10, 3 mm, length, width and thickness respectively. Numerical analysis side consist of a mathematical model and calculating a thermal cycle by using equation in the enthalpy method applied to determine the cooling rate in fusion zone. The simulation by using the enthalpy method, applied on conduction heat transfer to estimate the cooling rate model in fusion zone and heat affected zones. Cooling rates models are helping to estimate the microstructure and micro hardness distribution in fusion and heat affected zones. The complication of the heat transfer in laser surface melting process, because at in rapid solidification, therefore the enthalpy model is more appropriate for this case. The result shows that increases of laser energy lead to decrease cooling rates and increase width and penetration of fusion zone, also decrease micro hardness in fusion zone and we found an increase in the pool size of fusion and heat affected zones.