Types Of Briquettes Research Articles

Study of Temperature Fields and Heavy Metal Content in the Ash and Flue Gas Produced by the Combustion of Briquettes Coming from Paper and Cardboard Waste

The present study focused on the combustion of four types of briquettes made from paper and cardboard waste produced in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Rotary and tubular kilns were used to study the combustion. The combustion mean temperatures, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) content in the ash and heavy metals content in the ash and the flue gas were analyzed. The combustion steady phase mean temperatures ranged from 950 °C to 750 °C were obtained according to briquettes type. The temperature favored the transfer of the heavy metal in the flue gas comparatively to the ash mainly for Hg, Cd and Pb. The Pb, Hg and Mn content in flue gas and the ash are higher than their content in the parent wood used for paper production due to the additive during the manufacturing process. The results showed a high content of heavy metal in flue gas produced by combustion of briquette made with office paper and in the ash for the briquette made of corrugated cardboard. Furthermore, the low heavy metal contain in the ash allow their use for soil amendment. However, ash contained a low proportion of NPK (less than 2%) which does not allow their usage as fertilizer alone.

Evaluation of the Performances of Biomass Briquettes Produced with Invasive Eichornia crassipes (Water hyacinth), Wood Residues and Cow Dung for Small and Medium Scale Industries

Conventional energy resources decrease worldwide with increasing population and technology advancement. Sustainable Energy Authority of Sri Lanka focuses on total replacement of fossil fuel by renewable energy sources by 2050. Water hyacinth is a renewable energy source as it has considerable energy potential within and it is invasive to Sri Lanka. This study aims to identify the ideal proportion of the saw dust: water hyacinth and cow dung: water hyacinth to produce briquettes for biomass boilers in industries. Saw dust was mixed with water hyacinth in 25:75-S1, 50:50-S2 and 75:25-S3 proportions. Cow dung was mixed with water hyacinth as above proportions (C1, C2 and C3). Energy briquettes were manufactured using screw type extruder briquetting machine. Energy properties including moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content, fixed carbon and calorific value and mechanical properties including bulk density, durability, water resistance capacity and water boiling time were measured and fuel wood value indices of briquettes were calculated. In saw dust-water hyacinth briquettes, there is no any significant difference between three types for fuel value indices and density. S2 type of briquettes perform better as they have significantly higher calorific value (19.17 kJ/g) and water resistance capacity (98.73%) and significantly lower moisture content (5.32%) and water boiling time (10 minutes). In cow dung-water hyacinth briquettes, C1 and C2 types of briquettes have significantly higher FVI. C2 type of briquette have significantly higher volatile matter content (75.54%) and significantly lower moisture content 5.81%) and fixed carbon content (10.0%). C1 type of briquettes took significantly lower time (21 min) to boil one litre of water. C2 type of water hyacinth-cow dung briquettes can be considered as the best in terms of energy and mechanical properties.

Particularities of hollow-core briquettes obtained out of spruce and oak wooden waste

Wooden hollow-core briquettes made of wooden waste represent an important category of wood-based combustible materials used in heating chambers. This paper aims to determine some of the characteristics of these briquettes made of spruce and oak waste. The comparison to the classic types of briquettes is made in order to identify the advantages and disadvantages of such briquettes. The main characteristics of these briquettes are presented, starting from size, density, abrasion, compression and ending with the inferior and superior calorific values, calorific density and ash content. The obtained results show that there are few differences between their characteristics and those of the classic ones. These differences depend on the pressing method and equipment, in comparison to other briquettes without a hollow core. Apart from the characteristics and the nature of the material being used, the hollow-core briquettes remain renewable combustible materials increasingly used in combustion (for heating purposes or in order to cook food or for heating in rural households or as substitutes for charcoal or cogenerate in various industrial fields). Given their economical character, there is complete suitability of these briquettes for cooking and heating.

Quality optimization in briquettes made from rice milling by-products

In order to produce briquettes that meet the needs of consumers, different combinations of raw materials and methods were used to produce rice-husk briquettes using a locally fabricated multi-piston press. Particle size, husk–bran ratio, drying method, and water temperature for briquetting were the main influencers of the hardness of rice-husk briquettes at constant pressure. The briquetting process increased the density of rice husk from 120 to 600kg/m3. The average time for making nine briquettes (loading, compressing, ejection, and transfer to drying tray) was 3.6min (150 briquettes/h) using the locally fabricated piston press. Briquettes produced using fine particles (<0.3mm), hot (97°C) water, husk–bran ratios of 0:1, 1:2, 1:1, 1:0, 2:1, and dried in the sun for 21days had mean hardness values of 132, 89, 76, 62, and 31N. Four types of fuel briquettes were produced: husk–bran–palm press fiber (HBF), husk–bran–palm press sludge (HBS), husk–bran only (HBO), and husk–biochar–clay (HBC). The four types of briquettes recorded shorter start-up time (<5min) than charcoal (10min). The average flame temperatures of HBF, HBS, and HBO during the first 20min were higher (898°C) than the average temperature of charcoal (546°C). The characteristics of HBF and HBO briquettes provide the best option for consumers, especially those in the rice parboiling industry, as these briquettes recorded the following values for hardness (170 and 101N, respectively), start-up time (2 and 3min), burning rate (126 and 145g/min), specific fuel consumption (121 and 136g/l), and flame temperature (684°C and 728°C). It was concluded that briquettes could be produced from rice-milling by-products with acceptable quality using this affordable technology.

Characterization of Briquettes Coming From Compaction of Paper and Cardboard Waste at Low and Medium Pressures

This study concerns the experimental charac- terization and compaction of paper/cardboard coming from waste of the city of Ouagadougou. The characterization results show that the category of waste of paper and card- board encountered in Ouagadougou contains 39 % corru- gated cardboard, 28 % of office paper, 18 % of non- corrugated cardboard, 7 % of newsprint and 8 % of papers used for commercial printing. The compaction of office paper, corrugated cardboard and mixed paper/cardboard and green waste (10 % by mass of ''leaves'') was performed for the production of three types of briquettes at pressures between 1 and 10 MPa. Results analysis of physical parameters (index of resistance to impact, density, humidity, calorific value, rate of relaxation) of obtained briquettes were used to determine the optimal pressure of compaction which is 6 MPa, for each initial mixture of waste compacted.

Briquette Fuel - An Option for Management of Mikania micrantha

Mikania micrantha (mile- a-minute in English) is assessed as one of the six high risks posed IAS in terrestrial ecosystem in Nepal and is as a considered second biggest threat after deforestation to biodiversity conservation. It is becoming pervasive and estimated to have covered over 20% of the Chitwan National Park. A survey was conducted jointly with NTNC, TCN and NAST to establish the estimates of available Mikania biomass raw material. After being cut, it can even regenerate by old rootstocks, runners and suckers. It does not have much use after manual removal. So, using dried biomass for briquetting to get fuel may be an option for its utilization. Different types of briquettes using biomass as well as char were made from its raw materials. Various physical and fuel characteristics of the briquette fuels and combustion tests were performed and studied as an alternative fuel. Different test results show that the use of this weed to produce briquette fuel will generate a potential source of alternative energy and will also help in conserving biodiversity in long run. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 109-114 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i1.8930

Comparison of quality and production cost of briquettes made from agricultural and forest origin biomass

This paper presents the quality and cost of small-scale production of briquettes, made from agricultural and forest biomass in north-eastern Poland. The experiment involved production of eight types of briquettes. The highest net calorific value was determined for briquettes made from pine sawdust (18,144 MJ t−1). The value measured for briquettes made from perennial energy plants was over 1500 MJ t−1 lower, and for those made from straw 2000 MJ t−1 lower than for sawdust briquettes. The sawdust briquettes left significantly the lowest amount of ash (0.40% of dry mass). The significantly highest content of hydrogen, sulphur and nitrogen was found in briquettes containing the highest portion of rapeseed oilcake. The quality of briquettes varied and only some of them met the requirements of DIN 51731. Briquettes made from pine sawdust were of the highest quality. The briquette production cost ranged from 66.55 € t−1 to 137.87 € t−1 for rape straw briquettes and for those made from a mixture of rape straw and rapeseed oilcake (50:50), respectively. In general, briquette production was profitable, except for the briquettes made from a straw and rapeseed oilcake mixture.

Thermal and Storage Characteristics of Biomass Briquettes with Organic Binders

The thermal and storage characteristics of briquettes made of three different biomasses using four different concentrations of organic binders as molasses, press mud and distillers dry grain were studied. The concentrations of the organic binders were 5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent. The biomass as mustard stalk, mixed waste of tree leaves and grasses (3:1) and wood waste grounded to 5 mm size were converted to briquettes using piston type briquetting machine having three different dies with inner diameter of 41.5, 42.5 and 43.5 mm at corresponding die pressures of 123.4, 117.7 and 112.3 MPa. The calorific values were higher for briquettes prepared using press mud, followed by those with distiller’s dry grain and molasses, as the former mainly depended upon biomass and amount of binders. Bulk density and calorific values decreased with increase in storage period for all types of briquettes. An overall reduction of 49% in bulk density and about 9% in calorific value was found during storage for a period of 180 days. However, all the briquettes remained stable. The briquettes prepared at highest die pressure of 123.4 MPa showed less variation in moisture content, bulk density, tumbling resistance, shattering resistance, resistance to water penetration, calorific values and ash content over the storage period of 180 days as compared to those prepared at the other two die pressures.

Physical Quality of Some Biomass Briquettes

This paper deals with the effect of material and concentration of binders on the physical quality of biomass briquettes. The briquettes were prepared using tree leaves, saw dust and wheat straw. Two binding materials namely, molasses and sodium silicate at varying concentration were used in the preparation of briquettes. The Saw dust and wheat straw briquettes could not be formed when concentration of binder was below 10% whereas formation of tree leaves briquettes was possible even without use of any binding materials. Sodium silicate was found a better binding agent than molasses for briquette preparation. The bulk density of briquettes of tree leaves, saw dust and wheat straw with molasses as binder was observed as 3.5, 6.3 and 3.8 times of the bulk density of respective raw materials. The study revealed that among all types of briquettes, saw dust briquettes with sodium silicate at 25% concentration were better in terms of compressive strength, shattering resistance, bulk density and calorific value and hence better for transportation, storage and for burning purposes.

Effect of Material and Binders on Storage and Burning Quality Of Biomass Briquettes

This paper deals with the effect of material and concentration of binders on the storage and burning quality of biomass briquettes. The briquettes were prepared using tree leaves, saw dust and wheat straw. Two binding materials namely, molasses and sodium silicate at varying concentration were used in the preparation of briquettes. It was found that the calorific values were higher for briquettes prepared using molasses as binder than those with sodium silicate. The maximum bulk density of briquettes was found to be 954 kg/m3 • The bulk density and calorific values of briquettes decreased with increase in storage time for all types of briquettes. An overall reduction of bulk density by II% and calorific value by about 5% was found. However, all the briquettes remained stable up to 2 months of storage.

13C NMR research on the kerogens of Jurassic source rocks of the northern edge of the Qaidam Basin : Peng, L. et al. Shiyou Xuebao, 2002, 23, (2), 34–37. (In Chinese)

In order to produce briquettes that meet the needs of consumers, different combinations of raw materials and methods were used to produce rice-husk briquettes using a locally fabricated multi-piston press. Particle size, husk–bran ratio, drying method, and water temperature for briquetting were the main influencers of the hardness of rice-husk briquettes at constant pressure. The briquetting process increased the density of rice husk from 120 to 600 kg/m3. The average time for making nine briquettes (loading, compressing, ejection, and transfer to drying tray) was 3.6 min (150 briquettes/h) using the locally fabricated piston press. Briquettes produced using fine particles (< 0.3 mm), hot (97 °C) water, husk–bran ratios of 0:1, 1:2, 1:1, 1:0, 2:1, and dried in the sun for 21 days had mean hardness values of 132, 89, 76, 62, and 31 N. Four types of fuel briquettes were produced: husk–bran–palm press fiber (HBF), husk–bran–palm press sludge (HBS), husk–bran only (HBO), and husk–biochar–clay (HBC). The four types of briquettes recorded shorter start-up time (< 5 min) than charcoal (10 min). The average flame temperatures of HBF, HBS, and HBO during the first 20 min were higher (898 °C) than the average temperature of charcoal (546 °C). The characteristics of HBF and HBO briquettes provide the best option for consumers, especially those in the rice parboiling industry, as these briquettes recorded the following values for hardness (170 and 101 N, respectively), start-up time (2 and 3 min), burning rate (126 and 145 g/min), specific fuel consumption (121 and 136 g/l), and flame temperature (684 °C and 728 °C). It was concluded that briquettes could be produced from rice-milling by-products with acceptable quality using this affordable technology.