Body Shape Type Research Articles

Cluster Size Intelligence Prediction System for Young Women’s Clothing Using 3D Body Scan Data

This study adopts a data-driven methodology to address the challenge of garment fitting for individuals with diverse body shapes. Focusing on young Chinese women aged 18–25 from Central China, we utilized the German VITUS SMART LC3 3D body scanning technology to measure 62 body parts pertinent to fashion design on a sample of 220 individuals. We then employed a hybrid approach, integrating the circumference difference classification method with the characteristic value classification method, and applied the K-means clustering algorithm to categorize these individuals into four distinct body shape groups based on cluster center analysis. Building upon these findings, we formulated specific linear regression models for key body parts associated with each body shape category. This led to the development of an intelligent software capable of automatically calculating the dimensions of 28 body parts and accurately determining the body shape type for young Central Chinese women. Our research underscores the significant role of intelligent predictive systems in the realm of fashion design, particularly within a data-driven framework. The system we have developed offers precise body measurements and classification outcomes, empowering businesses to create garments that more accurately conform to the wearer’s body, thus enhancing both the fit and aesthetic value of the clothing.

Growth pattern and the condition index of nomei fish Harpodon nehereus captured with mini-trawl in Tarakan Waters

Nomei (Harpodon nehereus) is a which is found in the northern waters of Tarakan City which has a fairly high economic value. The purpose of the study to analyze the growth patterns and condition index of the fish in Tarakan waters. The research was conducted in two periods, namely the period January-February 2022 and June-July 2022. The research method used a quantitative descriptive method. Fish samples were collected from fisher and data observed were total length, total weight, and sex. In January, the sampled H. nehereus consisted of males (n = 69) and females (n = 231) with allometric negative growth and both fat (male = 50.7%) and thin (female = 48.1%) body type were found. In February 2022, the growth of males (n = 70) and females (n = 224) were positive allometric and both type of body shape were found, with sex ratio of male 48.6% and female 51.4%. In June 2022, the growth of males (n = 980) and females (n = 680) were negative allometric with body shape of both fat (male = 48.1%) and thin (female = 48.5%). In July 2022, the growth of male (n=1197) and female (n=822) were negative allometric with body shape fat (male=49.1%) and thin (female 47.8%). A better management of aquatic biological resources, especially the stock of nomei fish (H. nehereus), is crucial for a sustainable resource.

FishSeg: 3D Fish Tracking Using Mask R-CNN in Large Ethohydraulic Flumes

To study the fish behavioral response to up- and downstream fish passage structures, live-fish tests are conducted in large flumes in various laboratories around the world. The use of multiple fisheye cameras to cover the full width and length of a flume, low color contrast between fish and flume bottom and non-uniform illumination leading to fish shadows, air bubbles wrongly identified as fish as well as fish being partially hidden behind each other are the main challenges for video-based fish tracking. This study improves an existing open-source fish tracking code to better address these issues by using a modified Mask Regional-Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN) as a tracking method. The developed workflow, FishSeg, consists of four parts: (1) stereo camera calibration, (2) background subtraction, (3) multi-fish tracking using Mask R-CNN, and (4) 3D conversion to flume coordinates. The Mask R-CNN model was trained and validated with datasets manually annotated from background subtracted videos from the live-fish tests. Brown trout and European eel were selected as target fish species to evaluate the performance of FishSeg with different types of body shapes and sizes. Comparison with the previous method illustrates that the tracks generated by FishSeg are about three times more continuous with higher accuracy. Furthermore, the code runs more stable since fish shadows and air bubbles are not misidentified as fish. The trout and eel models produced from FishSeg have mean Average Precisions (mAPs) of 0.837 and 0.876, respectively. Comparisons of mAPs with other R-CNN-based models show the reliability of FishSeg with a small training dataset. FishSeg is a ready-to-use open-source code for tracking any fish species with similar body shapes as trout and eel, and further fish shapes can be added with moderate effort. The generated fish tracks allow researchers to analyze the fish behavior in detail, even in large experimental facilities.

3D human body modeling with orthogonal human mask image based on multi-channel Swin transformer architecture

The reconstruction based on RGB images of dressed human body lacks the shape information of the human body under clothing, while the naked 3D human body scanning will violate the user's privacy. To overcome these limitations, a new method, based on Swin transformer (Swin-T), for reconstructing 3D human body shape from human orthogonal mask image is proposed. Its core is to express the reconstruction problem as solving regression mapping function. A fast body shape type classification method based on the human front mask is proposed. The regression function is innovatively represented as a piecewise function, with the body shape of the human body as the segmentation criterion. A multi-channel Swin-T architecture is designed, which can not only extract features from front and side mask images, but also their mixed features to construct the regression mapping function. Different body types for different genders are predicted with separate regression function to help estimate an accurate human model. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed method effectively achieves visually realistic and accurate body reconstruction, and significantly outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods. In addition, the classification of body types can compensate for the errors caused by partial clothing laxity in practical applications, which is beneficial for users to obtain a more accurate 3D human model.

Classification of female body shape based on two-dimensional image and computer vision technology

Traditional body classification methods are usually based on three-dimensional human body data. With the development of computer vision technology, two-dimensional (2D) anthropometry technology has garnered a great deal of research attention in the field of anthropometry. This paper presents a body shape classification and discrimination method using 2D images based on computer vision technology. The research included three main parts. (1) Index extraction of body shape classification based on computer vision. The orthogonal 2D human body image information of 362 young female samples was extracted. After normalizing the body height, three body shape classification indexes were separated: the body height pixel value ( H), the feature of the projected unit area ( ρ), and the feature of the projected area ratio of the front and side of the human body ( F). (2) Two-dimensional human body shape classification based on the two-step cluster model. The optimal classification number was determined, and the characteristics of each type of body shape were analyzed. (3) Automatic discrimination of the 2D human body shape based on the Bayesian algorithm. The correct rate of recognition was 94.8%. The results indicate that the body shape classification method based on computer vision technology and the selection of the proposed classification indexes are effective, and the accuracy of body shape recognition is high. In this paper, the classification of human body shape based on 2D digital images was realized, and this method can be applied to 2D anthropometry and other related fields.

남성 정장 재킷의 대량맞춤생산을 위한 체형 분류 방법

Background/Objectives: The purpose of present study is to develop a new body shape classification method, that can be used for the mass customization of men’s formal jackets, using variables measured on the men’s flattened body surfaces.
 Methods: Male participants in their 20s-50s were extracted from the 5th Size Korea database. The body surfaces were flattened into three-panels according to the conventional structure of men’s formal jackets. Variables were measured on the flattened panels, and those were inputted into the PCA. K-means clustering was conducted to categorize the flattened figure types. A logistic regression model was established to predict the body surface types.
 Results: 152 individuals were extracted for the body surface flattening. The 3D meshes were formed on the body surfaces, and those were flattened using distortion minimizing algorithm. Seventeen angles and two size differences were measured on the flattened figures, and five factors were extracted by the PCA. Five flattened figure types were extracted through k-means clustering: “normal”, “sway-back”, “bend-forward” “lean-back-b” and “lean-back-I”. The correspondence between the logistic regression model and K-means clustering was 90.79%.
 Conclusion/Implications: The classification method developed in the present study enable the quick and convenient decision of apparel customer's body shape type. It is optimized for mass customization of men's jackets because the variables were measured by converting the body surface into a jacket pattern structure.

Taphonomy of the teleost Tselfatia formosa Arambourg, 1943 from Vallecillo, NE Mexico.

The platy limestone deposit of Vallecillo in northeastern Mexico is dated to the early-middle Turonian (Late Cretaceous) and known to contain a variety of well-preserved vertebrate fossils. One of the most common fish species is the teleost Tselfatia formosa. A review of 149 individuals reveals the presence of two types of body shapes (diamond-shaped and torpedo-shaped individuals) which is interpreted as sexual shape dimorphism (SSD). A unimodal size distribution illustrates a dominance of diamond-shaped specimens, but both body shape types are present in small (young) and big sized (old) individuals. The abundance of well-articulated and complete specimens suggests that T. formosa populated deep levels of the water column, which excluded buoyancy and flotation as well as carcass disintegration near the surface. The reconstruction of the dorsal and anal fins suggests the presence of a membrane between each fin ray and allows for ecological comparison of T. formosa with modern fan fishes.

What Type of Body Shape Moves Children? An Experimental Exploration of the Impact of Narrative Cartoon Character Body Shape on Children's Narrative Engagement, Wishful Identification, and Exercise Motivation.

BackgroundThe incorporation of narratives helps to enhance children’s engagement in active video games (AVGs), thus increasing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Specific narrative elements, such as the visual representation of the characters’ body shape, have been rarely manipulated to explore their role in modulating children’s narrative engagement (NE) and exercise motivation.ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of character body shape manipulation (overweight/obese, average, or athletic slim) on children’s narrative immersion (NI), NE, wishful identification (WI), as well as their mediating effect on AVG and PA motivation.MethodsChildren ages 8–12 years old (N = 87) were randomly assigned to watch a 15-min animated video (designed for an existing AVG) in which the main characters had an overweight/obese, or average∗, or athletic slim body shape (all other elements were identical). Children’s NI, NE, WI, and AVG and physical activity (PA) motivation were then assessed.ResultsControlling for social desirability, the analysis indicated that participants with a BMI of greater than the 75th percentile had a significantly higher NI, NE, WI, and PA motivation when video characters were set to the overweight/obese condition, than they did for video characters set to the average or athletic slim conditions. On the other hand, children of equal or less than the 75th percentile exposed to the average character body condition had a greater NE, WI, and PA motivation than overweight/obese or athletic slim conditions. A mediation analysis with structural equation modeling indicated that NE mediated the effect between character body shape and AVG and PA motivation.ConclusionNarrative cartoon characters that mirror the target participant’s body shape can increase NE, which in turn mediates AVG and PA motivation. Content producers should identify optimal strategies in character body shape design to encourage children of different weight status to participate in PA with engaging stories to maximize health narratives’ persuasive potentials.∗The term average in this sense is not in reference to the national average body weight, but rather an average of the body weights represented in conditions A and C.

Red shape, blue shape: political ideology influences the social perception of body shape

Political elections have a profound impact on individuals and societies. Optimal voting is thought to be based on informed and deliberate decisions yet, it has been demonstrated that the outcomes of political elections are biased by the perception of candidates’ facial features and the stereotypical traits voters attribute to these. Interestingly, political identification changes the attribution of stereotypical traits from facial features. This study explores whether the perception of body shape elicits similar effects on political trait attribution and whether these associations can be visualized. In Experiment 1, ratings of 3D body shapes were used to model the relationship between perception of 3D body shape and the attribution of political traits such as ‘Republican’, ‘Democrat’, or ‘Leader’. This allowed analyzing and visualizing the mental representations of stereotypical 3D body shapes associated with each political trait. Experiment 2 was designed to test whether political identification of the raters affected the attribution of political traits to different types of body shapes. The results show that humans attribute political traits to the same body shapes differently depending on their own political preference. These findings show that our judgments of others are influenced by their body shape and our own political views. Such judgments have potential political and societal implications.

The Effect of Body Shape Type on Differentiability of Traditional and Geometric Morphometric Methods: A Case Study of Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822)

The Effect of Body Shape Type on Differentiability of Traditional and Geometric Morphometric Methods: A Case Study of Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822)

체형인식 유형별 체중조절경험에 미치는 영향요인 비교

Objectives: Perception types of body shape affects weight control. Appropriate understandings of actual body has a good effect on weight control, but misunderstanding of actual body condition is the opposite, which further has a negative impact on physical, mental health and so on. The purpose of this study is to examine the factor of affecting on weight control experiences by perception types of body shape. Methods: This study used data from the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys(KNHANES) Ⅵ, conducted in 2013-2015. Subjects were 8,509 aged more then 19 years, categorized as normal/normal perception, obesity/normal perception, normal/obesity perception, obesity/obesity perception according to perception types of body shape. Results: The factors affecting weight control experiences differ between perception types of body shape. For normal/normal perception type, affecting factors of weight control experiences were sex, age, education, marriage, physical activity and self-rated health. For obesity/normal perception type, affecting factors were education level, physical activity and self-rated health. For normal/obesity perception were only sex and self-rated health. For obesity/obesity perception type, affecting factors were sex, education level, drink, physical activity and self-rated health. Conclusions: The difference factors that influence weight control experiences by perception types of body shape suggest that there is a difference in motivation attempting to weight control by perception types of body shape. Therefore, it is necessary that the perception types of body shape should be considered when constructing an individual weight control plan or an obesity management education and prevention.

Cyanide Removal in Electroplating, Metal Plating and Gold Mining Industries’ Wastewaters by Using Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca Species

Objective: The morphological differences of two populations of the Dwarf snakehead, Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822) from Sarbaz (Makran basin) and Halil (Hamun-e Jaz Murian basin) rivers were studied using geometric and traditional morphometrics (GM and TM) methods to test the hypothesis that the type of body shape can produce different results. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 landmark-points and 12 distance measurements were defined to analyse the body shape differences and the extracted data were analyzed using GM and TM methods. Results: Our findings reject the hypothesis, and the results revealed that GM is more effective in detecting meticulous morphological differences. Conclusion: In addition, the results suggest selecting a proper method i.e. GM or TM, based on the degree of accuracy needed i.e. if we need to find small shape differences within its signification, GM is a superior technique, or to show the type of differences, then we can use TM.

슬랙스 맞음새 평가를 위한 하반신 체형 유형화에 관한 연구

Abstract This study intended to suggest criteria for selection of subjects by lower body shape types necessary for evaluating slacks. For this, the characteristics were examined by lower body parts which would influence the fit of slacks on 3D human body shape data of the front and sides of the lower body for lower body shaping. The frequency of subjects by lower body shape types and the boundary points for discrimination of each type were suggested so that they could be available in selecting subjects. Using the data from Size Korea(2004), indirect measurement values measured on the front and sides of the lower body among 3D human body shape data of 175 subjects were analyzed. Their height, waist, and hip circumference fell under the range of standard deviation based on the mean of women aged 18 24 years, and then lower body shaping was conducted by combining ～the front and side shapes of the lower body. The front of the lower body was classified into four sections: average waist/average hip type(F1), average waist/narrow hip tyle(F2), narrow waist/narrow hip type(F3) and narrow waist/wide hip type(F4) and the sides of the lower body were divided into four sections: average abdomen/average hip type(S1), flat abdomen/average hip type(S2), average abdomen/protrude hip type(S3)and round abdomen/flat hip type(S4), and thus total 16 lower body types were created by cross analysis. Besides, discriminant analysis suggested the boundary points for each shape type of the front and sides of the lower body as a criterion for deciding lower body shape type of each subjectKeywords: 3D human body shape data(3 ), Slacks fit( ), 차원 인체 형상 데이터 슬랙스 맞음새 Lower body shape type( ), Discriminant analysis( ) 하반신 체형 유형 판별 분석

Impact of fat mass distribution body shapes on muscles strength and the joints pain

Our study focuses on fat mass distribution body shapes type as measured to determine their effect on skeletal muscle strengthening lumbar extensors (upper and lower limbs) where our background confirms that every girl has a natural body type of rectangle, apple, pear, or hourglass. It is good for her to know which type of body shape she is, so she can learn what exercises to do, whereas similar studies suggest that it is much better to challenge weight problems with exercise and dietary measures before resorting to figure shaping. For this purpose, our study was carried out with a total of thirty students, females listed in the Institute of Physical Education and Sport, University of Mostaganem, aged between 20 and 23 years; their homogeneity was based on age, sex, and academic specialty, classified based on the body mass index (BMI) into two groups (normal and overweight) and based on their body shape's type into three groups (9 pear shape, 10 rectangle shape, and 11 hourglass shape) as a protocol experimental to examine the impact of fat mass distribution body shapes type on lumbar extensor strength. Based on our data analysis, we confirm that the pear and the rectangle shape affect the strength lumbar extensors due to body weight distribution which increases the risks relating to the skeletal muscles. Weight gain is a factor contributing to the weakness of skeletal muscles. However, the body shape explains the anomalies of the distribution of fat mass and BMI risk observed in our sample in the lower and upper part of the body recorded by the values of Killy test and endurance of trunk, the case of the pear and the rectangle shape back pain, which are consisting in excess of the body fat distributed in comparison with less percentage of muscle mass. Whereas this difference can affect the pelvic position.

Analysis of Body Characteristics of the US Women Aged from 26 to 45 Using 3D Body Scan Data

Abstract This study investigated the anthropometric characteristics of US women 26 to 45 years of age to classify their body shapes into different categories. Research data was obtained from 2950 women 26 to 45 years of age who participated in the SizeUSA study. A 26 to 35 years of age group and a 36 to 45 years of age group were selected from the data pool. A total of 26 measurements important for body shape classification and for apparel product development was used for the data analysis. Five factors accounted for the US women’s body measurements. The body shapes of women were categorized into 4 types: Obese A-Shape, Overweight Y-Shape, Obese H-Shape, and Normal S-Shape. Normal S-Shape was the most common body shape type. More women in the 26 to 35 years of age group had Normal S-Shape type than women in the 36 to 45 years of age group. More women in the 36 to 45 years of age group had Obese A-Shape, Overweight Y-Shape, and Obese H-Shape than women in the 26 to 35 years of age group. Younger US women, 26 to 35 years of age had slimmer body sizes with more balanced body shapes; however, older US women, 36 to 45 years of age had larger body sizes with more various body shapes.

전북 거주 20대 여성의 상의원형개발을 위한 상반신 체형연구

To give satisfaction with the fit to a wearer, the wearer`s body size and body types should be considered first, this study conducted the descriptive statistical analysis on the upper body measurements of women in their 20s because their body shape has reached the completion stage of adult female`s physical development. Also, the analysis classified their upper body types into groups to secure basic data for (maximum satisfaction with the fit of ready-to-wear clothing. The factor analysis was conducted using 49 items of measurement. The main factor analysis was used as a factor extraction method. After extracting the factors with Eigenevalues over 1, the factor loadings were drawn using the Varimax rotation. As a result, 6 factors were extracted. To secure internal consistency, factors that could lower the reliability of the experiment were taken out, so only 36 of the 49 items were used for the analysis. After selecting the items to recognize the main features of each body type, they were used for the final factor analysis. The entire R square of the 6 factors was 84.06%. To classify the upper body types of women in their 20s and to recognize the main features of each body shape type, the researcher conducted the cluster analysis with the items generated from the factor analysis. Through the cluster analysis, the upper body type of women in their 20s were classified into 3 body types. Also, since there are some restrictions on this research objects in terms of local and numbers of measured objects, the results of the this research should only be used as basic data.

Development of fat distribution patterns in children and its association with the type of body shape assessed by the Metric-Index

The present cross-sectional anthropometric study evaluates new approaches in preventing overweight in children. Anthropometric data were obtained in 289 German children (146 boys, 143 girls) aged 6-11 years and 41 20-29 year old German female students for describing the type of body shape by Metric-Index (thoracic breadth, thoracic depth, height). The data were correlated with 15 fat layers measured with a lipometer with Principal Component Analyses and ANOVA. In females the android respectively gynoid type of body shape was significantly associated with the pyknomorphic respectively leptomorphic type. The study demonstrates that this pattern is established by an age of 8 years, when the earliest maturing children start to enter puberty. This pattern can be used to check the individual's risk of overweight and to recommend preventive healthcare interventions.

Relationship between Special Body Variable and Figure of Women’s Trousers Pattern

The special body shapes of women, such as convex belly and convex hip are chosen to sum up its body shape change law and set up the relationship between variable of four types of body shapes and pattern figure to complete the initial research of body feature corresponding to the digitalization of women’s trousers pattern in this paper. This is the basic research directing at women’s trousers pattern auto-design system of special body shape, setting up the correlative relationship between women’ body shape feature and structure feature of trousers to guarantee the consistency between body shape and pattern design in the process of garment PCAD system intelligent design, which provides the possibility for the research of intelligent women’s trousers pattern design system based on the body shape and plays a positive role in changing the traditional pattern design concept and design means.

Phenotypic Characterization and Production Performance of Village Pigs in Sri Lanka

Village pigs are considered as a valuable component in rural farming systems, especially in the Western coastal area of Sri Lanka. This population is considered stagnated due to the absence of a comprehensive improvement and conservation strategy. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the phenotypic and production attributes and present management and utilization status of these pigs. A total of 60 randomly selected swine farms rearing village pigs in Kalutara, Puttalam, Kurunegala and Chilaw were used for the study. Morphological traits and reproductive performance were measured in males and females separately. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to obtain socio-economic and management information. Thirty nine percent of the farmers had kept crossbreds with village pigs and others had only village pigs. The predominant coat color of the village pigs was black with 85% of them having some skin pigmentations. Mean adult body weight was 50.62±1.92 kg for males and 44.00±3.47 kg for females. The majority of them had erect ears (7 %) with upward or horizontal orientation, while 72 % had narrow straight tails. The village pigs with stocky body shape showed higher girth, height at withers and body length than animals with angular body shape while length and width of head, pairs of teats and tail length were not significantly different (P>0.05) between the two types of body shapes. The mean litter size was 6.4±1.19. The mean days at first farrowing and the farrowing interval were 292±78.3 and 265±74.7 days, respectively. The gestation length recorded in the present study varied between 100 and 115 days. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in reproductive parameters of the individuals found in the four geographical areas except for the age at first farrowing and farrowing interval. Village pigs were reared predominantly under extensive management systems with occasional tethering. Farmers exhibited limited knowledge on pig farming and improved management though they are reared mainly for commercial purposes. Easy management, low cost of production and disease tolerance were the main advantages of village pig farming over other livestock enterprises. DOI: 10.4038/tar.v21i2.2601 Tropical Agricultural Research Vol. 21(2): 198-208 (2009)

Development of Dress Forms for the Aged Women Based on Their Body Shapes Applying 3D Body Scan Data

Abstract This research aims at developing the dress form for the aged women based on their body shapes using the three-dimensional body scan data with the body shape categorization(according to the previous research). To accomplish this goal, the sample group of representative body shape of the 50% of median was selected by using the high frequency proportion range of each type of body shape of the aged women, and the sample group of representative body shape of each type was averaged in a three-dimensional way by using the morphing method of a three-dimension reverse-engineered software. RP in the form of torso was produced based on the shape data of the final model and the data was formed into an actual object, by which an aged women’s dress form model was drawn out. The differences of the girth of the bust, hip and waist between the developed dress form model and the existing dress form model were examined. The result showed that the developed dress form had a bigger size of waist girth than that of bust and hip girth, compared to the existing dress form, which shows that it reflects the aged women’s tendency of abdomen obesity, so it’s expected to be more proper for the human bodies of the targeted age group than the existing dress form. These research results may help design the clothing suitable for the body shape of the aged women so that their demand for the clothing of good fit will be satisfied in the future. Key words: dress form(인대), the aged women(실버 여성), 3D body scan data(3차원 스캔 데이터), morphing(몰핑), rapid prototyping(쾌속 조형).