Types Of Biofuels Research Articles

Systematic review and perspective on the progress of algal biofuels

In recognition of the increasing demand of energy and the worsening environmental problems linked with fossil fuels usage, algal biofuel has been proposed as one of the alternative energy sources. It has become one of the hottest topics in renewable energy field in the new century, especially over the past decade. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of different types of algae biofuels. Besides, an in-depth evaluation of the systematic cultivation and practical application of algae have been conducted. Although algal biofuel has a great potential, its unacceptably high cost limits the large-scale industrialization. In order to resolve such restrictions, feasible methods of improving the large scale production and practical application of algal biofuels are proposed. Future efforts should be focused not only on the cost reduction and innovation techniques, but also towards high value by-products to maximize economic benefits. Our results are dedicated to provide valuable references for subsequent research and guidelines on algae biofuels field.

Bioethanol Production from Sugarcane Molasses an Industrial Waste Product

Due to recent increase in price hike of petroleum products, different efforts are being done throughout the world in search of an alternative source of fuel. For this reason, various agricultural countries are trying to produce their own fuel from plant based materials. Different types of biofuels like bioethanol, biodiesel, biohydrogen, biogas etc. are being investigated throughout the world. The type of the biofuel being produced depends upon the availability of the substrate. This review mainly focused on sugar industry waste called molasses, which is rich in fermentable sugars. The easiest form of the fuel that can be produced from sugar rich substrate is bioethanol, thus the review mainly focused on different methods of bioethanol production from molasses and the challenges related to this process. There are several factors that can affect the production of bioethanol that includes the type of substrate, the fermenting microorganisms, optimization of physicochemical parameters like pH, temperature, and the nutrient requirements of fermenting microbes for the conversion of sugar rich substrate into bioethanol. Moreover, the current scenario of the utilization of bioethanol as a fuel in various countries throughout the world was also discussed in this review.

Побічна продукція рисівництва – біологічна сировина для альтернативного виробництва енергії

Emphasis is placed on the efficiency of production of alternative types of biofuels by rational selection of species and the intensity of biomass formation of plants of the appropriate chemical composition. It is determined that favorable natural and climatic conditions of the South of Ukraine, the presence of built rice irrigation systems make it possible to obtain high yields of high quality rice grain, while forming significant amounts of by-products in the form of straw, husk, flour, which are a source of solid biofuel.As a result of research of bioenergetic potential of Ukrainian rice varieties it is shown that the highest values of energy yield under the use of by-products (straw and husk) are characterized by Viscount and Premium varieties, which studied to determine the impact of agronomic factors on the formation of rice productivity. straw and husks as sources of bioenergy plant raw materials as solid biofuels.

Acquirement of Gold from Concentrate (Pezinok, Slovakia) with Utilization of Algae in Mechanochemical Processes

The deficiency of primary raw materials and the difficult processing of sulphide concentrates with low gold content, as well as the long-time use of the dangerous cyanide method, instigated to the search a more effective and environmentally conscious method of acquirement this noble metal. For this reason, this work was focused on gold obtaining from a refractory sulphide complex concentrate (Pezinok, Slovakia) with the application of the non-cyanide mechanochemico-biological process. Gold in this complex concentrate occurs physically enclosed in the intercrystalline space of sulphide minerals, and is also isomorphic and fills structure defects in sulphides. The exclusion of gold from such complex mineral matrices of the concentrate can be achieved by using a mechanochemico-biological process. This innovative process makes possible obtaining of gold using an application of a thiourea solution, which is a convenient alternative opposite to the toxic cyanidation method. The utilized of the biological process with the application of algae has shown that algae with siliceous structures make it possible to obtain of gold from a complex concentrate (Pezinok, Slovakia) with dimension in the nano range. These algae are part of aquatic ecosystems and, in addition, are being food for other animals, utilizing for fuel production and, more recently, they are the important raw material for the production of hydrogen, methane and some types of biofuels. Limnetic algae (diatoms, golden algae) have unique properties, they create the largest mass of biomass of all plants on Earth and at the same time they are able to move. The mechanochemico-biological process is a method that enables to obtain gold nanoparticles 100 nm from the refractory sulphide concentrate (Pezinok, Slovakia). Mechanochemical activation of this concentrate and silica shells of the limnetic algae of tribes (Dinobryon, Surirella) in thiourea solution caused changes in physico-chemical properties of the minerals of gold as well as in the constituents of the algae minerals. These structural changes had under specific conditions a decisive influence on the exclusion of gold nanoparticles to the thiourea solution. The gold nanoparticles had subsequently fixed in the cellular matrix on mechanochemical activated algae shells. The reason for the fixation of gold nanoparticles was the action of biomolecules that algal cells during activation secreted while they defend again the chemical effect of metal ions present in the solution. Nanoparticles of gold were acquirement from the concentrate after less than two hours by described mechanochemico-biological process. In the case of mechanochemical activation of the concentrate, but without the activation of defined algae, the exclusion of gold nanoparticles was not confirmed even after a triple activation time (six hours). Owing to, the algae had to be activated to recover of gold from this sulphide concentrate. It follows, the entire mechanochemico-biological process had to be followed.

Assessment of the Biotechnological Potential of Cyanobacterial and Microalgal Strains from IPPAS Culture Collection

A search for strains capable of the simultaneous production of high amounts of several biologically valuable compounds and/or high biomass productivity has been carried out. The growth characteristics and biochemical composition of 12 microalgal and cyanobacterial strains from the IPPAS Collection were studied at the exponential and stationary growth phases. All of the strains had high growth rates (a doubling time of 6–22 h). The strains Cyanobacterium sp. IPPAS B-1200, Chlorella sp. IPPAS C-1210, Nannochloris sp. IPPAS C-1509, Cyanidium caldarium IPPAS P-510, and Vischeria sp. IPPAS H-242 demonstrated the highest biotechnological potential and can be used for the production of various types of biofuel, pigments, and feed and food additives, including those with a high content of eicosapentaenoic acid (20 : 5 Δ5, 8,11, 14, 17).

Chemical composition and light absorption of carbonaceous aerosols emitted from crop residue burning: influence of combustion efficiency

Abstract. Biomass burning is one of the major sources of carbonaceous aerosols, which affects air quality, the radiation budget and human health. Field straw residue burning is a widespread type of biomass burning in Asia, while its emissions are poorly understood compared with wood burning emissions. In this study, lab-controlled straw (wheat and corn) burning experiments were designed to investigate the emission factors and light absorption properties of different biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) fractions, including water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), humic-like substances (HULIS) and water-insoluble organic carbon (WISOC). The influences of biofuel moisture content and combustion efficiency on emissions are comprehensively discussed. The emission factors of PM2.5, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were 9.3±3.4, 4.6±1.9 and 0.21±0.07 g kg−1 for corn burning and 8.7±5.0, 3.9±2.8 and 0.22±0.05 g kg−1 for wheat burning, generally lower than wood or forest burning emissions. Though the mass contribution of WISOC to OC (32 %–43 %) was lower than WSOC, the light absorption contribution of WISOC (57 %–84 % at 300–400 nm) surpassed WSOC due to the higher mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of WISOC. The results suggested that BBOA light absorption would be largely underestimated if only the water-soluble fractions were considered. However, the light absorption of WSOC in the near-UV range, occupying 39 %–43 % of the total extracted OC absorption at 300 nm, cannot be negligible due to the sharper increase of absorption towards shorter wavelengths compared with WISOC. HULIS were the major light absorption contributors to WSOC, due to the higher MAE of HULIS than other high-polarity WSOC components. The emission levels and light absorption of BBOA were largely influenced by the burning conditions, indicated by modified combustion efficiency (MCE) calculated by measured CO and CO2 in this study. The emission factors of PM2.5, OC, WSOC, HULIS and organic acids were enhanced under lower MCE conditions or during higher moisture straw burning experiments. Light absorption coefficients of BBOA at 365 nm were also higher under lower MCE conditions, which was mainly due to the elevated mass emission factors. Our results suggested that the influence of varied combustion efficiency on particle emissions could surpass the differences caused by different types of biofuels. Thus, the burning efficiency or conditions should be taken into consideration when estimating the influence of biomass burning. In addition, we observed that the ratios of K+/OC and Cl-/OC increased under higher MCE conditions due to the enhancement of potassium and chlorine released under higher fire temperatures during flaming combustion. This indicates that the potassium ion, as a commonly used biomass burning tracer, may lead to estimation uncertainty if the burning conditions are not considered.

Present scenario and future scope of food waste to biofuel production

AbstractFood waste is the outcome of different food processing practices that have not been reused and are disposed of as waste. Food wastes are rich in a wide variety of organic constituents including starches, proteins, oils, fats, phosphates, nutrients, amino acids, and natural acids. Food waste is a zero‐value and nonconsumable resource. In this context, the valorization of food waste to different sorts of biofuels, for example, biodiesel, bioethanol, biohydrogen, bio‐oil, biochar, and biomethane by employing well‐structured and efficient valorization technologies can be an attractive and viable approach to counter the current global energy crisis and in establishing a sustainable bioeconomy. This type of food waste management not only resolves the serious pollution problem but also helps to reduce the dependency of the energy sector on fossil fuels. This review discusses the characteristics of food waste, common strategies for food waste management, food waste as a feedstock, biofuels as a renewable energy source, valorization of food waste to various types of biofuels, microbes‐assisted valorization of food waste, biofuels and bioeconomy, and future scope and challenges in the valorization of food waste to biofuels.

Optimization of pulp concentration for bioethanol production from elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) using two commercial yeasts with addition of Tween 20

The higher consumption of fuel, especially fossil fuels, will lead to depletion of fuel reserves and high air pollution, which causes environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to find alternative fuels that are environmentally friendly and abundant availability in nature, so-called biofuels. One type of biofuel is bioethanol. Raw materials that can be produced into bioethanol are biomass or lignocellulosic material. Elephant grass is one type of lignocellulosic material that has high cellulose content (40.85%). The objective of this study was to determine the optimum pulp concentration by adding Tween 20 to the saccharification process with two types of commercial yeasts (fermipan and mauripan) in the fermentation process. The pulp variations used were 20, 25 and 30% w/v with Tween 20 concentrations 0% and 1%/v. The results showed an increase in pulp concentration, and the addition of Tween 20 by 1% could increase the ethanol content compared to controls (Without Tween 20). The highest ethanol content was produced at 30% pulp concentration (13.09%) with addition 1% of Tween 20 in the saccharification process and fermipan yeast in the fermentation stage, and it could achieve ethanol content of 13.94%(v) when using Mauripan yeast.

Quantifying the relative importance of major tracers for fine particles released from biofuel combustion in households in the rural North China Plain.

Biomass burning tracers have been widely used to identify biomass burning types, but such tools can sometimes cause large uncertainties in the source attribution studies of PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of smaller than 2.5μm). To quantify the relative importance of the major biomass burning tracers in PM2.5 released from biofuels combusted in the North China Plain, combustion experiments under the smoldering and flaming combustion conditions were conducted using nine types of typical household biofuels including two types of agricultural wastes, five types of hardwoods, one softwood, and one mixed wood briquette. PM2.5 samples were collected from the combustion experiments and source profiles of PM2.5 were thus determined for various biofuels under the two different combustion conditions. Carbonaceous species including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were the major chemical components of the PM2.5 released from combustion of all the tested biofuels, with mass fractions of 37-45% and 4-7% under the smoldering condition and 11-25% and 7-29% under the flaming condition, respectively. Higher mass fractions of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs, e.g., K+ and Cl-) in PM2.5 were observed under the flaming than smoldering combustion condition, while anhydrosugars (levoglucosan (LG) and mannosan (MN)) presented in an opposite pattern. The average LG/MN ratio in PM2.5 changed significantly with biofuel type (20-55 for agricultural wastes, 10-22 for hardwoods (except elm) and 3-6 for softwood), but varied little with combustion condition. In contrast, the K+/LG ratio in PM2.5 varied significantly between smoldering (<0.2) and flaming (>0.6) combustion conditions for all the biofuel types except softwood. Results from this study suggested that the ratio LG/MN was the best tracer for identifying the biofuel types and the ratio K+/LG is suitable for identifying the combustion conditions in this region.

Investigation of parameters of mixing and heat formation of diesel engines in the process of using alternative fuels

Today in Ukraine and the world there is a growing shortage of commercial fuels for engines. This is due to the tendency to regulate the production of hydrocarbons, which is the main raw material for their production. Therefore, in order to reduce oil imports, alternative fuels for diesel engines based on oils and animal fats are be-coming more widespread today. In this regard, intensive work is underway to convert internal combustion engines to biofuels in countries with limited fuel and energy resources, as well as in highly developed countries that have the ability to purchase liquid energy. Biodiesel fuel (biodiesel, RME, RME, FAME, EMAG, etc.) is an environmentally friendly type of biofuel obtained from vegetable and animal fats and used to replace petroleum diesel fuel. In the process of using RME B100 biodiesel fuel on the Renault 2.5 DCI engine, the average diameter of the fuel droplets is increased and the flare opening angle is reduced. This leads to impaired fuel distribution in the areas of the spray torch. Only 50% of the fuel is in the jet shell, which leads to impaired mixing of fuel with air. In the core of the wall there is 18% of fuel, which will spread along the walls and mix poorly with air. The remaining 36% of the fuel will be in the core of the jet, the front of the free jet and the areas of intersection of the near-wall streams, and will partially participate in the mixing. The use of biodiesel fuel RME B100 leads to a delay of heat by 18-20 degrees of rotation of the crankshaft, which will increase fuel consumption and reduce engine power. Thus, according to studies of the Renault 2.5 DCI engine on commercial and biodiesel RME B100, it is established that the use of biodiesel leads to a deterioration of the mixture due to reduced heat and as a result increases fuel consumption, reducing engine power.

Prospective and Challenging Issues of Biofuels

Utilization of energy is increasing rapidly while sources of energy are limited. Furthermore, because of using fossil fuel, a lot of emissions are observed, which are bad elements for both human and nature, as well as increasing global warming. Biofuels are considered environment friendly than fossil fuel. Biofuels additionally boost rural development by shifting of power from petro to agro-industry at the same time. Having a lot of potentiality, there are some issues need to be considered. If the agricultural resources are utilized for running vehicles and such activities, certainly there will be food crisis. Therefore, some kind of optimization and advancements are required. This study includes introduction of different types of biofuels and compiles the benefit and challenges of it.

Technical Aspects of Biofuel Production from Different Sources in Malaysia—A Review

Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, biofuel production from renewable sources has gained interest. Malaysia, as a tropical country with huge resources, has a high potential to produce different types of biofuels from renewable sources. In Malaysia, biofuels can be produced from various sources, such as lignocellulosic biomass, palm oil residues, and municipal wastes. Besides, biofuels are divided into two main categories, called liquid (bioethanol and biodiesel) and gaseous (biohydrogen and biogas). Malaysia agreed to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 45% by 2030 as they signed the Paris agreement in 2016. Therefore, we reviewed the status and potential of Malaysia as one of the main biofuel producers in the world in recent years. The role of government and existing policies have been discussed to analyze the outlook of the biofuel industries in Malaysia.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СЫРЬЯ ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ РЕСУРСОВ

The article reviews the ways of improving economic sustainability by means of growing bio-raw materials for the production of energy resources. Biogas and its derivative – biomethane, are considered the most promising in terms of the efficient use of various types of biofuels (bioethanol, rapeseed oil, methyl esters of vegetable oils, biogas or biomethane) per unit area. The production of gaseous biofuels will replace fossil non-renewable energy resources and reduce the production costs of agricultural items. It is worth noting that animal waste and plant raw materials are effectively used in biogas complexes.

Ignition delay measurements of four component model gasolines exploring the impacts of biofuels and aromatics

This study explores the impacts of combinations of biofuel (ethanol, isobutanol and 2-methyl furan) and aromatic (toluene) compounds in a four component fuel blend, at fixed research octane number (RON) on ignition delay measured in an advanced fuel ignition delay analyzer (AFIDA 2805). Ignition delay measurements were performed over a range of temperatures from 400 to 725 °C (673 to 998 K) and two chamber pressures of 10 and 20 bar. The four component mixtures are compared to primary reference fuels at RON values of 90 and 100. The ignition delay measurements show that as the aromatic and biofuel concentrations increased, two stage ignition behavior was suppressed, at both initial chamber pressures. But both RON 100 (isooctane) and RON 90 reference fuels showed two stage ignition behavior, as did fuel mixtures with low biofuel and aromatic content. RON 90 fuels showed stronger two stage ignition behavior than RON 100 fuels, as expected. Depending on the type of biofuel in the mixture, the ignition delay at low chamber temperatures could be far greater than for the reference fuels. In particular, for the RON 100 mixtures at either 10 or 20 bar initial chamber pressure, the ignition delay at 400 °C (673 K) for the high level blend of 2-methyl furan and toluene (30 vol% of each) exhibited an ignition delay that was 10 times longer than for neat isooctane. The results show the strong non-linear octane blending response of these three biofuel compounds, especially in concert with the kinetic antagonism that toluene is known to display in mixtures with isooctane. These results have implications for the formulation of biofuel mixtures for spark ignition and advanced compression ignition engines, where this non-linear octane blending response could be exploited to improve knock resistance, or modulate the autoignition process.

EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATION OF WASTE USE OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN THE FORMATION OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY

The article substantiates that the effective use of organic waste for further processing today is a prerequisite for the development of agricultural enterprises, their competitive advantages and ensuring energy and environmental security. The basic principles of enterprise waste disposal are identified, which include: maximum use of on-farm resources, ensuring the economic efficiency of the technologies used, and compliance with veterinary and sanitary requirements. The most common methods for processing organic waste of agricultural enterprises, which include energy and non-energy areas, are investigated. The waste from the plant growing industry can be used for energy purposes in two directions: direct burning in order to obtain heat and electric energy, as well as for the production of solid biofuels. Livestock waste can be used to produce another type of biofuel – biogas. The non-energy direction of the use of organic waste from agricultural enterprises provides the production of secondary products (pulp, paper, cardboard), feed, bedding, compost. It is substantiated that the directions of use of crop waste, which is now preferred by agricultural enterprises, are mainly non-energy (like roughage, litter, as fertilizers) and ineffective (such feed is of little value for highly productive animals, enterprises do not comply with the technology of smelling residues, which minimizes positive effect). Various methods of processing waste products (secondary products) of the livestock industry are analyzed: composting, vermicomposting, composting using gumivit, infusion, and biogas production. A comparison of the economic efficiency of traditional and bioenergy manure utilization at a conditional enterprise is made. It is proved that modern methods of manure utilization with biogas production have advantages because they have an environmental effect, can provide energy autonomy due to the refusal to purchase fuel, electricity, it is possible to increase the efficiency of activities through the sale or own use of biological fertilizers, and the sale of other by-products.

Pollutants formation during single particle combustion of biomass under fluidized bed conditions: An experimental study

The present work aimed at investigating the effect of several operating parameters on the experimentally measured primary gaseous products and particulate matter (PM), as well as on the reaction rate and the total conversion, obtained during single particle combustion of biomass in fluidized bed conditions. In focus were the following operating parameters: initial mass of the fuel particle (ranging between 0.1 and 0.5 g), oxygen partial pressure (from 5 to 21 kPa), bed temperature (between 700 and 900 °C) and biomass type. The experiment was carried out at atmospheric pressure, using five different types of solid biofuels. The primary carbon conversion products were carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monooxide (CO). The fuel bound nitrogen was converted mainly to nitrogen monooxide (NO). However, biomass having higher nitrogen content showed lower nitrogen conversion to NO, but higher absolute NO emissions. Particulates of submicron size, with unimodal size distribution, were the dominant fraction of particulate emissions for all fuels. The mass normalized PM concentration was reduced by three orders of magnitude during char combustion, thus supporting the hypothesis that PM formation is highly affected by the availability of volatile matter and the ash composition.

Waste measurement for biogas generation to fulfill the electric energy demand of IUBAT: a case study

For the depletion of fossil fuels, the world is facing an energy crisis. Therefore, a major concern for stakeholders around the world is the need to search for renewable alternative energy. Biogas is a type of bio-fuel that is naturally produced from the decomposition of organic waste. The main objective of this study is to design a biogas generator for utilization of cow dung, kitchen waste, rice waste, paper waste, tissue waste to generate biogas. This produced biogas can be used for generation of electricity for fulfilling the electricity demand of IUBAT—a private organization. Biogas plant is a new source of energy and is suitable for the future needs. This paper reflects the modeling, different types of wastes’ pH measurement and finds out the best waste materials of biogas production digestion process from organic waste and high moisture food processing waste. In Bangladesh, the waste amount is increasing day by day. It is harmful for both our environment and life. So this waste can be a good potential, if it can be used for some valuable purposes. From this view, it can be said that working on Biogas is very important issue for understanding the potentiality of waste.

Evaluating the Potential for Combustion of Biofuels in Grate Furnaces

The paper assesses the impact of combustion of biofuels produced based on municipal sewage sludge in stoker-fired boilers on the amount of pollutant emissions and examines the tendency of ash deposition of biofuels formed during the combustion process. The combustion tests were performed in a laboratory system enabling simulation of a combustion process present in stoker-fired boilers. The study was conducted for three types of biofuels; i.e., fuel from sewage sludge and coal slime (PBS fuel), sewage sludge and meat and bone meal (PBM fuel) and fuel based on sewage sludge and sawdust (PBT) with particle size of 35 mm and 15 mm. This paper describes and compares the combustion process of biofuels with different granulation and composition and presents the results of changes in emission values of NOx, SO2, CO, and CO2. The emission results were compared with the corresponding results obtained during combustion of hard coal. The results showed that biofuels with lower particle sizes were ignited faster and the shortest ignition time is achieved for fuel based on sewage sludge and coal slime-PBS fuel. Also, the highest NO and SO2 emissions were obtained for PBS fuel. During the combustion of fuel based on sewage sludge and meat and bone meal (PBM), on the other hand, the highest CO2 emissions were observed for both granulations. Biofuels from sludge show a combustion process that is different compared to the one for hard coal. The problems of ash fouling, slagging, and deposition during biofuels combustion were also identified. The tendency for ash slagging and fouling is observed, especially for fuel from sewage sludge and meat and bone meal (PBM) and fuel based on sewage sludge and sawdust (PBT) ashes which consist of meat and bone meal and sawdust which is typical for biomass combustion.

Direct conversion of fructose to 5-ethoxymethyl-furfural catalyzed by ultra stable Y zeolite

5-Ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) is a new type of biofuel with a high energy density and excellent fuel properties. One-pot production of EMF from renewable carbohydrate catalyzed by heterogeneous catalysts has the potential to be an attractive reaction pathway. In this study, fructose was directly converted to EMF in ethanol medium catalyzed by ultra stable Y zeolite (USY). The effects of different reaction conditions on EMF yields were investigated, and an optimum reaction condition was obtained by utilizing response surface methodology. Under the optimum reaction conditions, which were a temperature of 132 °C, substrate density of 60 g/L, and catalyst dosage of 2.1 wt%, a maximum EMF yield of 73.8 mol% with the prediction error of 1.6% was achieved in 25 min. Moreover, the reusability of USY and characterization were evaluated. This study demonstrated a promising strategy for EMF production from fructose.

Optimization by response surface methodology of the reaction conditions in 1,3-selective transesterification of sunflower oil, by using CaO as heterogeneous catalyst

In this work, the experimental conditions for the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil, over commercial calcium oxide (CaO) as heterogeneous catalysts, have been optimized employing a multi-factorial design based on the response surface methodology (RSM). Hence, the effects of temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio and have been considered. The partial transesterification of sunflower oil produces one mol of monoglyceride (MG) and two moles of fatty acids methyl esters (FAME). This blend constitutes a new type of biofuel called Ecodiesel which can be applicable to diesel engines. This Ecodiesel integrates the glycerol as MG removing by-products and increasing the lubricity of the biofuel. Thus, the reaction conditions, obtained by Response surface methodology (RSM), that promote the highest values of selectivity to Ecodiesel are 65 °C of reaction temperature, 0.7 g of CaO and methanol/oil molar ratio of 5.3. On the other hand, in order to get a biofuel with lower viscosity, 65 °C and 0.7 g of CaO were also employed, although a lower methanol/oil molar ratio of 2 was employed. Operating under these selected experimental conditions, a high conversion value (70 %), a selectivity value to Ecodiesel of 35 % and a viscosity value around 15 cSt can be achieved. The biofuel thus obtained can be used in blends with diesel because in order to accomplish the viscosity limits stablished in the EN 14214. Consequently, this methodology could represent an advance in the technical and economic feasibility in the process of replacing fossil fuels by renewable fuels.