Types Of Behavior Research Articles

The genus Acerocephala and observations of the life history of Acerocephala hanuuanamu sp. nov. (Hymenoptera, Cerocephalidae) and its bark beetle host on the island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i

The behavior of Acerocephala hanuuanamusp. nov. found parasitizing Cryphalus brasiliensis under the surface of wood in Ficus microcarpa trees on the island of O‘ahu in Hawai‘i is deduced from observations in naturally occuring branches, and from direct observation using specially designed “phloem sandwich” observation chambers which consist of tree bark peeled through the phloem layer from freshly cut branches and sandwiched between a sheet of aluminum and a sheet of plexiglass. Cryphalus brasiliensis beetles, found living in large numbers in the phloem tissues in F. microcarpa trees, were collected and placed into these chambers. They tunneled into the wood and reproduced, producing an active colony of all life stages. Acerocephala hanuuanamu wasps were then placed into the system and their behavior observed. Typical behavior, aspects of which were recorded in video and still images, was as follows. A female A. hanuuanamu enters the tunnels of the bark beetles. She digs through the debris in the tunnels in a search for larvae and pupae. Cryphalus brasiliensis prepupae construct a hard pupal chamber around themselves before they pupate, and upon encountering a larva in the tunnels or the exterior of a pupal chamber with a pupa inside, she adeptly turns around in the tunnel to sting it, either inserting her ovipositor directly into the larva or by laboriously pushing it through the hard shell of the pupal chamber. When finished stinging, she withdraws her ovipositor slowly and carefully, often extracting tissue from the beetle immature as a sheath around her ovipositor. This structure remains projecting from the larva or pupa, and then the wasp turns around and host feeds through this structure, in the case of a pupa at a substantial distance through the wall of the pupal chamber. Oviposition occurs on larval stages and pupal stages. The egg hatches and the larva develops as an ectoparasitoid on the beetle. When finished feeding, it detaches and pupates in the tunnel. Mating behavior is also described. In addition to C. brasiliensis in F. microcarpa, A. hanuuanamu was also observed attacking Cryphalus mangiferae in mango (Mangifera indica) branches. Acerocephala ihulenasp. nov. was also found on O‘ahu parasitizing Eidophelus pacificus in hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus) branches, and is described. The genus Acerocephala is revised given the perspective resulting from these two new species and aspects of functional morphology observed in the behavioral studies, Acerocephala indicacomb. nov. is transferred to the genus, and a key to the genus is provided.

High-resolution three-dimensional imaging of topological textures in nanoscale single-diamond networks.

Topological defects-extended lattice deformations that are robust against local defects and annealing-have been exploited to engineer novel properties in both hard and soft materials. Yet, their formation kinetics and nanoscale three-dimensional structure are poorly understood, impeding their benefits for nanofabrication. We describe the fabrication of a pair of topological defects in the volume of a single-diamond network (space group Fd m) templated into gold from a triblock terpolymer crystal. Using X-ray nanotomography, we resolve the three-dimensional structure of nearly 70,000 individual single-diamond unit cells with a spatial resolution of 11.2 nm, allowing analysis of the long-range order of the network. The defects observed morphologically resemble the comet and trefoil patterns of equal and opposite half-integer topological charges observed in liquid crystals. Yet our analysis of strain in the network suggests typical hard matter behaviour. Our analysis approach does not require a priori knowledge of the expected positions of the nodes in three-dimensional nanostructured systems, allowing the identification of distorted morphologies and defects in large samples.

Single-file movement of pedestrians at different visibility levels

Previous studies indicate that the movement of pedestrians under poor visibility conditions is significantly different from that under good visibility conditions. To investigate the influence of visibility factor on the longitudinal movement of pedestrian, series of single-file experiments were performed under the quantitative control of visibility level. Based on the extracted trajectories, typical evacuation behavior and movement characteristics of pedestrians under different visibility conditions are explored. It is found that the lateral swing amplitude of pedestrians during movement is within 20 cm under low densities while it is close to 30 cm at high densities. The free velocity under the light transmission of 100 %, 2.2 %, 0.5 % and 0.1 % is 0.856 m/s, 0.823 m/s, 0.741 m/s and 0.712 m/s respectively. Individuals cannot accurately perceive the surrounding situations with the worsening of visual condition, therefore the movement speed decreases under the poor visibilities. Besides, two regimes including the constrained regime and free regime are identified in the headway-velocity relation at different visibility levels. The maximum specific flow under the light transmission of 100 %, 2.2 %, 0.5 % and 0.1 % is 0.70 s−1, 0.67 s−1, 0.62 s−1 and 0.55 s−1 respectively. The study is helpful to reveal the pedestrian dynamics of single-file movement under the limited visibility conditions.

Kinetic Simulation of Turbulent Multifluid Flows

Despite its visual appeal, the simulation of separated multiphase flows (i.e., streams of fluids separated by interfaces) faces numerous challenges in accurately reproducing complex behaviors such as guggling, wetting, or bubbling. These difficulties are especially pronounced for high Reynolds numbers and large density variations between fluids, most likely explaining why they have received comparatively little attention in Computer Graphics compared to single- or two-phase flows. In this paper, we present a full LBM solver for multifluid simulation. We derive a conservative phase field model with which the spatial presence of each fluid or phase is encoded to allow for the simulation of miscible, immiscible and even partially-miscible fluids, while the temporal evolution of the phases is performed using a D3Q7 lattice-Boltzmann discretization. The velocity field, handled through the recent high-order moment-encoded LBM (HOME-LBM) framework to minimize its memory footprint, is simulated via a velocity-based distribution stored on a D3Q27 or D3Q19 discretization to offer accuracy and stability to large density ratios even in turbulent scenarios, while coupling with the phases through pressure, viscosity, and interfacial forces is achieved by leveraging the diffuse encoding of interfaces. The resulting solver addresses a number of limitations of kinetic methods in both computational fluid dynamics and computer graphics: it offers a fast, accurate, and low-memory fluid solver enabling efficient turbulent multiphase simulations free of the typical oscillatory pressure behavior near boundaries. We present several numerical benchmarks, examples and comparisons of multiphase flows to demonstrate our solver's visual complexity, accuracy, and realism.

Understanding Adolescent Behaviour: A Comprehensive Analysis

My Main Topic of Research is “Study of Impact of Mobile Phone Addiction Among Adolescents”. I want to make a research that provides an overview of my field of study, an attempt to understand what is adolescence, a typical adolescent behaviour, behavioural changes in adolescents and to identify causes that might contribute to support my main research.

A bilateral semi-resolved CFD-DEM approach for cost-effective modelling in a rotary drum

It is of significance to numerically describe particle-flow interphase flow details at a feasible computational cost. Inspired by the semi-resolved Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM), an improved bilateral semi-resolved CFD-DEM approach (BSM) approach is developed in this work. Compared with the conventional divided particle volume method (DPVM) and recent semi-resolved CFD-DEM (SM) approach, the BSM approach allows a higher-resolution mesh and achieves higher accuracy as well as applicability when simulating the transient flow with sharp gradients of solid volume fraction and velocity etc. Then the BSM approach is applied to a rotary drum to demonstrate the effectiveness by investigating the internal hydrodynamics details. The typical flow behaviours are detailed; then the effects of the restitution and friction on the internal flow are analysed with details to demonstrate its effectiveness in terms of repose angle, active–passive zone, solid residence time, particle mixing and axial dispersion. The results show a positive correlation of the active depth, mixing degree, and particle dispersion with the friction, while restitution increasing depicts no significant effects on this particulate flow. This work provides an improved numerical tool for understanding the multiphase transient flows involving sharp gradients.

Intelligent Surveillance of Airport Apron: Detection and Location of Abnormal Behavior in Typical Non-Cooperative Human Objects

Most airport surface surveillance systems focus on monitoring and commanding cooperative objects (vehicles) while neglecting the location and detection of non-cooperative objects (humans). Abnormal behavior by non-cooperative objects poses a potential threat to airport security. This study collects surveillance video data from civil aviation airports in several regions of China, and a non-cooperative abnormal behavior localization and detection framework (NC-ABLD) is established. As the focus of this paper, the proposed framework seamlessly integrates a multi-scale non-cooperative object localization module, a human keypoint detection module, and a behavioral classification module. The framework uses a serial structure, with multiple modules working in concert to achieve precise position, human keypoints, and behavioral classification of non-cooperative objects in the airport field. In addition, since there is no publicly available rich dataset of airport aprons, we propose a dataset called IIAR-30, which consists of 1736 images of airport surfaces and 506 video clips in six frequently occurring behavioral categories. The results of experiments conducted on the IIAR-30 dataset show that the framework performs well compared to mainstream behavior recognition methods and achieves fine-grained localization and refined class detection of typical non-cooperative human abnormal behavior on airport apron surfaces.

Leveraging Habits to Improve Adherence to Gout Medications: A Qualitative Study.

This study investigates patients' medication-taking routines and the feasibility of harnessing habit formation through context cues and rewards to improve medication adherence. Semistructured qualitative interviews with patients with gout from an urban health care system were conducted to explore typical medication-taking behavior, experiences using electronic pill bottles, barriers to adherence, existing context cues, and potential cues and rewards for habit-forming behavior. Medication-taking patterns were recorded for six weeks using electronic pill bottles before interviews to inform discussion. Transcribed interviews were analyzed to generate themes using codes developed by the study team, with representative quotations selected as illustrations. We conducted interviews with 15 individuals (mean age 60.6 [SD 20.3] years, three women [20%], and nine White patients [60%]). Pill bottle-recorded adherence to urate-lowering therapy (ULT) was high (mean 0.91[SD 0.10]), and one patient was experiencing an active gout flare. Five key themes emerged: (1) reasons for nonadherence, (2) internal and external motivations for adherence, (3) structured routines around taking medications, (4) rewards for good medication adherence, and (5) the role of pill cap technology in medication-taking. The importance of a predictable, structured routine in which participants could incorporate their medication-taking behavior emerged as a key factor that promoted consistent adherence. Further, identifying context cues and reminders seemed to promote incorporation of medication-taking into routines. Therefore, habit-based interventions that use context cues to establish routines around medication-taking may be a feasible strategy to improve adherence in patients with chronic conditions such as gout.

Recyclable Covalent Adaptable Polystyrene Networks Using Boronates and TetraAzaADamantanes.

With an ever-increasing annual production of polymers and the accumulation of polymer waste leading to progressively adverse environmental consequences, it has become important that all polymers can be efficiently recycled at the end of their life cycle. Especially thermosets are intrinsically difficult to recycle because of their permanent covalent cross-links. A possible solution is to switch from using thermosets to covalent adaptable networks, sparking the rapid development of novel dynamic covalent chemistries and derived polymer materials. Next to development of these innovative polymer materials, there is also an evident advantage of merging the virtues of covalent adaptable networks with the proven material properties of widely used commodity plastics, by introducing dynamic covalent bonds in these original thermoplastic materials to obtain recyclable thermosets. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a polystyrene polymer, functionalized with TetraAzaADamantanes and cross-linked with dynamic covalent boronic esters. The material properties were characterized for different degrees of cross-linking. The materials showed good solvent resistance with a high remaining insoluble fraction. In line with the typical behavior of traditional covalent adaptable networks, the prepared polystyrene-based boronate-TetraAzaADamantane materials were able to undergo stress relaxation. The material relaxation was also shown to be tunable by mixing with an acid catalyst. Lastly, the materials could be recycled at least 2 times.

Synthesis and characterization of lead-doped copper ferrite nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles of lead-doped copper ferrite, PbxCu1−xFe2O4, where x = 0.0, 0.1, and 0.2, were synthesized by the combustion method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine crystallographic phases and crystallite sizes. The results showed the presence of trigonal and tetragonal phases for x = 0, with crystallite sizes of 37 nm and 72 nm, respectively, and for x = 0.2, with crystallite sizes of 23 nm and 21 nm, respectively. For x = 0.1, only the trigonal phase was observed, with a crystallite size of 27 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed cubic, hexagonal, and rod-shaped structures for all values of x, indicating a polycrystalline material with various spatial orientations. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) identified the chemical elements present in the samples and Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed the formation of spinel-type ferrite. Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) displayed typical ferrimagnetic behavior and the Jahn-Teller effect was observed in all samples.

Encapsulated Atomic Hydrogen in Octamethyl-POSS Cages: A Pulsed EPR Study.

Encapsulated atomic hydrogen in polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cages is a promising candidate for spin-based quantum technologies. Key parameters such as spin relaxation times and magnetic interactions with surrounding electron and nuclear spins can be typically probed with advanced electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods. Here we present a detailed pulsed EPR study of the species H@Si8O12R8 with R=CH3, namely encapsulated atomic hydrogen in the octamethyl POSS derivative. The temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/ is analyzed in terms of a Raman process with a Debye temperature of K and a thermally activated process with (552 cm-1), whereas, the phase memory time shows the typical shortening behaviour at K observed for all methyl-containing derivatives. The hyperfine coupling of the cage Si nuclei is measured by hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) spectroscopy and is found to fulfil the so-called "matching condition" at the low-field EPR transition. The potential of this paramagnetic molecule to perform one-qubit quantum operations is probed by room-temperature Rabi oscillations.

Simulation of neural functions based on organic semiconductor/MXene synaptic transistors

Artificial synaptic devices, which are the basic units of neuromorphic computing systems, can perform signal processing with low power consumption. Organic synaptic transistors have attracted significant attention owing to their lightweight and good compatibility with flexible substrates. As per the current state of research both domestically and internationally, the majority of the existing organic synaptic transistors are based on floating gate structures, electret configurations, ferroelectric types. Furthermore, additional capture layers are required for the preparation of these devices. Two-dimensional MXenes have great potential in the preparation of synaptic transistors owing to their efficient multiple energy storage capabilities, excellent metallic conductivity, abundant surface functional groups, hydrophilicity, and layered structure. Therefore, high-performance synaptic transistors based on the two-dimensional material MXene were developed in this study. These transistors not only exhibited excellent memory performance with a memory window above 20 V, but also successfully simulated typical synaptic behaviors, including excitatory postsynaptic current/inhibitory postsynaptic current (EPSC/IPSC), paired-pulse facilitation/paired-pulse depression (PPF/PPD), and long-term plasticity (LTP). Synaptic transistors based on MXenes represent a promising approach for the preparation of high-performance organic synaptic transistors.

Independent Control of the Width and Length of Semiconducting 2D Nanorectangles via Accelerated Living Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly.

Self-assembly of conjugated polymers offers a powerful method to prepare semiconducting two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets for optoelectronic applications. However, due to the typical biaxial growth behavior of the polymer self-assembly, independent control of the width and length of 2D sheets has been challenging. Herein, we present a greatly accelerated crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) system of polyacetylene-based conjugated polymer to produce 2D semiconducting nanorectangles with precisely controllable dimensions. In detail, rectangular 2D seeds with tunable widths of 0.2-1.3 μm were produced by changing the cosolvent% and grown in the length direction by uniaxial living CDSA up to 11.8 μm. The growth rate was effectively enhanced by tuning the cosolvent%, seed concentration, and temperature, achieving up to 27-fold increase. Additionally, systematic kinetic investigation yielded empirical rate equations, elucidating the relationship between growth rate constant, cosolvent%, seed concentration, and seed width. Finally, the living CDSA allowed us to prepare penta-block comicelles with tunable width, length, and height.

Sustainable water sterilization by nano-ZnO using anisotropic polysaccharide columns derived from agro-waste stalk

The escalating demand for clean water and proliferation of microbial contamination in water have challenged ecosystems and human health safety. ZnO NPs are widely used as environmental restoration agents, but their efficacy in water decontamination is hindered by low biological toxicity. In order to enhance its sterilization efficiency, we propose a top-down strategy utilizing the unique maze structure of corn stalk pith (CSP) as a germ trapper for ZnO. The in-situ delignified CSP offers abundant active sites for the adsorption of Zn2+, exhibiting the typical behaviors of monolayer, physisorption, endothermicity, spontaneity, and randomness. This adsorption behavior exerts an influence on microscopic morphology of the composite column, consequently resulting in alterations to antibacterial properties. The results show that the hybrid column fabricated under the Zn2+ initial dosage of 1.00 mol/L at 30 h for 40 °C, possesses such optimal features as stacked grain-shaped ZnO NPs of 669.3 mg/g loading amount with adhesion coefficients of 0.73 ∼ 0.86 for bacterial microparticles. Consequently, the assembled bio-filter can eliminate E. coli and S. aureus as high as 99.7 % and 96.5 % respectively, attributed to CSPP labyrinth structure to enhance pathogen capture from water and facilitate ZnO-mediated inactivation. The collective findings emphasize the viability of agro-waste stalks as bio-filters for water purification.

Mealworm Larvae Frass Exhibits a Plant Biostimulant Effect on Lettuce, Boosting Productivity beyond Just Nutrient Release or Improved Soil Properties

There is a need for alternatives or complements to synthetic fertilizers to enhance agricultural sustainability. Applying organic amendments can play a significant role in this. Insect droppings show high potential, though studies evaluating their agronomic value have only recently begun to emerge. This study compared black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) and mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) larvae frass with another organic amendment (Nutrimais) derived from composting forestry, agro-industrial, and domestic waste. The experiment also included ammonium nitrate at two rates [the same as the organic amendments, 50 kg ha–1 nitrogen (N) (FullR), and half that rate (HalfR)] and an unfertilized control. The study spanned two growth cycles of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in pots, followed by unfertilized oats (Avena sativa L.) to assess the residual effects of the fertilizing treatments. Mealworm larvae frass mineralized rapidly, with an apparent N recovery of 37.4% over the two lettuce growth cycles, indicating its high availability to soil heterotrophic microorganisms. The average dry matter yield (DMY) of lettuce was the highest among all treatments (12.8 and 9.8 g plant–1 in the first and second lettuce cycles), even compared to the FullR treatment (12.2 and 7.8 g plant–1), though without significant differences. Although mealworm larvae frass exhibited a high mineralization rate, the DMY cannot be attributed solely to N supply, as plants in the FullR treatment showed better N nutritional status. Mealworm larvae frass provided strong evidence of a plant biostimulant effect, not explained by the variables measured in this study. Black soldier fly larvae frass exhibited typical behavior of a moderately reactive organic amendment, while Nutrimais showed low reactivity, with a near-neutral mineralization/immobilization balance. The results suggest mealworm larvae frass is recommended for early maturing vegetable crops, whereas Nutrimais appears more suitable for perennial crops with low short-term nutrient requirements.

Inducing and Understanding Pseudocapacitive Behavior in an Electrophoretically Deposited Lithium Iron Phosphate Li-Metal Battery as an Electrochemical Test Platform.

Our study has effectively employed electrophoretic deposition (EPD) using AC voltage to develop a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) Li-ion battery featuring pseudocapacitive properties and improved high C-rate performance. This method has significantly improved the battery's specific capacity, achieving an impressive 100 mAhg-1 at a 5 C discharge rate, which showcases its superior high-rate capability. Additionally, the battery displayed excellent reversibility during its performance cycles. These results confirm the EPD method's efficacy in improving LFP electrode performance, yielding notable improvements in cycling stability and high-rate capability. The enhanced capacity and high-rate performance of the electrophoretic-deposited LFP electrodes are largely due to the fast kinetics facilitated by pseudocapacitive behavior-induced charge storage and a high Li-ion diffusion constant measured in our EPD-deposited LFP electrodes. This underscores the practicality of our approach and the development of a fundamental test platform to investigate the pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanism in electrodes with typical battery-like behavior.

Rheological behaviors of Na-montmorillonite considering particle interactions: A molecular dynamics study

Understanding the rheology of bentonite suspensions is crucial for ensuring the safety of engineering practices. However, the rheological mechanisms of bentonite remain unclear due to the limitations of conventional experimental techniques, particularly in assessing the microscopic interactions between clay particles and their impact on rheological properties. In this paper, the rheological behaviors of Na-montmorillonite were studied with a focus on interparticle interactions. Both equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) and non-equilibrium MD simulations were conducted to understand the physical properties of Na-montmorillonite under zero shear and various shear rates, respectively. The interaction between two parallel clay particles was determined in simulations, indicating that the classical Darjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory underestimates the interactions for a small separation distance. Na-montmorillonite exhibits a typical shear thinning behavior under shearing. However, as water content increases, it begins to behave more like liquid water. The yield stress of montmorillonite, as determined by the Bingham model, was found to be linearly related to the interaction pressures between clay particles. Besides MD simulations, the microstructure of clay suspension was further quantified using the separation distance and incline angle between non-parallel clay particles. Based on MD results and the quantified clay structure, a model was developed to estimate the yield stress of montmorillonite considering various influence factors, including electrolyte concentration, temperature, and solid fraction. Finally, from a comparison with calculated and experimental data, the results confirm the good performance of the proposed model. These findings provide significant insights for understanding the rheological soil behaviors and evaluating the yield stress of bentonite suspensions.

Solar Flare Ribbon Fronts. II. Evolution of Heating Rates in Individual Flare Footpoints

Solar flare ribbon fronts appear ahead of the bright structures that normally characterize solar flares, and can persist for an extended period of time in spatially localized patches before transitioning to “regular” bright ribbons. They likely represent the initial onset of flare energy deposition into the chromosphere. Chromospheric spectra (e.g., He i 10830 Å and the Mg ii near-UV lines) from ribbon fronts exhibit properties rather different to typical flare behavior. In prior numerical modeling efforts we were unable to reproduce the long lifetime of ribbon fronts. Here we present a series of numerical experiments that are rather simple but which have important implications. We inject a very low flux of nonthermal electrons (F = 5 × 108 erg s−1 cm−2) into the chromosphere for 100 s before ramping up to standard flare energy fluxes (F = 1010−11 erg s−1 cm−2). Synthetic spectra not only sustained their ribbon-front-like properties for significantly longer: in the case of harder nonthermal electron spectra, the ribbon front behavior persisted for the entirety of this weak-heating phase. Lengthening or shortening the duration of the weak-heating phase commensurately lengthened or shortened the ribbon front lifetimes. Ribbon fronts transitioned to regular bright ribbons when the upper chromosphere became sufficiently hot and dense, which happened faster for softer nonthermal electron spectra. Thus, the lifetime of flare ribbon fronts are a direct measure of the duration over which a relatively low flux of high-energy electrons precipitates to the chromosphere prior to the bombardment of a much larger energy flux.

Generic low-atmosphere signatures of swirled-anemone jets

Context. Solar jets are collimated plasma flows moving along magnetic field lines and are accelerated at low altitude following magnetic reconnection. Several of them originate from anemone-shaped low-lying arcades, and the most impulsive ones tend to be relatively wider and display untwisting motions. Aims. We aim to establish typical behaviours and observational signatures in the low atmosphere that can occur in response to the coronal development of such impulsive jets. Methods. We analysed an observed solar jet associated with a circular flare ribbon using high-resolution observations from SST coordinated with IRIS and SDO. We related specifically identified features with those developing in a generic 3D line-tied numerical simulation of reconnection-driven jets performed with the ARMS code. Results. We identified three features in the SST observations: the formation of a hook along the circular ribbon, the gradual widening of the jet through the apparent displacement of its kinked edge towards (and not away) from the presumed reconnection site, and the falling back of some of the jet plasma towards a footpoint offset from that of the jet itself. The 3D numerical simulation naturally accounts for these features, which were not imposed a priori. Our analyses allowed us to interpret them in the context of the 3D geometry of the asymmetric swirled-anemone loops and their sequences of reconnection with ambient coronal loops. Conclusions. Given the relatively simple conditions in which the observed jet occurred, together with the generic nature of the simulation that comprised minimum assumptions, we predict that the specific features that we identified and interpreted are probably typical of every impulsive jet.

Mkrtich Sargsyan’s Fairytale-Novel “Brave Nazar”

The re-evaluation and new interpretations of the characters of positive and negative heroes in folklore are not new in the Armenian and world literature. Armenian greatest writers Hovhannes Tumanyan, Avetik Isahakyan, Derenik Demirchyan, Stepan Zoryan, Hamastegh and others have touched on the character of Brave Nazar. As a talented novelist, Mkrtich Sargsyan was deeply aware of the responsibility he undertook by writing an extensive work, a fairy tale-novel, which has been highly appreciated in the literary world. Mkrtich Sargsyan created many toponyms corresponding to the places of residence and the behavior of the heroes: Sarsaghstan, Talanstan, as well as proper names: Pespes, Dghird, whore Pepush, folklore singer Aigun, Azatuni, Varduni, Khrokhtuni, playwrights Chkunyan, Tsakhkuni, actor Nmanakyan playing the role of Nazar. Nazar is not a one-faced character: on the one hand he is a coward, lazy, boastful peasant who gradually becomes a king, adopting typical behavior of a cruel, bloodthirsty ruler, sometimes as an intelligent king though. The characters of women in Nazar’s life are interesting: the virtuous, intelligent, beautiful woman Nazan, who transforms in the palace, and the whore Pepush, who eventually seduces Nazar. Sargsyan’s interpretations of the philosophy of fear are also interesting. There are almost no secondary characters in the fairy-tale novel, all of them have their justified roles in Nazar’s life. Pespes and Dghird are also among them. Nazar’s armor and flag are also notable. Mkrtich Sargsyan’s work is also rich in brilliant use of language imagery and expressive means.