Types Of Balloons Research Articles

Chapter 5 Vascular lesion formation

Interactions among cells of the blood vessel wall, blood cells, and materials probably contribute to certain reactive processes that limit the long-term success of a number of contemporary cardiovascular therapeutic interventions. For example, such interactions contribute to anastomotic hyperplasia following insertion of small caliber vascular prostheses and hyperplasia following insertion of intravascular stents. Blood-tissue interactions also probably contribute to restenosis following balloon or other types of angioplasty, saphenous vein bypass grafting, and the accelerated arteriosclerosis that complicates solid organ transplantation. Despite the diverse nature of the inciting interventions, common pathobiological mechanism may contribute to these tissue reactions. Signals arising from interactions between biomaterials and soluble or formed blood elements can modulate the functions of the cells that comprise the blood vessel wall. In many instances, altered endothelial function may play a primary or contributory role in vascular lesion formation. Migration and inappropriate proliferation of smooth muscle cells also commonly occur during reactions of blood vessels to interventional therapies. Increased accumulation of extracellular matrix materials and, sometimes, remodeling of this matrix often accompany smooth muscle migration and proliferation and participate in the formation of these vascular lesions. Such altered functions of vascular walls and their interactions with blood elements, including the coagulation system, platelets, and leukocytes, contribute to both initiation and progression of vascular lesions produced by cardiovascular interventions. Late in the natural history of these lesions, complications may arise that can yield significant clinical manifestations. Such complications include fissuring, rupture, ulceration, thrombosis and embolism, calcification of lesions and prosthetic devices, microvascular hemorrhage, and aneurysmal dilatation of vessels. These late complications often involve altered vascular cell functions related to interaction with soluble or formed elements of the blood and, when present, implanted biomaterials.

Indications, technique, and complications of balloon tamponade for variceal gastrointestinal bleeding.

Timely treatment of bleeding esophageal varices with balloon tamponade effectively achieves initial hemostatis. However, therapeutic endoscopy and sclerotherapy in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is associated with better short- and long-term follow-up. We describe the technique of esophagogastric balloon insertion, as well as principles of monitoring and maintenance. The different types of balloons for tamponade are described, as well as potential complications.

The Balloon as Metaphor in the Early Work of Odilon Redon

In Odilon Redon's early work, balloons function as visual metaphors for the human need to transcend earthly existence as part of a spiritual quest, as posited by esoteric mysticism. This article argues that the artist was aware of the major developments in aerostation, which were closely linked with French national history, for the different balloon types are reflected in his drawings and prints; and that he may have drawn on firsthand knowledge of balloons for two early images, analyzed here in detail. Rather than use traditional religious or mythological imagery, Redon turned to the hot-air balloon because it was a particularly topical and modern image in the 1870s.

Terapêutica endovascular em aneurismas cerebrais gigantes.

The endovascular therapy in cerebral aneurysms has met significant technical progress, specially related with new microcatheters and different types of detachable balloons. Reviewing seven cases of giant cerebral aneurysms treated by intra arterial approach, the authors present their results pointing out and discussing the different angiosurgical therapy that can actually be used.

Catheter balloon valvuloplasty of aortic and mitral stenosis in adults: 1987.

CBV for adults with aortic and mitral stenosis is investigational at the present time and should usually be performed within the guidelines of clinical investigation. The technology is an evolving one with regard to types of catheters and balloons, methods of catheter insertion and placement, and patients and valves that are suitable for and will respond well to CBV. The initial results range from disappointing to excellent and must be kept in perspective. The procedure is clearly a palliative one; ideal results are not being achieved at present. Some of the complications are very serious. Nevertheless, CBV is a most promising catheter interventional technique for patients with valvular heart disease. Proper selection of patients and complete reporting of results is important.

Fatal necrotizing fasciitis complicating percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

of pneumatic dilation. In the 34 cases of achalasia managed by EPD, including the three cases reported here, no esophageal perforations have occurred. One reason why perforation has been uncommon with EPD is that endoscopic guidance of the dilator allows for visual control of the dilation procedure, preventing blind passage of the dilator through the esophagus. Boyce points out that there are many different techniques of esophageal dilation and that the influence of various balloon types, inflation pressure, and inflation time on the ultimate success of dilation is unclear. Our technique of dilation employs an inflation pressure of 400 mm Hg and an inflation time of 10 min. These parameters are somewhat higher and longer than those employed by other investigators. We do not know how these variables will influence our long-term results. Due to the innovative nature of this technique, we obtained contrast esophagrams immediately after dilation, but we now feel that follow-up contrast studies can be obtained at a later time. We do not expect that EPD will decrease the incidence of pneumatic dilation failure or the frequency of post pneumatic dilation reflux esophagitis, based on the results in two of our cases. However, this technique may decrease the incidence of esophageal perforation, particularly in the redundant esophagus, as compared with conventional pneumatic dilation.

Higher balloon dilatation pressure in coronary angioplasty

The advent of improved balloon catheters for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 1981 extended the theoretic pressure range available for dilatation from 7 atm to 13 atm. The impact of higher dilatation pressure on results of PTCA was studied. The last 100 consecutive patients treated exclusively with the old balloon type (low-pressure group) were compared to the first 100 consecutive patients treated exclusively with the new balloon type (high-pressure group). There was no difference in age, sex, artery distribution, initial degree of stenosis, and initial pressure gradient between the two groups. The mean peak pressure applied was 7.0 ± 1.6 atm in the low-pressure group and 8.5 ± 2.1 atm in the high-pressure group ( p < 0.001). The average balloon diameter used and the number and duration of balloon fillings were similar in both groups. Primary success, complications, and residual degree of stenosis were not different in the two groups. The residual pressure gradient, however, was significantly lower in the high-pressure group (11 ± 7 mm Hg) than in the low-pressure group (16 ± 10 mm Hg) ( p < 0.01). This indicates a better immediate hemodynamic result without increased risk. It is concluded that it is safe to perform PTCA with the new balloon types allowing for higher pressures. The increment in average pressure used for dilatation, which occurred incidentally, improved the average hemodynamic outcome. This may influence recurrence rate and deserves further investigation by randomized trials.

Cerebral Endovascular Balloon Catheter Technique (Part I)

The authors developed a balloon catheter system for cerebral endovascular navigation. The balloon is made from medical-grade silicone. Its outer diameter is 0.85 mm and its length is from 2.5 to 7.5 mm. It has a metal marker, either a silver pellet or a small stainless steel ball, to verify the position of the balloon under fluoroscopic control. There are two types of balloons—detachable and non-detachable. The catheter is made from polyamide with an outer diameter of 0.63 mm and of length from 40 to 50 cm. The introducer system consists of three parts; an introducer sheath of 15 gauge (inner diameter) Teflon tube, a stop cock and an introducer. The introducer is Y shaped, and has a blood reflux blocker and a side port for irrigation. To insert the introducer sheath into an arterial lumen percutaneously, a tip-bent 16 gauge Teflon needle is used coaxially. Release of the detachable balloon is effected by pulling off the catheter. Polymerizing silicone which contains fine silver powder for fluoroscopic recognition of the position and size of the balloon is used to fill the detachable balloon to prevent its deflation after detachment.

Synopsis of troposphere and lower stratosphere

The use of different types of balloons for the investigation of the troposphere and lower stratosphere is reviewed with a special emphasis on the application for the next 10 years. The instrumentation currently flown aboard balloons or under development is described. Some possible scientific objectives of such balloon experiments are presented. The specific applications of the different types of balloons available within the next few years for scientific flights are discussed.

Improved cardiac assistance with an aortic arch balloon.

The haemodynamic effects of intra-aortic counterpulsation with normally used cylindrical and newly designed aortic arch balloons on the coronary blood flow and the performance of the normal dog heart were compared. Both balloon types resulted in a decrease of left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressure, systolic arterial and end-diastolic arterial pressure. The amplitude of diastolic augmentation was significantly larger with the aortic arch balloon. The carotid artery flow increased significantly more with the aortic arch balloon (36%) than with the cylindrical balloon. Pulsation in the aortic arch effected a significant decrease in left ventricular impedance (33%), which was inversely correlated with a marked increment of the stroke volume (36%). In addition, mean coronary blood flow increased during aortic arch balloon pulsation (37%). From these data, it is concluded that optimal intra-aortic balloon pulsation should be performed with large balloons close to the aortic valve. The newly designed aortic arch balloon fulfils this condition.

Dynamics of balloons in intraaortic counterpulsation.

DYNAMICS OF BALLOONS IN INTRAAORTIC COUNTERPULSATIONW. BLEIFELD, M.D., K. MEYER-HARTWIG, ING. GRAD., W. IRNICH, DR. ING., W. D. BUSSMANN, M.D. and J. MEYER, M.D.Audio Available | Share

All zone meteorological balloons

Current standard meteorological balloon types do not meet Army world-wide tactical requirements for a high-altitude (100,000 ft) balloon in that they perform inadequately at the extreme climatic conditions that exist in both arctic and tropic regions at night. Investigative studies have led to the development of experimental balloon models that have penetrated the very cold tropical stratosphere with a high degree of success. Performance in the arctic night, although somewhat improved, still lacks the consistent reliability required for field use. The balloon developed is similar in physical dimensions and appearance to the balloon used by Army, USAF, and Weather Bureau rawinsonde stations in temperate latitudes.

Comparison of Some Balloon Techniques

Abstract Studies by various investigators have shown that rising spherical balloons exhibit self-induced lateral motions which can introduce errors when the balloons are used for wind soundings. Balloons operating in the subcritical Reynolds number regime tend to move in a regular, spiral or zigzag path, and then even if the lateral motions are appreciable, the balloon path can rather accurately represent the horizontal wind averaged vertically over a thickness of 15 or more baboon diameters. Typical expandable neoprene balloons smaller than 1-m diameter at launch are within the subcritical regime at all altitudes and so would be expected to be good for soundings all the way from the ground up. Experimental data are presented for several sizes of 100 gm neoprene balloons, and the data are in agreement with this expectation. Reynolds number effects, rise rates, and peak altitudes are considered for several balloon types. Neoprene balloons feature high peak altitudes and relatively fast ascent at the higher...

Superpressure Balloons for Weather Research

Abstract A system of fabricating and flying several types of superpressure balloons has been developed. This system includes balloons which are launched from the ground and from a light aircraft. These balloons have been used for a study of airflow over mountains but are equally well suited for many other meteorological experiments. A description of the essential techniques of using these and other small 5uperpmuure balloons is presented.

Streamline Neoprene Balloons

The theory of the motion of streamline neoprene balloons is developed in a manner analogous to that of spherical balloons. Ideally, expansible streamline balloons will accelerate continuously to burst if they do not reach the critical Reynolds number. In the case of the balloons investigated, this is reached somewhere near 50,000 ft, with a sharp drop in ascent rate occurring. The ascent rate up to this altitude falls short of the theoretically computed rate because of balloon deformation and deviation from ideal shape. Comparison is made between two types of balloons. The most recent one, fabricated by a new method known as the gel-adhered process, is lighter in weight and simpler to inflate and handle than the older type which is assembled by a cementing process. The two types provide approximately equivalent performance when inflated with the same volume of gas. In practice, a smaller volume of gas is used to inflate the newer type, with an accompanying increase in bursting altitude and decrease in ascent rate.