Types Of Aquatic Organisms Research Articles

Theoretical insight into the removal process of isoquinoline by UV/Cl and UV/PDS: Oxidation mechanism and toxicity assessment

Isoquinoline (IQL), as a typical nitrogen-containing heterocyclic contaminant in coking wastewater, poses a serious threat to the aquatic environment and human health. Due to its chemical stability, traditional sewage treatment technology is not highly efficient in IQL removal. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) driven by ultraviolet radiation could be an effective treatment method, but it could generate toxic byproducts. In this work, the removal of IQL initiated by HO•, ClO•, Cl•, and SO4•- in UV/chlorine and UV/persulfate (PDS) process was comprehensively investigated, clarifying the degradation mechanism, reaction kinetics, and ecological toxicity. The findings indicate that the dominant oxidation mechanism of IQL by HO•, ClO•, and Cl• is radical adduct formation (RAF), while single electron transfer (SET) is the main reaction pathway of SO4•- with IQL. At 298 K and 1 atm, the order of rate constants for the reactions of IQL with active radicals is Cl• (6.23 × 1010 M-1 s-1) > SO4•- (8.81 × 109 M-1 s-1) > HO• (1.66 × 109 M-1 s-1) > ClO• (1.62 × 108 M-1 s-1). The acute and chronic toxicity of IQL and its degradation byproducts at three different trophic levels were evaluated using ECOSAR program. The byproducts produced by the oxidative degradation of IQL by HO• and SO4•- are mostly “not harmful”, and their toxicity shows a decreasing trend compared to that of IQL. The byproducts derived from the reaction of IQL with Cl• are all “toxic” or “harmful”, and the ranking of harm to three types of aquatic organisms is green algae > fish > daphnia. Hence, UV/PDS process could be more secure in pollutant disposal in wastewater. In actual water treatment process, merit attention should be paid to the potential hazards of the byproducts generated by various contaminants.

Residual analysis of QoI fungicides in multiple (six) types of aquatic organisms by UPLC-MS/MS under acutely toxic conditions.

In view of the significance of food safety and the possible relationship between residual enrichment and acute toxicity for pesticides in different aquatic organisms, it is essential to establish a sensitive and reliable determination method for pesticides in different aquatic organisms to analyze the enrichment levels. Quinone outside inhibitor fungicides (QoIs) are lipophilic fungicides that pose environmental threats to aquatic organisms. Previous research has mainly focused on QoI residues in aquatic organisms under chronic toxicity, whereas less is known about how pesticide residues differ among aquatic organism under acutely toxic conditions. In the present study, the residues of QoIs in aquatic organisms (Danio rerio, Rana pipiens, Cherax quadricarinatus, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Corbicula fluminea, and Ampullaria gigas) were analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) coupled with a proposed QuEChERS method. The proposed method was validated in terms of linearity (coefficients of determination of 0.9980-0.9999), the limits of quantification (0.01μg·kg-1), the relative standard deviation (0.6-4.4%), and recovery (70.12-118.15%). The results demonstrated that the proposed method fulfilled the requirements for pesticide analysis in all tested aquatic organisms. The residues of QoIs in the same aquatic organism exposed to QoI concentrations of 5 and 500μg L-1 decreased in the order pyraoxystrobin > pyraclostrobin > triclopyricarb > picoxystrobin > azoxystrobin > fluoxastrobin. Furthermore, the acute toxicity was strongly correlated with the enrichment level of the QoIs in aquatic organisms. This study provides the first documentation of a correlation between the enrichment level of QoIs and acute toxicity in aquatic organisms, which provides a basis for the management of agrochemicals considering aquatic ecological risks.

Object based classification of benthic habitat using Sentinel 2 imagery by applying with support vector machine and random forest algorithms in shallow waters of Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia

Abstract. Hartoni, Siregar VP, Wouthuyzen S, Agus SB. 2021. Object based classification of benthic habitat using Sentinel 2 imagery by applying with support vector machine and random forest algorithms in shallow waters of Kepulauan Seribu. Biodiversitas 23: 514-520. Benthic habitats have very high complexity and are home to many types of aquatic organisms. Benthic habitats have various functions, including habitat for flora and fauna, sediment traps, nursery areas, and foraging areas for aquatic fauna that are susceptible to damage due to human activities or natural factors. Therefore, more accurate spatial information is needed. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of object-based classification techniques for mapping shallow waters benthic habitats using Sentinel 2A imagery. The two classification algorithms used are support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF). The input image layer (IIL) used for classification is the natural color band (Band 432). The results showed that the SVM and RF classification algorithms could classify eight classes of benthic habitats. The overall accuracy (OA) of the SVM algorithm is 65%, while the RF accuracy is 67%, with kappa values of 0.59 and 0.60, respectively. The significant test applied to Sentinel 2 images with SVM and RF algorithms for benthic habitats has a Z test value of-0.41. These results indicate that the classification results between the SVM and RF algorithms are not significantly different.

Lipid profile of the black sea shrimp Palaemon adspersus Rathke, 1837

The collection of material was carried out in May in the Hadzhibey Lyman of Odessa region. Prawn catching was carried out by a trap net with a mesh size of 2.8 up to 8 mm. The total number of individuals analyzed was 250 specimens. In the average sample of prawn, the content of total lipids have been determined by the Soxhlet method, the fatty acid composition of lipids has been studied using gas chromatography, and the fractional composition - by a thin layer chromatography on silica gel plates method. All the studies have been performed in 3 replicates. Lipid profile of hepatopancreas of the Black Sea shrimp was represented by the content of total lipids 10±1.8, among them triglycerides - 35.2±5.3%, phospholipids - 16.8±3.6%, free fatty acids - 12.5±2.1%, sterols - 6.5±1.4%, sterol esters 6.5±1.3%, mono- and diglycerides - 1.5-2.7% of total lipids. The nutritive value of lipids was characterized both by a high content of phospholipids, and fatty acids such as oleic one belonging to the ω-9 family (18:1) - 15.7%, and eicosapentaenoic (20:5) - 18.30% and docosahexaenoic (22:6) - 14.70% acids of the ω-3 family. The biological significance coefficient of lipids of the Black Sea grass prawn was 3.3, which was adjusted with the value of this indicator of other aquatic organisms. The ratio of fatty acids ω-6 to ω-3 was 1:19.5 which indicated a high nutritional value of hepatopancreas lipids of this prawn species. The results of the study allow recommending the hepatopancreas lipids of the Black Sea grass shrimp for the enrichment of foods with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the formation of multicomponent products with desired properties, as well as for the drug development.

الکائنات المائیة فی تصاویر المخطوطات الإسلامیة من القرن (7هـ- 13م/12هـ- 18م) دراسة آثاریة فنیة

يتناول البحث الکائنات المائية في تصاوير المخطوطات الإسلامية، حيث يهتم البحث بالتعرف على أنواع الکائنات المائية المختلفة التى ظهرت في التصاوير، ووصفها وصفا دقيقا. وتضم تصاوير المخطوطات الإسلامية العديد من الموضوعات التى اتخذت من البحار والأنهار عنصرا هاما من عناصرها، وتشتمل تصاوير هذا البحث على أسماک مختلفة وحيتان وسرطان البحر، بالإضافة إلى الکائنات البرمائية کالتمساح والسلحفاة، کما ظهرت کائنات مائية خرافية مثل حوريات الماء وإنسان الماء والتنين المائى. ويعد تصوير الکائنات المائية المتنوعة من أهم الموضوعات التى تتضمنها المخطوطات الإسلامية، فيعتبر تصويرها انعکاسا للبيئة المحيطة بالفنان من بحار وأنهار، کما يدل ذلک على عقلية الفنان وخياله الواسع الذى صور أساطير من الخيال عن الأنهار والبحار وماتسکنها من حيوانات مختلفة، ومن هذا المنطلق وقع اختيارى على موضوع الکائنات المائية في تصاوير المخطوطات الإسلامية من القرن (7هـ-13م/12هـ-18م) دراسة آثارية فنية. The study deals with the study of aquatic organisms in the Islamic manuscripts. The research deals with the identification of the different types of aquatic organisms that appeared in the paintings, describing them accurately. The Islamic manuscripts painting include many subjects which taken from the sea and rivers, an important element. This research will include several fishes, whales, lobster and amphibiousness organisms like crocodile, turtle, and form of mermaids, a man of the sea and others are also appeared, the painting of various aquatic organisms is one of the most important topics in the Islamic manuscripts. It is a reflection of the environment surrounding the artist from the seas and rivers, as evidenced by the mentality of the artist and his imagination, that painted the myths of imagination about the rivers and the deep sea and what is live of it with different animals, and a lot of aquatic organisms, From this standpoint i choose the topic of “Aquatic Creations in the painting of Islamic manuscripts”, Century (7H-12A.D/13H-18A.D), Archaeological Artistic study.

Ethoxyquin: a feed additive that poses a risk for aquatic life.

Ethoxyquin (EQ) is an antioxidant that has, to date, been commonly used in feed production. Reports on the detrimental effects of this substance on vertebrates are growing, but effects in aquatic systems have rarely been described. Therefore, the present study was conducted using serial concentrations of EQ ranging from 0.03 to 16.5 mg l-1 to determine effects on 3 types of aquatic organisms. In zebrafish, 5 mg l-1 EQ caused mortality (25%) and a further 62.5% of the embryos showed yolk sac edema as well as deformed bodies or missing eyes. Furthermore, all the investigated EQ concentrations decreased the heart rate of the embryos. The lowest observed effect level was 0.31 mg l-1. In addition to zebrafish, the study also used water fleas Daphnia magna and green algae (Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris). These treatments revealed that daphnids are also sensitive to EQ, exhibiting detrimental effects with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 2.65 mg l-1 after 48 h of exposure. The algae appeared to be at least 2 times less sensitive to EQ than fish embryos or daphnids. The results were used to calculate the risk for aquatic life resulting in a maximum tolerable level of 1 µg l-1 for fish embryos and daphnids, with a safety factor of 300. According to current knowledge, this does not exceed environmental concentrations of this substance. However, this study raises further concern about the (until recently) legal maximum tolerable EQ levels in fish feeding and the rather slow pace at which authorization to use EQ as a feed additive for diverse animals in Europe is being suspended.

Triportheus albus Cope, 1872 in the Blackwater, Clearwater, and Whitewater of the Amazon: A Case of Phenotypic Plasticity?

The Amazon basin includes 1000s of bodies of water, that are sorted according to their color in three types: blackwater, clearwater, and whitewater, which significantly differ in terms of their physicochemical parameters. More than 3,000 species of fish live in the rivers of the Amazon, among them, the sardine, Triportheus albus, which is one of the few species that inhabit all three types of water. The purpose of our study was to analyze if the gene expression of T. albus is determined by the different types of water, that is, if the species presents phenotypic plasticity to live in blackwater, clearwater, and whitewater. Gills of T. albus were collected at well-characterized sites for each type of water. Nine cDNA libraries were constructed, three biological replicates of each condition and the RNA was sequenced (RNA-Seq) on the MiSeq® Platform (Illumina®). A total of 51.6 million of paired-end reads, and 285,456 transcripts were assembled. Considering the FDR ≤ 0.05 and fold change ≥ 2, 13,754 differentially expressed genes were detected in the three water types. Two mechanisms related to homeostasis were detected in T. albus that live in blackwater, when compared to the ones in clearwater and whitewater. The acidic blackwater is a challenging environment for many types of aquatic organisms. The first mechanism is related to the decrease in cellular permeability, highlighting the genes coding for claudin proteins, actn4, itgb3b, DSP, Gap junction protein, and Ca2+-ATPase. The second with ionic and acid-base regulation [rhcg1, slc9a6a (NHE), ATP6V0A2, Na+/K+-ATPase, slc26a4 (pedrin) and slc4a4b]. We suggest T. albus is a good species of fish for future studies involving the ionic and acid-base regulation of Amazonian species. We also concluded that, T. albus, shows well defined phenotypic plasticity for each water type in the Amazon basin.

Fungal communities in Scandinavian lakes along a longitudinal gradient

Abstract This study investigates the diversity and distribution of fungal communities in 77 oligotrophic lakes in southern Norway and Sweden using 454-sequencing with fungal-specific primers targeting ITS2 region of the rRNA gene. A total of 232 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to four recognized phyla were detected. A large proportion (70.69%) of the detected OTUs were Dikarya (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), while Chytridiomycota dominated quantitatively (63.37% reads). The most abundant aquatic fungi were taxonomically assigned to Chytridiomycota, whose members are known to be saprobes on a large variety of substrates and parasites of phytoplankton, zooplankton, fungi and invertebrates, suggesting that resident fungi strictly depend on surfaces and, therefore, are closely associated with other types of aquatic organisms. Our results indicate that surface waters of oligotrophic lakes harbour a diverse pool of fungi, both with tentative terrestrial and true aquatic origin. Longitude and environmental factors were important in structuring the fungal community composition.

Fate and effects of nonylphenol in the filamentous fungus Penicillium expansum isolated from the bottom sediments of the Gulf of Finland

Abstract Nonylphenol (NP) is the most abundant environmental pollutant that is classified as an endocrine disruptor, and it originates from the degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates, which are widely used as industrial surfactants. It has been referred to in a list of substances of particular risk to the Baltic Sea, in a list of priority hazardous substances in the Water Frame Directive, and in the 3rd draft Working Document on Sludge, developed by the EU. In this study, the fate and effects of NP in the filamentous fungus Penicillium expansum isolated from the bottom sediments of the coastal zone of the eastern Gulf of Finland were investigated in laboratory experiments. This strain was more tolerant to technical nonylphenol (tNP) compared to other types of aquatic organisms, such as fish, protozoa, and algae. The toxicity concentration values of tNP in Penicillium expansum were EC 50 20 mg L − 1 and ЕС 90 > 100 mg L − 1 . The activity level of hydrolytic enzymes, cellulases and amylases decreased significantly in the tNP treatments. Given the significant role played by terrestrial fungi in the transformation of organic substrate into bottom sediment, such an effect from tNP on fungi could disturb the regulatory mechanisms and balance between the biosynthesis and biodegradation of organic matter in aquatic ecosystems as well as the formation of cenotic relations in aquatic biocenoses. Oxidative stress induced by tNP has been found to increase the synthesis of enzymatic protection factors, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and nonenzymatic factors (melanin-like pigments and extracellular polysaccharides). This research indicated that the malondialdehyde concentration (the biochemical marker of lipid peroxidation) in the cells of the fungus decreased with increasing antioxidation factors. Penicillium expansum was able to decrease the tNP concentration in the culture medium. The removal of tNP was mainly caused by fungal degradation rather than by simple sorption and accumulation in the cells. Because terrestrial fungi play a significant role in the function of the heterotrophic block of bottom sediments and because tNP has become an increasingly persistent toxic organic and endocrine disruptor, these results may be ecologically relevant for aquatic systems. The results from this study demonstrate a potential application of this fungal species for the removal of tNP from the environment.

A study on sutijal (purse net) in the Chalan Beel

The present study on fishing technique using sutijal (purse net) in the Chalan Beel was conducted for a period of 3 years from July 2011 to June 2014. Net description, operation details and catch composition were studied through field survey in different parts of studied wetland. Three different categories of sutijal were recorded. Catch composition revealed that all types of aquatic organisms are being caught by this net. Benefit-cost ratio of studied fishing net was also calculated. Frequent fishing by this net, especially in streams of remote areas of the Chalan Beel resulting in decline of fish species and abundance. Appropriate management steps are recommended to get rid of this destructive fishing gear.

A study on sutijal (purse net) in the Chalan Beel

The present study on fishing technique using sutijal (purse net) in the Chalan Beel was conducted for a period of 3 years from July 2011 to June 2014. Net description, operation details and catch composition were studied through field survey in different parts of studied wetland. Three different categories of sutijal were recorded. Catch composition revealed that all types of aquatic organisms are being caught by this net. Benefit-cost ratio of studied fishing net was also calculated. Frequent fishing by this net, especially in streams of remote areas of the Chalan Beel resulting in decline of fish species and abundance. Appropriate management steps are recommended to get rid of this destructive fishing gear.

Influence of Mg, Cr, Fe and Zn from food supplements on selected types of aquatic organisms

Aim was to determine whether uncontrolled disposal of food supplements into the environment, which in its composition contain magnesium (Mg), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) can cause unwanted effects on selected species of aquatic organisms as indicators of potential toxic effects of such preparations on the environment. Aquatic organisms: the freshwater algae Scenedesmus subspicatus and Raphidocelis subcapitata, great water flea Daphnia maga and duckweed Lemna minor, were exposed to Mg, Cr, Fe and Zn from food supplements by standardized methods. A total of 30 samples were analyzed for each individual micronutrient. The results are expressed as effective concentration 50 (EC50), i.e. the concentration of Mg, Cr, Fe and Zn (mg / L), which inhibits growth or immobilizes 50% of the treated organisms. EC50 metals significantly differ (p <0.001) at all examined test organisms. At Scenedesmus subspicatus the sequnece of EC50 is: Fe(median 46, 9 mg/L)< Zn(59, 8 mg/L)<Mg(73, 0 mg/L)<Cr(88, 1mg/L)(KW-H/3 ; 120/=44, 0963). At Raphidocelis subcapitata the sequnece of EC50 is: Fe(median 44, 9 mg/L) <Zn(52, 6 mg/L) <Mg(62, 2 mg/L) <Cr(76, 8 mg/L)(KW-H/3 ; 120/44, 0936). At Daphnia magna the sequence of EC50 is: Zn(median 59, 4 mg/L) <Cr(79, 2 mg/L) <Fe(80, 8 mg/L) <Mg(82, 0 mg/L)(KW-H/3 ; 120/=39, 2637). At Lemna minor the sequence of EC50 is: Zn(median 131, 0 mg/L) <Fe(186, 8 mg/L) <Mg(192, 5 mg/L) <Cr(240, 4 mg/L)(KW-H/3 ; 120/=58, 6567). Conclusion. Although micronutrients Mg, Cr, Fe and Zn often appear as components of food supplements and belong to the group of essential elements, their uncontrolled disposal into the environment shows harmful effects on aquatic organisms. The use and disposal of supplements should be legally regulated.

Chromium accumulation in three species of Central Florida Centrarchids

Stormwater ponds are required in Central Florida when land is developed to treat the resulting stormwater. The St. Johns River Water Management District, the agency that regulates stormwater discharges in Central Florida, frequently approves plans that create habitat for fish and wildlife by planting desirable wetland and aquatic vegetation in the littoral zones of stormwater ponds to compensate for the loss of wetlands. The various species of fish that inhabit stormwater ponds serve as a food source to wildlife, especially wading birds. The objective of this study was to determine if fish that live in stormwater treatment ponds in Orlando, Florida contained significant concentrations of chromium. In order to determine if there were differences in chromium concentrations in fish with different foraging strategies, three species of sunfish (Centrarchidae) with substantially different foraging strategies were selected for this study: largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), a predator; redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus), a bottom feeder; and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), an omnivore. Many researchers have shown that large quantities of chromium are found in urban runoff. Chromium sources are largely associates with the operation of motor vehicles. Several investigators have determined that chromium from urban runoff concentrates in the sediment of stormwater ponds. Sedimentsmore » represent the most concentrated physical pool of metals in aquatic environments, and they are ingested by many types of aquatic organisms. Most fish are capable of accumulating heavy metals from their diet and from water through their gills. 17 refs., 1 fig., 3 tabs.« less