Types Of Animal Manure Research Articles

Assessment of the effect pre-treated using ultrasonic and hydrothermal technique for wheat and corn stalks on biogas generation and methane yield

Current study aims to estimate the impact of physical pretreatment of wheat stalks and corn stalks on biogas production, where two types of pretreatment were used (ultrasonic pretreatment and hydrothermal pretreatment) and three types of animal manure were used as a source of bacteria (cow, sheep and ostrich manure). The results showed a high increment in the amount of biogas generated after pretreatment, as the increase when using ultrasonic pretreatment for wheat stalks inoculated with cow, sheep, and ostrich manure were 31.92%, 20.63%, 155.24%, respectively as compared with untreated samples of wheat stalks. As for the corn stalks, the increase in the biogas when ultrasonic pretreatment for corn stalks inoculated with cow, sheep, and ostrich manure was 57.12%, 43.38%, and 173.05%, respectively, as compared with untreated samples of corn stalks. In hydrothermal pretreatment, the increase in biogas generated by pretreatment for wheat stalks inoculated with cow and sheep manure was 30.57% and 6.10 %, respectively, compared with an untreated sample of wheat stalks. In the hydrothermal pretreatment for corn stalks, the increase was 29.69% and 3.67 %, respectively as compared with untreated sample of corn stalks with the same manure above. An increase was also observed in the amount of methane generated after each of the pre-treated, as the increase in the ultrasonic pretreatment for wheat stalks inoculated cow, sheep, and ostrich manure were 25.25%, 21.96% and 160.78 %, respectively. Whereas, when ultrasonic pretreatment for corn stalks the increase was 88.06%, 54.13%, and 210.91 %, respectively. In hydrothermal pretreatment, the increase in the amount of methane for wheat stalks inoculated with cow and sheep manure was 13.59% and 13.67 %, while, in the corn stalks inoculated with cow and sheep manure was 42.90% and 27.23 %, respectively. Finally, the highest biogas and methane production was obtained when ostrich dung was used as inoculum with wheat and corn stalks pre-treated using ultrasound compared to cow and sheep manure. A substantial accord was seen between the values that were measured and the values that were expected by the modified Gompertz model, as indicated by correlation coefficients that were ≥ 0.96.

Influence of Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) Temperature on Hydrochar and Process Liquid for Poultry, Swine, and Dairy Manure

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising technology for wet manure treatment by converting animal manure into valuable fuels, materials, and chemicals. Among other HTC process parameters, the temperature influences HTC products the most. As various animal manures have different compositions, it is not certain how the HTC temperature influences the hydrochar and HTC process liquid. To evaluate the temperature’s effect on HTC, three different manures (poultry, swine, and dairy) were hydrothermally carbonized at three different temperatures (180, 220, and 260 °C), and solid and liquid products were characterized for their morphology, elemental compositions, and ions. The carbon contents of the hydrochar reached as high as 38.98 ± 0.36% and 40.05 ± 0.57% for poultry and swine manure, respectively, when these manures were treated at 260 °C. Ammonium showed an around 30% increase in poultry manure hydrochar with the increase in the HTC temperature. In contrast, in swine manure, it decreased by around 80%, and in dairy manure, the HTC temperature did not have any remarkable effect on the ammonium content. The process liquids from HTC of dairy manure at 220 °C showed the most balanced distribution of different ions, with 4970 ± 673 ppm of sodium, 4354 ± 437 ppm of ammonium, 2766 ± 417 ppm of potassium, 978 ± 82 ppm of magnesium, 953 ± 143 ppm of calcium, 3607 ± 16 ppm of chloride, and 39 ± 7 ppm of phosphate. These results emphasize the manure-specific effects of the HTC temperature on both solid and liquid products, indicating the need for optimized strategies to enhance HTC processes for various types of animal manures.

Metagenomic Profiles of Yak and Cattle Manure Resistomes in Different Feeding Patterns before and after Composting.

Antibiotic resistance is a global threat to public health, with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) being one of the emerging contaminants; furthermore, animal manure is an important reservoir of biocide resistance genes (BRGs) and metal resistance genes (MRGs). However, few studies have reported differences in the abundance and diversity of BRGs and MRGs between different types of animal manure and the changes in BRGs and MRGs before and after composting. This study employed a metagenomics-based approach to investigate ARGs, BRGs, MRGs, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) of yak and cattle manure before and after composting under grazing and intensive feeding patterns. The total abundances of ARGs, clinical ARGs, BRGs, MRGs, and MGEs were lower in the manure of grazing livestock than in the manure of the intensively fed group. After composting, the total abundances of ARGs, clinical ARGs, and MGEs in intensively fed livestock manure decreased, whereas those of ARGs, clinical ARGs, MRGs, and MGEs increased in grazing livestock manure. The synergy between MGEs mediated horizontal gene transfer and vertical gene transmission via host bacteria proliferation, which was the main driver that altered the abundance and diversity of ARGs, BRGs, and MRGs in livestock manure and compost. Additionally, tetQ, IS91, mdtF, and fabK were potential indicators for estimating the total abundance of clinical ARGs, BRGs, MRGs, and MGEs in livestock manure and compost. These findings suggest that grazing livestock manure can be directly discharged into the fields, whereas intensively fed livestock manure should be composted before returning to the field. IMPORTANCE The recent increase in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), biocide resistance genes (BRGs), and metal resistance genes (MRGs) in livestock manure poses risks to human health. Composting is known to be a promising technology for reducing the abundance of resistance genes. This study investigated the differences and changes in the abundances of ARGs, BRGs, and MRGs between yak and cattle manure under grazing and intensive feeding patterns before and after composting. The results indicate that the feeding pattern significantly affected the abundances of resistance genes in livestock manure. Manure in intensive farming should be composted before being discharged into the field, while grazing livestock manure is not suitable for composting due to an increased number of resistance genes.

Proximate Composition of Sludge from Different Types of Animal Manure

Proximate Composition of Sludge from Different Types of Animal Manure

Phytotoxicity of farm livestock manures in facultative heap composting using the seed germination index as indicator

Static facultative heap composting of animal manure is widely used in China, but there is almost no systematic research on the phytotoxicity of the produced compost. Here, we evaluated the phytotoxic variation in compost produced by facultative heap composting of four types of animal manure (chicken manure, pig manure, sheep manure, and cattle manure) using different plant seeds (cucumber, radish, Chinese cabbage, and oilseed rape) to determine germination index (GI). The key factors that affected GI values were identified, including the dynamics of the phytotoxicity and microbial community during heap composting. Sensitivity to toxicity differed depending on the type of plant seed used. Phytotoxicity during facultative heap composting, evaluated by the GI, was in the order: chicken manure (0–6.6 %) < pig manure (14.4–90.5 %) < sheep manure (46.0–93.0 %) < cattle manure (50.2–105.8 %). Network analysis showed that the volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was positively correlated with Firmicutes abundance, and NH4+-N was correlated with Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. More bacteria were stimulated to participate in conversions of dissolved organic carbon, dissolved nitrogen, VFA, and ammonia-nitrogen (NH4+-N) in sheep manure heap composting than that in other manure. The GI was most affected by VFA in chicken manure and cattle manure heap composting, while NH4+-N was the main factor affecting the GI in pig manure and sheep manure compost. The dissolved carbon and nitrogen content and composition, as well as the core and proprietary microbial communities, were the primary factors that affected the succession of phytotoxic substances in facultative heap composting, which in turn affected GI values. In this study, the key pathways of livestock manure composting that affected GI and phytotoxicity were found and evaluated, which provided new insights and theoretical support for the safe use of organic fertilizer.

Application of Biochar and Poschar from Several Types of Animal Manure on the Growth and Yield of Red Chili Plants (Capsicum annuum L.)

This study aims to determine the effect of doses of biochar and various types of poschar and their interactions on the growth and yield of red chili plants. This research was conducted in Buduk village, Mengwi sub-district, Badung district at an altitude of 65 meters above sea level. This research activity took place from April to July 2021. The design used in this study was a factorial randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 2 treatment factors. The first factor is the dose of biochar (B) which consists of 2 levels (0 and 15 tons/ha), while the second factor is the type of poschar (P) which consists of 3 levels (without poschar, beef poschar, and goat poschar). The results showed that the interaction between the dose of biochar and the type of poschar (BxP) had a significant effect on the number of leaves and fruit number, fruit weight and had a very significant effect on stem diameter, but had no significant effect on plant height, number of productive branches, fruit length, and diameter. fruit per plant. Biochar treatment had a very significant effect on the variables of plant height, number of leaves, and fruit weight per plant and significantly affected the number of fruits, number of productive branches per plant, and fruit length per plant but had no significant effect on stem diameter. Poschar application showed no significant effect on all observed variables except for plant height which had a significant effect. The highest fresh weight of chili fruit per plant was obtained from the interaction of chicken biochar with no poschar, which was 1326.20 g, followed by the interaction between chicken biochar and goat's poschar, which was 1297.85 g, and the interaction between chicken biochar and beef poschar, which was 1081.71 g which increased by 114.11%, 109.53%, and 74.64% respectively compared to the interaction between the treatment without biochar and without poschar which was 619.41 g.

Evaluating the changes of Ultisol chemical properties and fertility characteristics due to animal manure amelioration

Amending Ultisols using organic matter encourages a paramount improvement in its chemistry and fertility characteristics. This study was aimed to evaluate the changes in soil chemical properties due to the animal manure amelioration in Ultisol in the Jasinga, Bogor, West Java, using classical and advanced statistical methods. Composite soil samples were collected then incubated with three types of animal manure (cow, chicken, and goat) and four rate levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5% of dry weight). The dynamics of eleven soil variables (pH, organic C, total N, cation exchange complex/CEC, base saturation/BS, and exchangeable Al, H, Ca, Mg, K, and Na) were observed four times (0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks). Basic cation saturation ratio/BCSR and sufficiency level of available nutrients/SLAN soil fertility approaches were applied. Modeling comparison was done among multiple linear regression/MLR, machine learning/ML (tree regression/TR, random forest/RF, gradient boosting machine/GBM), and deep learning/DL (multilayer perceptron/MLP). Most of the soil chemical and fertility parameters exhibited strong relation among three applied factors. Generally, their values failed to reach the BCSR’s ideal soil and national SLAN’s sufficiency criteria; oppositely, they were categorized as sufficient based on the global SLAN approach. Multivariate analysis revealed the similarity among manure type and rate, whereas incubation time showed the opposite trend. MLR usage was convenient in modeling BS, pH H2O, and Al saturation. Meanwhile, CEC modeling requires more sophisticated methods. This study highlighted the possible improvement of Ultisol chemical properties and fertility characteristics by amending it with a higher rate and low C/N ratio of animal manure, and using ML to capture non-linear relationships in soil.

The Effect of Chicken and Cow Manure Dose Combination on The Growth and Production of Red Chili (Capsicum annum L.)

Chili is one of the plants that are needed by the community so that proper cultivation techniques are needed, in this case related to fertilization by utilizing organic animal waste.This study aims to determine the response of the growth and production of red chili ( Capsicum annum L .) to chicken and cow manure dose combination. The method used is an experimental method with a factorial completely randomized design which consists of two factors, namely the first factor is the type of animal manure which consists of two levels, namely cow dung and chicken manure, the second factor is the dose of fertilizer there are three levels, namely 200 grams, 300 grams and 400 grams. The total combination of treatments was 9 treatments and 3 replications so that in total there were 27 units. The parameters observed were chili growth (height and number of branches) and chili production (number of fruits and fruit weight). The data were analyzed of variance with 5% and 1% levels, followed by Duncan's 5% further test. The results of the analysis showed that the combination of treatments had a very significant effect on plant height and fruit number (12.77 and 5.00), significantly affected the number of fruits (3.55), but did not affect the wet weight of fruit (2.46).Further test results showed that the best treatment for the parameters of plant height, number of branches, and number of fruit was a combination of 300 grams of chicken manure and 200 grams of cow manure. Keywords: dose, chicken manure, cow manure, growth, production

Methane Fermentation Residue Compost Derived from Food Waste to Aid Komatsuna (Brassica rapa) Growth

One suitable solution to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) is to utilize methane fermentation residue obtained from food waste. However, methane fermentation residue compost is often difficult to use due to its inhibitory properties and pungent smell. To evaluate chemical parameters and plant growth, we examined the use of methane-fermented food waste residue compost (FWM), three types of animal manure, namely, horse manure (HM), cow manure (CWM), and chicken manure (CKM). Our results revealed that mixing food waste compost with cow and horse manure reduced the inhibition of Komatsuna germination, however, chicken manure blending limited inhibition reduction. The improvement of GI in the combination of FWM and animal manure was obtained at a ratio 1:4 with an improvement in GI of 20.8%, 16.8%, and 3.8% for combination FWM + HM, FWM + CWM, and FWM + CKM, respectively. The ratio of the combination of FWM + HM could be increased to a ratio of 2:3 with an improvement of 14.7%. Additionally, for Komatsuna growth, FWM with cow and horse manure mixer considerably enhanced plant growth and yield. Furthermore, the combination of FWM + HM and FWM + CWM could improve the ratio of NUE compost/NUE FWM with the values being 12.0 and 11.1, respectively. Therefore, combining FWM with CWM and HM increases the utility value of methane fermentation residues obtained from food waste as compost for maintaining soil fertility, while reducing the use of chemical fertilizer.

Repeated Manure Application for Eleven Years Stimulates Enzymatic Activities and Improves Soil Attributes in a Typic Hapludalf

Animal manure may be a valuable resource for the development of agricultural sustainability. We proposed to verify the feasibility of applications of three types of animal manures to improve soil attributes and to sustain crop yields under intensive cropping and no-tillage systems. The field experiment was established in 2004 on Typic Hapludalf soil with pig slurry (PS), cattle slurry (CS), pig deep-litter (PL), mineral fertilizer (MF) and a non-fertilized treatment. From 2004 to 2015, were grown black oat, maize, forage turnip, black beans, and wheat. Soil samples were taken after winter 2014 and summer 2015, and submitted to chemical, physical, microbiological and biochemical analyses. Animal manures increased soil pH, but MF caused acidification of soil. The PL and CS applications reduced soil density, and increased total pore volume and hydraulic conductivity. Animal manures increased soil P fractions, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, stimulated soil respiration, and had higher activities of glucosidase and acid phosphatase. Wheat had its biggest dry matter and grain yields with MF, but maize grain yields with CS were higher than MF. All indicators pointed that application of animal manure converges to an interesting strategy to recycle nutrients at farmyard level and to contribute to global sustainability.

Short- and long-term effects of animal manures and mineral fertilizer on carbon stocks in subtropical soil under no-tillage

Establishing the long-term effects of different types of animal manures on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks has both agronomic and environmental implications. However, only a few studies have analyzed the effects of the types of animal manure on SOC storage in subsurface soil layers. Furthermore, the effect of animal manure on labile and stable soil organic matter (SOM) fractions has been scarcely reported for subtropical no-till soils. We evaluated the effect of animal manure application in the short and long term (4 and 12 years) on SOC storage at different depths throughout a 0–70 cm soil profile and on the physical fractions of SOM in the 0–20 cm layer of a sandy Alfisol cropped under no-tillage. The study involved five treatments: pig deep-litter (PDL), cattle slurry (CS), pig slurry (PS), mineral fertilizer (MF) and a control without fertilization (CL). The SOC stock in the soil profile (0–70 cm) was influenced by manure application in only the long term, which was due to high SOC accumulation in the surface (0–20 cm) in the short-and long-term. The PDL and CS applications resulted in 16% (8.6 Mg ha−1) and 10% (5.2 Mg ha−1) increases in the SOC stock, respectively, compared with those in the CL, but only PDL resulted in greater SOC stocks than MF. These results are related to the greater C addition and higher SOC retention coefficient with the PDL application (17%) than with the CS (15%) and PS (7%) applications. Most of the manure-induced changes were observed in the silt plus clay-sized heavy fraction (SCHF), with PDL and CS being more efficient at increasing SOC storage as organic-mineral complexes than PS or MF in the 0–20 cm soil layer. However, in the subsurface layer (20–70 cm), manure caused a decrease in SOC compared with that in the CL, resulting in negative SOC storage rates in this layer, which partially or completely neutralized the SOC storage rates observed in the surface layer (0–20 cm). In the long term, this condition resulted in SOC storage rates in the 0–70 cm soil profile of 0.48 Mg ha−1 year−1 for PDL, 0.21 Mg ha−1 year−1 for CS, −0.03 Mg ha−1 year−1 for PS and 0.01 Mg ha−1 year−1 for MF. These results indicate that PDL and CS are suitable alternatives to MF for increasing the SOC stock and that the SOC retention is greater with solid manure than with liquid manure (PDL vs CS and PS) and with CS than with PS. Moreover, the results reveal the importance of monitoring SOC changes in the long term and within deep soil layers to better quantify the effects of successive applications of animal manure on SOC storage potential in subtropical sandy soils under no-tillage.

Effect of Effluent from Biodigestion of Pre-Treated Rice Bran and Animal Manure on the Dry Matter Yield and Nutrient Uptake of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Amaranthus viridis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;

The effect of effluents from biodigestion of pre-treated rice bran in combination with two types of animal manure on dry matter yield of Amarathus viridis was investigated using two pre-treatment methods: Soaking in ordinary distilled water and boiled in distilled water at 100&degC. The pre-treated rice bran and animal manure were mixed (w/w basis) to give carbon to nitrogen ratio of 35:1 and 37:1 prior to loading into the digester to make eight different treatment combinations as follow: 1) Cow dung with no rice bran (NRB + CD); 2) Raw rice bran + cow dung (RRB + CD); 3) Soaked rice bran in ordinary distilled water + cow dung (SRB + CD); 4) Boiled rice bran + cow dung (BRB + CD); 5) Poultry manure with no rice bran (NRB + PM); 6) Raw rice bran + poultry manure (RRB + PM); 7) Soaked rice bran + poultry manure (SRB + PM); 8) Boiled rice bran + poultry manure (BRB + PM). Samples of different treatment combinations were collected before digestion, both the samples and resultant effluents were subjected to elemental analysis using AAS. The effluents from the biodigestion of these combinations were applied at two rates (80 and 150 kg N ha-1) to 3 kg air-dried and sieved soil samples (0 - 20) cm in the greenhouse, control (0 kg N ha-1) and reference pot with NPK fertilizer at the 80 kg N ha-1 were arranged in a completely randomized design replicated three times. Amaranthus plants were introduced into each treated pot, left for four weeks before harvest, dry matter yields were recorded. Results of chemical analysis of raw materials and effluents obtained after biodigestion revealed the presence of all plant nutrients in both the raw materials and resultant effluents though the former had higher values in some nutrients than the effluent, for examples treatment combination of CD, the values for organic carbon (42.85%), Ca (3.41%) and Mg (0.61%) were higher than in the resultant effluent for CD, a similar trend was observed with other treatment combinations. Drastic reduction in heavy metal concentration was observed after digestion, Pb content in the raw materials for poultry manure reduced by 94.7% in the resultant effluent from BRB: PM thus making the effluent a better soil amendment. Raw chicken manure was richer in the nutrients needed for optimal crop growth however, raw cow dung had the highest. The amendment of effluent from boiled rice bran with poultry manure at 150 kg N ha-1 significantly increased the dry matter yield of Amaranthus viridis over control pots, NPK pots and all other amendments thus making it a good alternative to NPK fertilizer.

Dynamics of the antibiotic resistome in agricultural soils amended with different sources of animal manures over three consecutive years

The application of animal manure is generally considered an important transmission pathway for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil. Nevertheless, the fate of ARGs in soil where manure from different sources has been repeatedly implemented is not fully understood. Thus, the succession of ARGs and bacterial communities following the repeated application of three types of animal manures (pig, chicken, and cow manure) to agricultural soil were investigated using Illumina sequencing analysis and high-throughput qPCR. Results showed that manure application remarkably increased the abundance of soil ARGs by increasing the enrichment of indigenous ARGs and introducing extrinsic ARGs. There were no prominent differences in the abundance or diversity of ARGs among the three different manured soils. The abundance and diversity of ARGs in manured soils increased over three consecutive years. Additionally, the abundance of mobile gene elements (MGEs) and bacteria were positively correlated with ARGs, while the changes in the ARG profiles were dramatically associated with the MGEs and bacterial communities. These findings imply that repeated manure application may facilitate to the accumulation and persistence of the soil resistome by regulation of the bacterial community and horizontal gene transfer, providing better insights into the temporal dynamics of soil ARGs in agro-ecosystems.

The effects of climate on decomposition of cattle, sheep and goat manure in Kenyan tropical pastures

AimsDecomposition of manure deposited onto pasture from grazing animals represents an important process for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in grassland systems. However, studies investigating manure decomposition are scarce; especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).MethodsIn this study, we measured decomposition of three types of animal manure (cattle, sheep, goat) over >1 year using litter bags at four climatically different sites across Kenya. Results Manure dry matter, total C, total N and ammonium concentrations decreased exponentially, with the most rapid decrease occurring during the first few weeks following application, followed by slower changes during the following 2–3 months. Rates of N mineralization were lower than those for C mineralization, resulting in decreasing C/N ratios over time. Generally, cattle manure decomposed faster than sheep or goat manure despite having a higher initial C/N ratio and lower N concentration, with decomposition rates for dry matter ranging from 0.200 to 0.989 k year−1. Cellulose decomposed first, while lignin concentrations increased among all manure types and at all sites.ConclusionsWe found that total manure decomposition rates were positively correlated with cumulative precipitation and aridity index, but negatively correlated with mean temperature. Our results show much slower decomposition rates of manures in semi-arid tropical environments of East Africa as compared to the few previous studies in temperate climates.

Kinetic model of biogas production from co-digestion of Thai rice noodle wastewater with rice husk and different type of manure with ash supplement

In recent decades up to now, researches on alternative energies have been intensified particularly those on biomethane and biohydrogen from agriculture wastes and municipal wastes. The objective of this research was to study the biogas production from anaerobic co-digestion of Thai rice noodle wastewater with rice husk and different types of animal manure (chicken manure, cow manure, and quail manure), with and without ash supplement. There were 27 experiments conducted in batch digesters at room temperature (28-30 °C) and each experiment was triplicated. Each digester contained 10 g of animal manure, 10 g of rice husk, and 200 ml total working volumes of Thai rice noodle wastewater. Five different amounts of ashes (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 g) were supplemented. The results showed that the co-digestion of Thai rice noodle wastewater with chicken manure, rice husk, and 6 g of ash supplement gave the highest methane percentage, cumulative methane production and bio-methane potential (BMP): average value of 71.5%, 1,846 mL and 311.2 mLCH4/gVSremoved respectively. This co-digestion gave the initial pH of 7.0 and it was sustained in an optimal range (pH 6.8-7.5) until the digestion stopped (45 days). Slow release of nutrients from slowly digestible substrates helped to balance the digestion steps, sustaining pH to around 7. In contrary, other sub-optimal ratios produced the final pH was lower than its initial pH, and the AD process could fail or produced less methane. In the kinetic study, it was also found that traditional Gompertz and Monod-type models for single substrate digestion could not describe the biogas evolution curve satisfactory. Two-substrate models were used instead and able to describe the experimental data very well.

Nitrous oxide emission from upland soil amended with different animal manures

The nitrous oxide (N2O) emission of from arable soil following the application of manure is expected to vary by different animal manure types used. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the type of animal manure used to amend soil and the amount of N2O emitted during the cultivation of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). An additional objective was to study the characteristics of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in different animal manures. Composted manures from chickens, cows, and pigs were applied to the soil at rates of 0, 10, and 20 Mg ha−1, respectively. The availability and concentration of N and C varied by manure type. The concentration of NH4+ was greater in pig manure (4638 mg kg−1) than in chicken (551 mg kg−1) and cow manure (147 mg kg−1). The mean cumulative N2O emission rate across soil application rates was also the highest with pig manure (11.9 kg ha−1 year−1), followed by chicken and cow manure, with emission rates of 10.8 and 10.1 kg ha−1 year−1, respectively. The majority of N2O measured during the sweet-potato-growing season was produced from aerobic nitrification. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in animal manures did not affect cumulative N2O emission rates, and no significant relationship was observed throughout the growing season between the concentration of DOC in soil and daily N2O emission. Cumulative N2O emission rates depended on the type of animal manure and might be governed by NH4+ concentration, rather than by total N concentration in animal manure type.

Bioremediation of soil contaminated with crude oil using fresh and decomposed animal manure

Vast majority of rural dwellers stands to bear the brunt of oil spillage and soil pollution, hence the need to develop remediation options using materials that are cheap and readily available. A laboratory incubation study was conducted to evaluate the bioremediation potentials of different types of animal manure on soil contaminated with crude oil (Forcados). Treatments consisting of 20 t ha -1 each of poultry dropping (PD), swine manure(SM) and beef cattle manure (BCM) both in fresh (f) and partially decomposed (p) forms were applied to soils contaminated with (5 % w/w) the crude oil. Their effects were evaluated on total hydrocarbon content (THC), microbial respiration (MR) based on amount of CO 2 evolved and pH in situ during a period of 8 weeks of remediation. There was an improvement in the degree of remediation offered by the various bio-stimulants over time. At 4 weeks after amendment (WAA) the level of degradation of THC was in the order: BCMf> control > SMf = PDf > PDp > SMp>BCMp with 17.2, 16.4, 9.6, 9.6, 9.2 and 5.6>4 % of THC degraded respectively. At 8 WAA, % degradation was in the order: BCMf >PDp = PDf >SMf > SMp > BCMp > control with 66, 65.2, 65.2, 64.4, 63.6,62.8 and 61.6 % degradation, respectively. Control was the least while BCMf was the most efficient. Microbial respiration consistently reduced with time in un-remediated soils but BCMf enhanced it over time. This further validates BCMf to be the most efficient in terms of soil remediation. It is, therefore, concluded that fresh beef cattle manure applied at 20 t ha -1 could be very efficient in remediating crude oil polluted soil. Key words: Total hydrocarbon content, microbial respiration, remediation, biostimulant.

Diversity, abundance, and persistence of antibiotic resistance genes in various types of animal manure following industrial composting

Aerobic composting is used widely for animal manure recycling, and it may reduce the amount of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that enter the environment. We sampled three types of animal (bovine, chicken, and pig) manure and the corresponding composts from 12 large-scale farms, and tested multiple ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) by high-throughput qPCR. A total of 109 ARGs were detected in the manure and compost samples, thereby demonstrating that both are important ARG reservoirs. The diversity and abundance of ARGs were significantly higher in chicken and pig manure than bovine manure, but industrial composting was more efficient at reducing the ARGs in chicken manure than pig and bovine manure. Composting universally reduced some ARGs, but inconsistently influenced other ARGs from different types of animal manures. Network analysis detected the widespread co-occurrence of ARGs and MGEs. floR, ermF, catB3, aac(6′)-lb(akaaacA4), and aadA were identified as suitable indicator genes for estimating the total abundance of ARGs. Our results suggest that different animal species had significant effects on the diversity, abundance, and persistence of ARGs, where the abundance of transposons, heavy metal concentration, total nitrogen level, and the dosage and duration of exposure to antibiotics may explain these differences.

KARAKTERISTIK KIMIA PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DARI TIGA JENIS KOTORAN HEWAN DAN KOMBINASINYA

The purpose of this study is to determine the chemical characteristics of the liquid organic fertilizer from several types of animal manures. The research had been conducted in the experimental garden site of Department of Food Crops and Horticulture, Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic. The research was designed using a simple statistical l with 7 treatments which were liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) made from cow manure; LOF made from chicken manure; LOF made from goat manure; LOF made from goat and cow manure; LOF made from chicken and cow manure; LOF made from chicken and goat manure; and LOF made from goat, cow and chicken manure. The observed parameters were C/N, pH, macro nutrient and micro nutrient contents. The results showed that the liquid organic fertilizer made from manure of cow, chicken, goat, and its combination of these materials can be applied to cultivation plants but have not met the minimum technical requirements of organic liquid fertilizer (Minister of Agriculture Regulation No.70/Permentan/SR.140/10/2011). The best result was showed by the LOF made from chicken manure with pH 7.32 , N 1619.68 ppm , 541.44 ppm P, K 4000.00 me/100g , Zn 14.43 me/100g , Cu 4.33 me/100g. The highest C/N was found in LOF made from goat and cow manure which was 0.66. The highest Mg was in the LOF made from cow, goat and chicken manure for 723.10 me/100g. The highest Ca was in LOF made from goat manure. The highest S was in the LOF made from goat and cow manure for 749.95 me/100g while the Fe and Mn were highest found in the LOF made from cow manure which was equal to 84.02 ppm and 23.05 me/100g.  Keywords : LOF, Fertilizers, Characteristic, Animal manure .

Animal dung availability and their fertilizer values in a context of low soil fertility conditions for forage seed and crops production in Benin (West Africa)

Livestock manure, feed biomass fed to animals that pass through digestive tract undigested and urine excreted from subsequent tissue metabolism, is conventionally termed as wastes. To optimize the use of animal manure for the purpose of agronomic processing or valorization, it is essential to know its availability and plant nutrients composition. The use of reference values ​​is a quick method of estimation. However, books on farm fertilizers generally offer only an average value that is not representative of the diversity of situations. The aim of this study was to (1) estimate the quantity of manures from cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry, (2) determine the physico-chemical characteristics and plant nutrient contents of these droppings and (3) identify the inter-relationships between the physical characteristics (pH, EC and dry matter(DM)) and the most essential macronutrients (N, P and K). A total of 30 animal groups (herds or flocks) were survived per species and a total of 30 samples were collected over twelve months (January 1st to December 31, 2016) for DM, pH, electrical conductibility, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium contents for each sample. According to animal population of the country, the results of the study showed that, an amount of 1.630600 tons DM of cattle manure, 227800 tons DM of sheep dung, 136,900 tons DM of goat dung, 122,400 tons DM of pig dropping and 36,500 tons of poultry excreta are annually available in Benin. Physico-chemical and analyzes of droppings showed significant differences (P˂0.01) between mineral compositions of these dropping. Poultry manure are richer in macronutrients than other types of animal manure (N = 11.7 ± 3.9, P = 4.6 ± 2.3, K = 7.6 ± 1.3, Ca = 41.2 ± 16.7 g/kg), followed by goat and sheep manure (N = 6.0 ± 3.7, P = 4.9 ± 3.9, K = 7.3 ± 3.3, Ca = 7.7 ± 3.8 g / kg and N = 6.7 ± 2.3, P = 4.4 ± 1.5, K = 7.3 ± 3.6, Ca = 7.7 ± 2.6 g / kg, respectively). Mean macronutrient compositions of swine dropping were: (N = 4.5 ± 2.0, P = 1.4 ± 0.8, K = 2.9 ± 0.8, Ca = 1.8 ± 0.9 g / kg). The animal manure that showed the lowest levels of these three macronutrients were those of cattle (N = 3.0 ± 0.6, P = 0.6 ± 0.1, K = 4.1 ± y, Ca = 6.4 ± 3.1 g/kg). Correlations between physico-chemical properties (pH, EC, DM) and nutrient concentration showed that dry matter (DM) and electrical conductivity (EC) could be used to estimate nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) concentrations. The results vary widely depending on the source and type of dejection but they are a good basis for choosing rational and optimal soil fertilization for crop and forage productions.