Anger Expression Type Research Articles

Anger expression and risk of coronary heart disease: Evidence from the Nova Scotia Health Survey

Whereas some studies have found that anger increases the risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD), others found anger to be protective. Prior studies did not account for different types of anger expression, which may be associated with opposing levels of cardiovascular risk. This study examines whether distinct types of anger expression differentially predict incident CHD. We conducted a population-based, observational prospective study of 785 randomly selected Canadian men and women (50% each) aged 46 to 92 years and free of CHD in 1995. Using videotaped interviews, trained coders rated 3 types of anger expression: constructive anger (discussing anger to resolve the situation), destructive anger justification (blaming others for one's anger), and destructive anger rumination (brooding over an anger-inducing incident). The association between anger expression type per SD and incident CHD was estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for sex, age, cardiovascular risk factors, depressive symptoms, hostility, and anxiety. Interactions of anger expression type and gender were also tested. There were 115 incident CHD events (14.6%) during 6,584 person-years of follow-up. The association between clinically assessed constructive anger expression and CHD varied by gender (P for interaction = .02); higher levels were associated with a lower risk of incident CHD in men only (hazard ratio 0.58, 95% CI 0.43-0.80, P < .001), whereas higher levels of destructive anger justification was associated with a 31% increased risk of CHD in both sexes (hazard ratio 1.31, 95% CI 1.03-1.67, P = .03) and predicted CHD incidence independent of covariates and depressive symptoms, hostility, and anxiety. Decreased constructive anger in men and increased destructive anger justification in men and women are associated with increased risk of 10-year incident CHD.

The Relation of Anger and Anger Expression to Eating Disorders in Late School-Age Children

Purpose: This cross-sectional study was designed to identify anger-expression types in late school-age children and to investigate the relation of anger and the anger-expression type to their eating disorders. Method: Two hundred fifty four children in elementary school were recruited from 14 to 25, April, 2008. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and Tukey's multiple comparison test. Result: Three anger-expression types in late school-age children were found; Anger-in/out, Anger-control, and Low anger-expression types. Children frequently using the anger-out/in type among the three types and with a higher trait anger reported higher eating disorders. Particularly trait anger and unhealthy anger expression type were linked to eating disorders. Conclusion: This study suggests that a specific anger management program needs to be developed for late school-age children with high trait anger and frequently using the anger out/in expression type and Anger-control type than low anger-expression types. Further research needs to be done with large samples and discussed in terms of the role of gender in eating disorders.

Anger Expression Type and Mental Health in Middle Aged Women

The purpose of this study was to identify type of anger expression and mental health in middle aged women. From August to October 2005, survey data were collected by using the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory and Symptom Check List-90-Revision (SCL). Participants (1,442) were classified into four types of anger expression by K-mean cluster analysis. For collecting interview data for content analysis, 18 participants (4-5 participants from each type of anger expression) were recruited. The interview data were collected between March and September 2006. The average score of the state anger of middle-aged women was 11.95, and that of the trait anger was 18.75. The average anger expression scores were 12.72 for Anger-In, 13.45 for Anger-Out, and 18.51 for Anger-Control. The average SCL scores were 45.03 for somatization, 42.23 for obsessive-compulsiveness, 42.44 for interpersonal sensitivity, 42.45 for depression, 42.40 for anxiety, 42.62 for hostility, 44.44 for phobic anxiety, 43.65 for paranoid ideation, and 43.08 for psychoticism. The anger expression types identified in this study were 1) anger-out in secret, 2) anger-control with a patience, 3) anger-out with suppression, and 4) low anger expression type. The psychosomatic symptom scores were the highest in type III (anger-out with suppression), and the lowest in type IV (low anger expression type). This study can be helpful in assisting middle aged women to control their anger effectively and may contribute to the improvement of their mental health.

Types of Anger Expression in Adolescent Women - A Q-Methodological Approach -

The purpose of this study was to identify the types of anger expression in adolescent women. The Q-Methodology which provides a method of analyzing the individual's subjectivity was used. The 32 subjects classified 50 selected Q-statements on a 9 point scale to make a normal distribution. The collected data was analyzed by a PCQUANL program. Five types of anger expression in adolescent women were identified. Type I: Direct attacking expression type, Type II: Mature consideration type, Type III: Passive indirect expression type, Type IV: Avoidance conversion type, and Type V: Expression control type. This study revealed that different approaches of nursing intervention strategies are recommended based on the five types of anger expression and their characteristics.

The Relation of Anger and Anger Expression to Menstrual Symptoms and Psychosomatic Symptoms in Female Undergraduate Students

Purpose: This descriptive correlational study was designed to investigate the relation of trait anger and anger expression to menstrual symptoms and psychosomatic symptoms in female undergraduate students, and to examine anger expression (anger-in, anger-out, and anger-control) as a moderator in the association between trait anger and outcome variables. Methods: One hundred and seventy-seven female undergraduate students were conveniently sampled from K University and S College located in Seoul, Korea. The instruments were Spielberger's state-trait anger expression inventory - Korean version, Chesney &amp; Tasto's menstrual symptoms questionnaire, and Kim*s personality factor scale for psychosomatic symptoms of adolescence. Results: The severity level of menstrual symptoms and psychosomatic symptoms were higher in the female undergraduate students with relatively high trait anger score. There was a significant interaction between trait anger and anger-in with psychosomatic symptoms.Female undergraduate students were categorized with 'anger-in/out type 5 , ‘low anger expression type’, and 'anger-control type’ by cluster analysis. The anger- in/out type complained more psychosomatic symptoms than the other two types. Conclusions: The finding suggests that trait anger is an independent risk factor for menstrual symptoms and psychosomatic symptoms and anger-in has a moderating effect in the association between trait anger and psychosomatic symptoms.

Anger and Health Status in Late School-Age Children

This cross-sectional study was designed to identify anger-expression types in late school-age children and investigate the relation between the identified anger-expression types and their health status. One thousand twenty seven children in elementary school fifth and sixth grades were recruited from November to December, 2004. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, 2-test, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple comparison test, and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Three anger-expression types in late school-age children were found; Anger-out/in, Anger-control, and Low anger-expression types. Children frequently using the anger-out/in type among the three types and with a higher state anger reported higher psychosomatic symptoms and depression. Children from a divorced or separated family reported higher state anger. This study suggests that a specific anger management program needs to be developed for late school-age children with high state anger and frequently using the anger out/in expression type. For understanding the anger level and the anger expression types of Korean school-age children, further research needs to be done with large samples using a randomized sampling method.

The Relation of Trait anger and Anger Expression to Cardiovascular Responses and Depression in Middle-aged Korean Women

This study was designed to examine the relation of trait anger and anger expression to blood pressure, cholesterol, and depression in middle-aged Korean women. This descriptive correlational design was conducted using a convenient sample taken from the health center of K University Hospital located in Kyungki province, Korea. The subjects were 252 women aged 40 to 64 years. Spielberger's state trait anger expression inventory--Korean version and Beck's depression inventory were used for measuring trait anger, state anger, anger expression and depression. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation, two-way ANOVA, and cluster analysis using a pc-SAS program. The anger expression types by cluster analysis were Anger out/in type, Low anger expression type, and Anger control type. The level of cholesterol and depression were significantly higher in women with high anger in and high trait anger. In addition, the level of depression was significantly higher in women with a high anger temperament. Trait anger and anger in might be related to cholesterol and depression in women. However, this study does not reveal the relation between blood pressure and trait anger and anger expression.

Anger, Problem Behaviors, and Health Status in Adolescent Women

This cross-sectional study was designed to identify anger-expression types of adolescent women and investigate the relation between the identified anger-expression types and their problem behaviors and health status. One hundred ninety nine high school freshmen were recruited from September to November, 2003. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, chi(2)-test, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple comparison test. Three anger-expression types in adolescent women were found; Anger-out/in, Anger-control/in, and Anger- control type. Adolescent women with frequently using the anger-out/in type and with higher state anger reported more delinquent behaviors, more health risk behaviors, and higher psychosomatic symptoms. However, adolescent women with lower state anger and frequently using the anger-control type reported more depression scores. There is a need to further clarify the relationship between anger-expression types and depression in adolescent women. The findings suggest the necessity of a development of the program for lowering the anger level and controlling the unfavorable anger expression types such as the anger-out in.