In this review, we tried to combine and systematize the accumulated information on the problem of anemic syndrome in the pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. Anemic syndrome is the most frequent extraintestinal complication in patients with gastrointestinal tract pathology, which can significantly impair the quality of life. Depending on the combination of pathogenitic mechanisms, the iron deficiency, anemia of chronic diseases, B12-deficiency, and folate deficiency anemia are distinguished. Other types of anemia are less common. It is necessary to conduct a comprehensive laboratory examination to reveal the leading factor in the development of anemia and select adequate therapy. Anemia is one of the most common complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In clinical practice, the intravenous iron is frequently administered. However, this therapy can lead to excess iron and cause exacerbation of the disease. Understanding the pathogenesis of anemia is important for the selection of therapy and minimizing the risk of complications. Parenteral forms of iron and vitamin preparations are more preferable for this category of patients due to their higher bioavailability, low safety profile, and minimal negative effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Erythropoietin preparations and inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokines are used mainly for the correction of anemia of chronic diseases. The latter showed themselves well in the treatment of patients with anemic syndrome on the background of severe inflammatory bowel diseases. Various clinical trials are being conducted to introduce new drugs to correct anemia. However, today, there is practically no experience of their application. Further study of patients with gastroenterological pathology complicated by anemia is required to form a final conclusion on the effectiveness and appropriateness of the intravenous iron administration in these categories of patients.