Types Of Amino Acids Research Articles

Aberrant branched-chain amino acid catabolism in cardiovascular diseases.

Globally, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death. Research has focused on the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids to improve the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. There are three types of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) required for protein homeostasis, energy balance, and signaling pathways. Increasing evidence has implicated BCAAs in the pathogenesis of multiple cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes the biological origin, signal transduction pathways and function of BCAAs as well as their significance in cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial hypertrophy, heart failure, coronary artery disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia and hypertension.

Influence of SARS-CoV-2 variants’ spike glycoprotein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nsp12) mutations on remdesivir docking residues

Rapid emergence and evolution of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants has raised concerns about their potential impact on efficiency of currently available vaccines. Among the most significant target mutations in the virus are those of the spike glycoprotein. Remdesivir, which inhibits the polymerase activity of the RNAdependent RNA polymerase RdRp, is the only medicine approved by FDA for treatment of COVID-19 (nsp12). The docking features of the flexible ligand (remdesivir) with the stiff receptors was investigated in the present study (S protein and RdRp interaction). In various studies, the spike glycoprotein and RdRp mutations were found to have a significant influence upon viral behaviour and, as a result, affect human health. The docking position of remdesivir with the S and RdRp proteins was shown to be unaffected by mutations in the missing loops. The remdesivir can only bind the B and C chains of S protein. Some mutations can be transferred between variations, without changing the type of amino acid, such as K417N, L452R, N501Y, D614G, T716I, and S982A.

Polypeptide Oligomers Comprised of Corroles – Hydrogen Bonding Provides “Short-Circuit” Coupling Pathways for Electron Transfer

Electron flow through proteins is a crucial factor, which decides about their multiple functions in living organisms. Incorporating polypeptides as bridges in donor-bridge-acceptor (DBA) conjugates allows for examining how various structural features in proteins affect the kinetics of the CT processes they mediate. Based on the premise that hydrogen-bonds formation could serve to modify geometry and special orientation of donor and acceptor scaffolds in covalently linked bichromophoric system we designed and synthesized series of dyads comprised of perylene-bisimide and free-base corrole. Specifically, the object of the study was hydrogen-bonded discrete assemblies of corroles possessing core-NH as hydrogen bond donor and amide groups located at position meso-10 as hydrogen bond acceptor. The three dyads differ in type and number of bridging aminoacids’ moieties: L-alanine and L-phenylalanine and one or four respectively. These complex corroles were prepared via synthesis of perylenebisimide-amino acid conjugate possessing free NH2 group followed by amidation of COOH-corrole. Combined steady-state and time-resolved photophysical studies identified that electron-transfer occurs in all four bichromophoric systems. Our focus was on alanine tetramer that is long enough not to mediate too efficiently through-bond CT. A corrole moiety serves as an electron donor, and a perylenediimide as an acceptor. The picosecond rates of electron transfer suggests that the electronic-coupling pathways cannot be through-bond and most likely involve through-hydrogen bond interaction.References Orłowski, R.; Vakuliuk, O.; Gullo, M. P.; Danylyuk, O.; Ventura, B.; Koszarna, B.; Tarnowska, A.; Jaworska, N.; Barbieri, A.; Gryko, D. T. Commun. 2015, 51, 8284-8287.Orłowski, R.; Cichowicz, G.; Staszewska-Krajewska, O.; Schilf, W.; Cyrański, M. K.; Gryko, D. T. Eur. J. 2019, 25, 9658-9664. Figure 1

Assessment of AlphaFold2 for Human Proteins via Residue Solvent Exposure.

As only 35% of human proteins feature (often partial) PDB structures, the protein structure prediction tool AlphaFold2 (AF2) could have massive impact on human biology and medicine fields, making independent benchmarks of interest. We studied AF2's ability to describe the backbone solvent exposure as a functionally important and easily interpretable "natural coordinate" of protein conformation, using human proteins as test case. After screening for appropriate comparative sets, we matched 1818 human proteins predicted by AF2 against 7585 unique experimental PDBs, and after curation for sequence overlap, we assessed 1264 comparative pairs comprising 115 unique AF2 structures and 652 unique experimental structures. AF2 performed markedly worse for multimers, whereas ligands, cofactors, and experimental resolution were interestingly not very important for performance. AF2 performed excellently for monomer proteins. Challenges relating to specific groups of residues and multimers were analyzed. We identified larger deviations for lower-confidence scores (pLDDT), and exposed residues and polar residues (e.g., Asp, Glu, Asn) being less accurately described than hydrophobic residues. Proline conformations were the hardest to predict, probably due to a common location in dynamic solvent-accessible parts. In summary, using solvent exposure as a metric, we quantified the performance of AF2 for human proteins and provided estimates of the expected agreement as a function of ligand presence, multimer/monomer status, local residue solvent exposure, pLDDT, and amino acid type. Overall performance was found to be excellent.

Variation in amino acid composition of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as affected by the cooking technique

Cooking accounted for significant (p<0.01) loss in free and total amino acids (AAs) in rice. Fully milled raw rice reported relatively the lowest loss in total AAs (TAAs) over majority of cooking techniques. Cooking rice with draining excess water, cooking after discarding the soaked water and cooking with higher water to rice ratios accounted for higher losses in AAs in all rice types. Cooking with rice cooker retained relatively more free AAs in rice. TAAs in raw rice types were not influenced by the cooking appliance while gas cooker accounted for significantly higher losses in TAAs in parboiled rice. Cooking rice with draining and after discarding the soaked water caused higher losses in nutritional gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). Change in AAs in different rice types significantly varied with the cooking technique used. Hence, the importance of cooking practices in ensuring the optimum AA retention in rice is highlighted.

Nutritional Content and Growth Ability of Duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza on Various Culture Media

Giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) is one species of duckweed, distributed cosmopolitanly in stagnant freshwater. The duckweed has several potential uses such as for animal and fish feeds. However, its biological information in Indonesia is rare. A research was conducted in June to July 2019 to explore its nutritional content and growth ability. The growth ability experiment was done with two replications at The Research Center for Limnology, Indonesia Institute of Sciences laboratory. The indoor experiments used 3 types of culture media, namely P (mixture of Urea, NPK, and Gandasil); Q (water waste from catfish cultivation), and R (hydroponic fertilizer). Spirodela polyrhiza has a protein content of 24.10%; fat 1.74%; ash 1.78%, crude fiber 14.47%, and nitrogen-free extract of 57.89%. There were 15 types of amino acids observed in the biomass, made of as much as 13.1% w/w. The highest growth was obtained in R culture media with a specific growth rate (SGR): 8.54–16.53 % and productivity of 15.62–51.32 g/day/m2. Outdoor trials using the R media have a SGR value of 10.17–11.16% and productivity of 54.82–84.1 g/day/m2. Spirodela polyrhiza can be developed and have the potential to be used as an alternative natural feed source for aquaculture or another purpose. Further research is needed.

Immunometabolism - The Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids.

Immunometabolism has been the focus of extensive research over the last years, especially in terms of augmenting anti-tumor immune responses. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4+ T cells, which have been known for their immunosuppressive roles in various conditions including anti-tumor immune responses. Even though several studies aimed to target Tregs in the tumor microenvironment (TME), such approaches generally result in the inhibition of the Tregs non-specifically, which may cause immunopathologies such as autoimmunity. Therefore, specifically targeting the Tregs in the TME would be vital in terms of achieving a successful and specific treatment. Recently, an association between Tregs and isoleucine, which represents one type of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), has been demonstrated. The presence of isoleucine seems to affect majorly Tregs, rather than conventional T cells. Considering the fact that Tregs bear several distinct metabolic features in the TME, targeting their immunometabolic pathways may be a rational approach. In this Review, we provide a general overview on the potential distinct metabolic features of T cells, especially focusing on BCAAs in Tregs as well as in their subtypes.

Effect of biofriendly amino acids on methane hydrate decomposition: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations

Controllable mining is a prerequisite for commercial hydrate mining and the addition of chemicals makes the mining process more efficient. However, traditional chemical additives are environmentally harmful and give rise to damage to the environment. Amino acids are green additives, and their effect on the decomposition of hydrates remains to be unequivocally understood. To reveal the influencing mechanism of amino acids on the decomposition of methane hydrates, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to systematically investigate the influences of the amino acid types, concentrations, temperature, and pressure on hydrates decomposition. The results demonstrated that glycine had shown excellent performance on accelerating the decomposition of hydrates, followed by valine, serine, alanine, and glutamic acid. 5 mol% glycine was most conducive to the decomposition of hydrates. Temperature was a favorable factor for the decomposition of methane hydrate, and the decomposition rate had a nonlinear relationship with the increase in temperature. Additionally, there were two factors affecting the decomposition of hydrates under varying pressure conditions. The first was the inhibition of pressure on the decomposition of hydrates, called inhibiting effect. The second was that pressure had an effect on the solubility of amino acids which could promote the decomposition of hydrates, called the facilitation effect. The synergistic effect of inhibiting effect and facilitation effect determined the final hydrate decomposition rate. The obtained results provided a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the decomposition process of the amino acid-hydrate system on the molecular scale, and also laid a basis for the selection and design of novel amino acid molecules promoting hydrates decomposition.

From Microorganisms to Biosignatures: Subcritical Water Extraction as a Sample Preparation Technique for Future Life Detection Missions

AbstractAmino acids are important targets in the search for life beyond Earth. The types of amino acids, their relative abundances, and enantiomeric excess all serve as biosignatures. To detect such biosignatures, identification and quantification of individual amino acids are required. Regardless of the analytical workflow used, it is critical to release amino acids from the sample without altering their molecular distributions. Subcritical water extraction (SCWE) is a promising technique for the release of organics from a variety of samples that has been under development for flight implementation for over 20 years. However, there is a risk of racemization and/or degradation of amino acids during extraction that could alter their distributions. This work demonstrates for the first time that SCWE (200°C for 30 min) can release amino acids from bacterial cells and spores, while maintaining their native distributions and enantiomeric excess.

Spray freeze drying for protein encapsulation: Impact of the formulation to morphology and stability

Proteins, the building blocks of life, are increasingly being used as therapeutics for treating several diseases. Yet, there are challenges in the delivery of highly labile materials like proteins, which is often circumvented with the help of encapsulation for targeted delivery and enhanced stability. Spray drying technology has recently been employed for encapsulation due to its’ low cost and scale-up capabilities, yet the high temperatures of drying air makes the technology unsuitable for proteins. More recently, spray freeze drying has evolved as an emerging technology that combines spray drying with freeze drying by using low temperatures, and is thus suitable for maintaining the stability of proteins. This study investigates the correlation between formulation parameters and the properties of protein encapsulated microparticles prepared by spray freeze drying. Morphology was investigated using microscopic methods, and protein stability was examined using infrared and mass spectrometry. By using bovine serum albumin, we verify that increasing the total weight to 15 mg/ml results in microencapsulates with a projected area equivalent diameter of 100 µm larger. We demonstrate that some types of amino acids are essential for shell formation; however, glutamine generates an increase in dimer areas in mass spectra of 5.5. D-Mannitol is the suggested carrier for high encapsulation efficiency (above 90 %). The formulation containing polyvinylpyrrolidone, mannitol, and leucine (at 6, 9, and 2 mg/ml, respectively) produced the lowest reduction in the stability of a few types of proteins; deconvoluted infrared peaks show a difference of less than 2% compared to the free protein. Understanding the spray freeze drying phenomenon for protein encapsulation would allow the control over morphological and chemical properties of microparticles containing active proteins.

Plasma Amino Acids in Early and Mid-Pregnancy With Subsequent Risk of Gestational Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Markers – Both Type of Amino Acids and Gestational Timing Matter

ObjectivesTo prospectively evaluate associations of plasma amino acids (AAs) in early and mid-pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk and cardiometabolic biomarkers in a longitudinal U.S. multiracial pregnancy cohort.MethodsWe conducted a nested case-control study within the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies-Singleton Cohort. Individual AAs at gestational weeks (GW) of 10–14, 15–26, 23–31, and 33–39 were assessed among 107 GDM cases (mean GW for GDM ascertainment: 27.4) and 214 controls matched on age, race/ethnicity, and gestational age at sample collection. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the associations of plasma AAs at 10–14 GW and 15–26 GW with subsequent risk of GDM, adjusting for major covariates. We estimated Spearman's partial correlation coefficients between AAs at 10–14 GW and fasting cardiometabolic markers at 15–26 GW.ResultsAt 10–14 GW, each SD increment in glycine levels was related to a 45% lower risk of GDM (adjusted OR, 95% CI: 0.55, 0.39–0.79), whereas each SD increase in alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid was associated with a 43% (aOR, 95% CI: 1.43, 1.08–1.88), 41% (aOR, 95% CI: 1.41, 1.11–1.80), and 39% (aOR, 95% CI: 1.39, 0.98–1.98) greater risk of GDM, respectively. At 15–26 GW, similar findings to those at GW 10–14 were observed for glycine, alanine, and aspartic acid. In addition, each SD increment in glutamine-to-glutamic acid-ratio was related to a 50% lower risk of GDM (OR, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.26–0.94). By contrast, higher levels of branched-chain AA (BCAA) isoleucine and aromatic AAs tyrosine and phenylalanine were associated with a higher risk of GDM (OR, 95% CI: 1.64, 1.19–2.27 for isoleucine; 1.56, 1.16–2.09 for tyrosine; and 1.15, 0.87–1.53 for phenylalanine). Higher levels of glycine and lower levels of alanine, BCAA, and aromatic AAs were associated with a more favorable cardiometabolic biomarker profile.ConclusionsAssociations of AAs with GDM differed by both types of AAs and timing over pregnancy. These findings suggest potentially important roles of glycine in both early- and mid-pregnancy, and BCAA and aromatic AAs in mid-pregnancy in the development of GDM and maternal cardiometabolic profiles.Funding SourcesThe Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.

Alterations in meat nutrient composition in response to a partial replacement of corn with triticale in the broiler diet

Abstract The study evaluated the effect of feeding triticale on proximate composition, amino acids (AA) profile and nutritional value of meat (breast and thigh) of broiler chickens. A 5-weeks trial (1-35d) was conducted on Cobb 500 broilers (n=400), allotted into two dietary groups with five replicates (40 birds/replicate) and fed control (C, corn-soybean meal) and triticale (T, corn-triticale-soybean meal) diets. Broilers meat’s proximate composition and energy value showed no significant differences between treatments. Feeding triticale significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) breast muscle concentrations of arginine, valine and phenylalanine, while the methionine and alanine decreased (P&lt;0.05) and did not affect the total AA, essential, non-essential or flavor AA. Concerning the thigh muscle AA profile, partial corn replacing with triticale decreased (P&lt;0.05) the content of isoleucine, leucine, serine and alanine, without altering the total AA, EAA, NEAA, flavor AA or their ratio. The limiting AA in both muscle types was leucine, irrespective of diet. The EAA index and net protein value revealed no significant differences between diets or muscle types. In conclusion, partial corn replacement in broilers’ diets with triticale did not adversely affect the proximate meat composition and positively impacted broilers’ nutritional meat protein quality.

LUNG CANCER DIAGNOSIS BY DEEP LEARNING-BASED DNA-DERIVED BACTERIOPHAGE NOSE ANALYSIS OF EXHALED GAS

TYPE: Abstract TOPIC: Lung Cancer PURPOSE: Lung cancer has a high mortality rate, however an early diagnosis can contribute to a favourable prognosis. Here, we demonstrate the development of a DNA-derived bacteriophage nose (D2pNose) based on genetically engineered phage to diagnose lung cancer by using deep learning model of exhaled gas. METHODS: Exhaled breath was collected in a controlled way from individuals with lung cancer (n=31) and from healthy subjects (n=31). The D2pNose is an array of phage coated proteins of the M13 bacteriophage generated with 20 types of amino acid. Each 20 type sensors consisted of red-, green-, and blue-colored M13 bacteriophage films. The color change profiles of D2pNose were appeared when various volatile organic compounds are exposed to the same density. In this study, colorimetric dataset of exhaled gas obtained from two groups were randomly shuffled and sequentially divided into training and validation set without any pretreatment steps. Diagnostic performance of dataset was then assessed by using 5-fold cross validation of convolutional neural network model. RESULTS: The deep learning model was trained with D2pNose colorimetric datasets of exhaled gas derived from two groups and could classify them with an accuracy of 75.15% and a classification success rate of 87.1% for lung cancer based on raw human breathing without any pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS: These study results suggest that the combination of D2pNose analysis of exhaled gas and deep learning could be a reliable method for lung cancer screening without any pretreatment. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Analysis of exhaled gas and deep learning method could be a lung cancer screening method. DISCLOSURE: Nothing to declare. KEYWORD: lung cancer

Strategies to Improve the Activity and Biocompatibility: Modification of Peptide Antibiotics.

As host defense peptides, peptide antibiotics exist in almost all organisms. Many of their activities come from their inactivation of bacteria, yeast, fungi, and even cancer cells. However, natural peptide antibiotics are relatively poor in stability and penetration, and have high hemolytic properties, which makes them difficult to directly apply. Therefore, natural peptide antibiotics can be modified to enhance their activity and biocompatibility. Based on the characteristics of amino acids, amino acid substitutions can be performed to study the effect of amino acid types on the activity of peptide antibiotics. The design of ultrashort peptides, cyclic peptides, and self-assembling peptides is also a way to improve the activity of peptide antibiotics. In addition, antibacterial peptides can also be conjugated with antibiotics, lipids, or metal ions to prepare antibacterial peptides with special activities. This review introduces several methods for modifying peptide antibiotics and their specific applications, providing a theoretical basis for the further application of peptide antibiotics.

Isolation and Identification of Secondary Metabolite Compounds of Laor Worm Extract as Antibacterial

Laor worms (Lysidice oela) are worms that appear on the surface of the Maluku sea to reproduce in March or April. Laor worms are usually consumed by most people because they contain 13.92% protein, 81.51% water, 1.01% fat, and 2.41% ash and contain 9 types of essential amino acids. Secondary metabolite compounds (bromophenol) from marine worms are antimicrobial. This research aimed to determine the potential of secondary metabolites in inhibiting the growth of E. coli bacteria and to determine the secondary metabolites contained in laor worms. Laor worm is extracted maceration with ethanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. The results of each extract were tested for antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method with variations in concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mg/mL against E. coli bacteria. The results of the extract which had the highest antibacterial activity were then tested for phytochemicals, then separated using TLC, and identified active compounds using UV-Vis spectrophotometers and their functional groups using FT-IR spectrophotometers. The results showed that laor worm extract could inhibit the growth of E. coli bacteria with an inhibition zone area of ??13.4 mm for ethanol extract; 14.8 for ethyl acetate extract and 12.6 mm for petroleum ether extract. The phytochemical test showed that the ethyl acetate extract of la worms contained flavonoids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, and alkaloids. Identification using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer obtained ?max was 203 nm which showed steroid compounds. The identification of active compounds using an FTIR spectrophotometer shows the functional groups O-H, C = O, C-C, C-OH primary, and C-H which are thought to be steroid compounds.

Synthesis of Cinnamoyl‐Amino Acid Ester Derivatives and Structure‐Activity Relationship Based on Thermal Stability, Dielectric, and Theoretical Analysis

AbstractIn this study, cinnamic acid derivatives were synthesized from the reaction of benzaldehyde derivatives with malonic acid in the presence of pyridine and piperidine. These compounds were then respectively reacted with glycine and L‐alanine methyl ester hydrochloride based on triazine methodology to obtain novel cinnamoyl‐amino acid ester derivatives. The structure of these compounds were established via 1H, 13C APT, FT‐IR, MS and elemental analysis. The synthesized novel compounds were studied in terms of structure‐activity relationship based on dielectric, thermal stability, and theoretical analysis. Dielectric analysis was carried out in terms of amino acid type and aromatic substituted group (electron‐withdrawing or releasing group factor). Amino acid side chain differences make alanine conjugates have higher ϵ′ values compared to glycine conjugates. Thermal stability analysis was performed for the compounds (10 and 16) with the highest dielectric constants. Thermal decomposition activation energies were calculated as 95 kJ mol−1 and 100 kJ mol−1 for 10 and 16, respectively. HOMO‐LUMO energy levels and other related properties of the target compounds were analyzed and a correlation was observed between HOMO‐LUMO energy band gap and dielectric constant.

Bacillus velezensis LG37 absorbs and utilizes ammonia nitrogen from aquaculture water and enhances the toxicity tolerance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) to ammonia (non-ionic ammonium)

High concentrations of ammonia nitrogen lead to multi-organ damage, decreased immunity, and metabolic disorders in aquaculture animals, which cause disease outbreaks. This study mainly screened probiotic strains for good control of the concentration of ammonia nitrogen and identified strain LG37 as Bacillus velezensis according to its morphological, 16S rDNA, phylogenetic, and genomic data analysis. This LG37 strain achieved efficiently purifies aquaculture water and enhances the toxicity tolerance of grass carp to ammonia. The experimental on growth characteristics showed that LG37 exhibited a satisfactory growth trend with 10 types of sugar, 17 types of amino acids, and 6 types of organic nitrogen as the carbon or nitrogen source. Under the conditions of initial dissolved oxygen at 6±1 mg/L, the temperature at 27±2°C, and pH 7±0.3. Through wastewater treatment equipment, which degraded ammonia nitrogen and the feed protein in grass carp culture wastewater reached up to 55.5% and 73.6% within one week, respectively. Moreover, in the acute toxicity test, when feed without LG37 was fed to grass carp, the safe concentration of ammonia nitrogen (non-ionic ammonium) was 3.37 mg/L (0.2 mg/L). When feed with LG37 was fed to grass carp, the safe concentration of ammonia nitrogen (non-ionic ammonium) was 5.11 mg/L (0.31 mg/L). Compared to feed without LG37, the feed with LG37 increased the toxicity tolerance of grass carp to ammonia nitrogen (non-ionic ammonium) by 51.63% (55%).

The Structure-Function Relationship of Human Bleomycin Hydrolase: Mutation of a Cysteine Protease into a Serine Protease.

Human bleomycin hydrolase (hBH) catalyzes deamidation of the anticancer drug bleomycins (BLM). This enzyme is involved in BLM detoxification and drug resistance. Herein, we report the putative BLM-binding site and catalytic mechanism of hBH. The crystal structures and biochemical studies suggest that hBH cleaves its C-terminal residue without significant preference for the type of amino acid, and therefore can accordingly accommodate the β-aminoalanine amide moiety of BLM for deamidation. Interestingly, hBH is capable of switching from a cysteine protease to a serine protease that is unable to cleave the secondary amide of hBH C-terminus but reacts with the primary amide of BLMs.

Microwave pyrolysis of biomass model compounds for bio-oil: Formation mechanisms of the nitrogenous chemicals and DFT calculations

Microwave pyrolysis of nitrogen-rich biomass for bio-oil is a green and sustainable pathway to realize energy conversion and produce high-value nitrogenous chemicals. This work selected three typical amino acids (serine (Ser), glutamic acid (Glu), and phenylalanine (Phe)) as nitrogenous model compounds for biomass, and the distribution characteristics and formation mechanisms of the nitrogenous chemicals in bio-oil were studied in depth. Results showed that the amino acid structure and pyrolysis temperature were the crucial factors affecting the distribution and selectivity of nitrogenous chemicals. The nitrogenous chemicals were mainly produced at 200–500 °C from the model amino acids, and the nitrogen in Ser was more prone to accumulating in bio-oil compared with Glu and Phe. At 300 °C, the model amino acids generated numerous amines and cyclic amides through decarboxylation, decarbonylation, and dehydration. Higher temperatures (400 and 500 °C) promoted amines/amides to form nitriles and N-heterocycles, with the releasing of H2. Nitriles (including propionitrile and phenylacetonitrile) were typically produced by the straight-chain dehydrogenation of amines. Ser, Glu, and Phe produced N-heterocycles (including pyrazine, pyrrole, 2-pyrrolidone, and indole) based on the cyclization and dehydration between carbonyl and amino compounds, intramolecular dehydration, and cyclization dehydrogenation of phenethylamine, respectively. Finally, the possible formation pathways of the main nitrogenous chemicals were proposed, and the kinetics and thermodynamic analyses were performed through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The findings could provide theoretical support for the nitrogenous chemicals production from microwave pyrolysis of amino acids and biomass.

Risk Factor Analysis in Community with Consuming Habits Caffeinated Drinks

Background: People in general have a habit of consuming coffee every day, from various social status circles they like coffee drinks with different consumption goals. Caffeine is widely found in beverages, drugs, supplements and sweets, is the most widely used stimulant in the world, caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant, diuretic, stimulates the heart muscle, and relaxes bronchial smooth muscles. At standard doses, 50-200 mg of caffeine primarily affects the outer layer of the brain. This effect can reduce fatigue, however the caffeine consumed also turns out to have side effects. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the risk factors in the community with the habit of consuming caffeinated drinks. Methods: The design used is a literature review by using several journals from several sources such as: Google Scholar, The keyword used to conduct the search is "factors that influence people's behavior in consuming caffeine drinks", the year of publication are 2015-2020. Results: The results of the journal discussion showed that the risk factors in the community with the habit of consuming caffeinated beverages had an effect on the health of the individual itself because the dangers of coffee could arise if excessive coffee consumption, which caused the heart to beat fast, became irregular, and caused seizures. Conclusion: In addition, unfiltered coffee can also trigger several things that can increase the risk of heart disease, because it increases homocysteine (a type of protein-forming amino acid) which is thought to be closely related to heart attacks, increased blood fat, and cholesterol.