Types Of Abuse Research Articles

Jordanian nursing students’ experience of harassment in clinical care settings

IntroductionNursing students experienced various types of bullying and abuse in their practice areas. This study aims to assess the incidence, nature, and types of bullying and harassment experienced by Jordanian nursing students in clinical areas.MethodologyA cross-sectional, descriptive design was used, utilizing a self-report questionnaire. A convenient sampling technique was used to approach nursing students who are in their 3rd or 4th year in governmental and private universities.ResultsOf 162 (70%) students who reported harassment, more than 80% of them were females and single. Almost 40% of them reported that males were the gender of the perpetrator. Almost 26.5% of them reported that patient’s relatives or friends were the sources of harassment. Psychological/verbal harassment was the most reported type of harassment (79%). Findings showed that there was a statistically significant difference in psychological/verbal harassment based on gender and type of the university. Also, there were significant negative correlations between psychological/verbal harassment, professional achievement, and personal life.ConclusionHarassment in the clinical area is affecting the professional and personal lives of students, who lack the knowledge of policy to report this harassment.

Maternal History of Childhood Maltreatment and Pregnancy Weight Outcomes.

Childhood maltreatment is associated with elevated adult weight. It is unclear whether this association extends to pregnancy, a critical window for the development of obesity. We examined associations of childhood maltreatment histories with prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain among women who had participated for >20 years in a longitudinal cohort. At age 26-35 years, participants reported childhood maltreatment (physical, sexual, and emotional abuse; emotional neglect) and, 5 years later, about prepregnancy weight and gestational weight gain for previous pregnancies (n = 656). Modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate associations of maltreatment history with prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain z -scores, adjusting for sociodemographics. We used multivariate imputation by chained equations to adjust outcome measures for misclassification using data from an internal validation study. Before misclassification adjustment, results indicated a higher risk of prepregnancy BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 in women with certain types of maltreatment (e.g., emotional abuse risk ratio = 2.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.5, 3.7) compared with women without that maltreatment type. After misclassification adjustment, estimates were attenuated but still modestly elevated (e.g., emotional abuse risk ratio = 1.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 2.7). Misclassification-adjusted estimates for maltreatment associations with gestational weight gain z -scores were close to the null and imprecise. Findings suggest an association of maltreatment with prepregnancy BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 but not with high gestational weight gain. Results suggest a potential need for equitable interventions that can support all women, including those with maltreatment histories, as they enter pregnancy.

Child Maltreatment, Mental Health Disorders, and Health Risk Behaviors in People With Diverse Gender Identities.

This study examined rates of mental health disorders and health risk behaviors in people with diverse gender identities and associations with five types of child maltreatment. We used data from the Australian Child Maltreatment Study (ACMS), a nationally representative survey of Australian residents aged 16 years and more, which was designed to understand the experience of child maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, exposure to domestic violence). Mental disorders-major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), alcohol use disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and health risk behaviors-smoking, binge drinking, cannabis dependence, self-harm, and suicide attempt in the past 12 months were assessed. People with diverse gender identities who experienced child maltreatment were significantly more likely to have GAD (43.3%; 95% CI [30.3, 56.2]) than those who had experienced child maltreatment who were either cisgender men (13.8%; [12.0, 15.5]) or cisgender women (17.4%; [15.7, 19.2]). Similarly, higher prevalence was found for PTSD (21.3%; [11.1, 31.5]), self-harm (27.8%; [17.1, 38.5]) and suicide attempt (7.2%; [3.1, 11.3]) for people with diverse gender identities. Trauma-informed approaches, attuned to the high likelihood of any child maltreatment, and the co-occurrence of different kinds may benefit people with diverse gender identities experiencing GAD, PTSD, self-harm, suicidal behaviors, or other health risk behaviors.

The impact of childhood abuse on patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder: an Egyptian study

BackgroundThe presence of childhood abuse is expected to have a great impact on several psychological domains on obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. This study was designed to assess the psychological impact of history childhood abuse (emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional and physical neglect) on five psychological domains among OCD patients (self-esteem, depression, suicidal risk, cognitive functions, and anxiety).MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 101 OCD patients who were seen in the psychiatric department’s outpatient clinic at Zagazig University Hospital. They were diagnosed according to DSM-IV (SCID-I interview). All the patients were assessed using Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Beck’s Suicide Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the MoCA scale (Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test).ResultsThe prevalence of childhood abuse in the studied group was 74.3%. 24.8% with emotional abuse, 20.8% with physical abuse, 16.8% with sexual abuse, and 11.9% of patients with emotional and physical neglect. The different types of childhood abuse (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse) were significantly associated with decreased self-esteem and increased depressive symptoms, while emotional and physical neglect were associated with decreased self-esteem only among OCD patients. The most powerful and significant predictor of lower self-esteem and depression was sexual abuse, and it was also the only significant predictor of increased suicidal risk among OCD patients.ConclusionsHistory of childhood abuse was significantly associated with decreased self-esteem and increased depressive symptoms among OCD patients. Only history of sexual abuse was significantly associated with increased suicidal risk. So, evaluation of the childhood abuse history is highly important among OCD patients to be incorporated in the management plan to reduce the suffering of OCD patients and for better improvement.

Cigarette Smoking in Women Victims of Police-Reported Intimate Partner Violence: The Role of Childhood Maltreatment, Type of Partner Abuse, and Psychological Distress Symptoms

ABSTRACT Existing research on the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and cigarette smoking primarily involves low-risk, physical IVP-focused studies on community women. As a result, the risks associated with cigarette smoking in women victims of severe IPV have not been fully explored. This study examined the association between exposure to different forms of childhood maltreatment, exposure to physical, psychological, and sexual IPV, and current psychological distress symptoms with cigarette smoking in a high-risk sample of women victims of police-reported severe IPV. Participants included 162 women victims of police-reported severe IPV recruited in shelters for domestic violence and Child Protective Services in Portugal. Participants provided self-reports on childhood maltreatment physical, psychological, and sexual violence), physical, psychological, and sexual IPV, psychological distress symptoms (anxiety, depressive, somatic, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms), and daily cigarette consumption. Results revealed significant associations between daily cigarette consumption and exposure to IPV, physical abuse during childhood, psychological IPV, and anxiety symptoms in women experiencing police-reported severe IPV. Childhood maltreatment may increase vulnerability for emotion dysregulation, promoting addictive behaviors to regulate distress. Smoking can be an unhealthy regulating strategy to reduce the distress related to chronic exposure to psychological IPV. Future effective health promotion interventions in women facing severe forms of IPV may target emotional regulation and incorporate a trauma-focused approach.

The MACE-SCREEN – Screening for Abuse and Neglect Across Developmental Stages

ABSTRACT Few high-quality instruments are available to comprehensively screen for multiple interpersonal traumatic childhood experiences differentiated by developmental stage. One instrument assessing various forms of childhood trauma is the Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure (MACE-X, Teicher & Parigger, 2015), which allows for the assessment of age at exposure for every item. The aim of this study is the development of a shorter version, which is suitable for screening. In- and out-patients (n = 719) of a somatic clinic were assessed with the German version of the 75-item MACE. Descriptive statistics, a nonparametric item response theory model (Mokken Scale Analysis), and factor analysis were combined to select items for a screening version. A screener (MACE-SCREEN) with 39 items allocated to five scales was developed. Scales differentiate between abuse types and neglect, direct experience vs. witnessing violence, and the age of the perpetrator (adults vs. peers). The scales showed good internal consistency (Alpha .78 to .91) and the total score a strong correlation with the total score of the long version (r = .96). This screening version is still comprehensive as it assesses exposure to various forms of interpersonal traumatic events, including peer violence and witnessing domestic abuse. As it also allows for the concurrent assessment of age at exposure, it lends itself to assessing exposure across developmental stages.

Health and social care staff's recognition of elder abuse perpetrated by family members of persons with dementia: a mixed-method study.

Health and social care staff play a significant role in detecting and reporting abuse among persons with dementia. However, they are often left to their own judgements which can lead to elder abuse not being detected or acted on. The aim was to explore what healthcare and social care staff consider elder abuse, and their experience of elder abuse perpetrated by family members of persons with dementia. This mixed-method vignette study was conducted in Sweden during the year 2021. In total 39 staff working in dementia care were included. They first answered the Caregiver Scenario Questionnaire and then participated in a group interview. An inconsistency was revealed regarding whether a management strategy for behavioural difficulties included in the Caregiver Scenario Questionnaire should be considered an abusive act or not. No participants were able to identify all five abusive behaviour management strategies. Participants described witnessing 101 abusive acts including different types of abuse of a person with dementia, with emotional/psychological abuse and neglect being most common. Health and social care staff who work close to older persons are able to detect abuse perpetrated by family members. However, inconsistency in defining abusive acts demonstrates the uncertainty in identifying abuse. This may lead to abuse not being identified, but it also creates feelings of inadequacy among staff.

Attitudes and responses of Victorian paediatric intensive care doctors to the detection and reporting of child maltreatment.

To determine the attitudes and responses of Victorian paediatric intensive care doctors to the detection and reporting of child maltreatment. A prospective study conducted in a 30-bed paediatric intensive care unit of a university teaching hospital using data collected from a questionnaire completed by paediatric intensive care consultants and registrars. The questionnaire covered the following domains - doctors' knowledge of Victorian mandatory reporting legislation, doctors' history of reporting and doctors' current role in the detection and reporting of child maltreatment. The questionnaire was completed by 37 doctors. All but one doctor considered their role in the detection and reporting of all six forms of maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, exposure to domestic violence and grooming to facilitate later sexual activity with a child) very important or somewhat important. Thirty-two percent of doctors did not feel adequately trained to detect child maltreatment while 51% did not feel adequately trained to report maltreatment. If a doctor wanted to make a report to Child Protection about the physical or sexual abuse of a child, only one would likely make Child Protection their first point of contact. Paediatric intensive care doctors show a strong intent to detect and report child maltreatment across a broad range of maltreatment types. Doctors are likely to contact one or more members of a child's care team and/or one or more relevant hospital/community services before making a report to Child Protection about the physical or sexual abuse of a child. Opportunities exist for the further education of doctors in regards to the detection and reporting of child maltreatment.

Borderline personality disorder and parenting capacity: Understanding child protection population characteristics

Objective This paper describes an audit of borderline symptoms, risk factors for maltreatment and types of abuse among parents who completed a parenting capacity assessment at a South Australian health-based child protection service. Method A retrospective case note audit within a 28-month period was conducted and included parents ( n = 107) who had completed a Mclean’s screening instrument for borderline personality disorder and/or had a psychiatric review with a formal diagnosis. Parents who had a borderline personality disorder diagnosis or endorsed five or more symptoms were categorised into the ‘high’ borderline symptom group. Rates of parental risk factors for maltreatment and type of abuse were compared between parents with low or high borderline symptoms. Results Forty percent of parents endorsed at least five borderline symptoms on the screening tool. On average, parents high in borderline symptoms had a greater number of parental risk factors. Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of screening for personality pathology among parents presenting to child protection services. Foundational training for staff and making evidence-based interventions available should be considered in such settings.

The prevalence of child sexual abuse perpetrated by leaders or other adults in religious organizations in Australia

BackgroundNumerous national public inquiries have highlighted the problem of child sexual abuse in religious organizations. Despite this, evidence of population-wide prevalence is scarce. ObjectiveTo provide the first nationally representative prevalence estimates of child sexual abuse perpetrated by adults in religious organizations in Australia. MethodsThe Australian Child Maltreatment Study (ACMS) surveyed 8503 people aged 16 and over about their experiences of child maltreatment. Weighted prevalence estimates were calculated based on responses to the child sexual abuse questions from the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire-R2: Adapted Version (ACMS). ResultsOne in 250 people reported being sexually abused as a child by an adult in a religious organization (0.4 %, 95 % CI, 0.3–0.6 %). Men reported significantly higher rates of child sexual abuse by these perpetrators (0.8 %, 95 % CI, 0.5–1.2 %), compared to women (0.1 %, 95 % CI, 0–0.3 %). This type of sexual abuse was overwhelmingly perpetrated by men (0.4 %, 95 % CI, 0.3–0.6 %), compared to women (0 %, 95 % CI, 0–0.1 %), and was substantially more often experienced in Catholic organizations (71.9 %) than other Christian denominations or other religions. Prevalence of child sexual abuse in religious organizations has declined over time (2.2 % of men 65 years and older, compared with 0.2 % of 16–24-year-old men). ConclusionsChild sexual abuse has been widespread in religious organizations in Australia. A decline over time indicates progress has been made in preventing sexual abuse of children. Religious organizations must take all reasonable measures to prevent child sexual abuse, with a particular need for interventions targeting male leaders, and organizational cultures.

Child maltreatment and peer relationship quality: Types and timing of maltreatment and gender differences.

Research demonstrates that child maltreatment can negatively impact adolescent peer relationships. It is not well understood, however, how the type of maltreatment and its timing (when it occurs) affects the dimensions of peer relationship quality (i.e., companionship, conflict, satisfaction, and intimacy) and differences between genders. This study examines the effects of type and timing of child maltreatment on peer relationship quality, while also exploring the role of gender differences. This study involved 851 adolescents (56.1% girls, 56.2% Black, and 26.8% low-income) drawn from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). We used Child Protective Services' information for the type and timing of child maltreatment, along with self-reports of peer relationship quality. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEEs) were conducted. Sexual abuse and neglect during adolescence were associated with less satisfaction and lower levels of companionship, respectively. Physical abuse during middle childhood was associated with lower levels of intimacy. We also found interactions between gender and type and timing of maltreatment. Compared to girls, boys exhibited lower levels of companionship and satisfaction if they experienced sexual abuse during adolescence. These findings suggest a need for maltreatment-prevention efforts targeting school-aged children and adolescents, as well as gender-sensitive interventions for high-risk boys with a history of maltreatment.

Young people's experiences and use of violence in the home: Examining four types of child maltreatment, their intersections and self-reported use of violence in the home

BackgroundChild maltreatment has received substantial academic attention. However, little remains known about the intersection of different types of child maltreatment and their association with young people's use of violence in the home. ObjectiveTo examine the intersection of child maltreatment types and the intergenerational transmission of violence through young people's use of violence in the home. Participantsand setting: A total of 5021 young people (16–20 years old) completed an online survey, recruited using non-probability sampling via survey panels. MethodsAnalyses were carried out using χ2 tests and a series of binary logistic regressions to examine the association between participant characteristics and unique child maltreatment experiences with different forms of maltreatment and young people's use of violence. ResultsOverall, 29.9% of participants had experienced at least one form of maltreatment and 16.7% reported experiences of multi-type maltreatment. The most common experiences were childhood experiences of domestic violence (CEDV) (27.3%), followed by verbal/emotional abuse (17%), which both increased the likelihood of also experiencing physical abuse (OR = 5.85 and OR = 10.21, respectively). Cisgender females and children living with a disability were more likely to experience all four types of maltreatment. Experiences of verbal/emotional abuse (OR = 4.56), and CEDV (OR = 4.52) increased the risk of young people's use of violence in the home. ConclusionsFindings contribute to a growing body of work recognising CEDV as a distinct form of child maltreatment which intersects with other experiences of abuse, including young people's use of violence in the home.

Prevalence of Elder Abuse Among Shiraz Education Retirees: A Cross-sectional Study

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of elder abuse and its related factors among retirees of the Department of Education. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting(s): The current study was conducted in Shiraz, the capital of Fars province, Iran. Participants: A sample of 280 (157 females and 123 males) community-dwelling older adults aged≥60 were selected using a systematic random sampling method. Outcome measures: The data were collected through a demographic questionnaire and the Domestic Elder Abuse Questionnaire (DEAQ). Demographic characteristics, including age, gender, marital status, living arrangement, household size, number of children, disease and its type, health status, education level, income, and house ownership, were examined to evaluate their impact on elder abuse. In addition, the prevalence of elder abuse and its subscales (i.e., emotional neglect, care neglect, financial neglect, curtailment of personal autonomy, psychological abuse, physical abuse, financial abuse, and abandonment) was also measured. Results: Approximately 40% of participants underwent at least one type of abuse. Financial abuse (32%) and physical abuse (3.9%) were reported as the most and least frequent types of abuse, respectively. Moreover, there was a statistically significant relationship between some demographic variables (e.g., age, presence of disease, duration of disease, health status, and income level) and the total abuse index. Additionally, some variables had statistically significant relationships with various subscales of abuse. Conclusions: Findings highlight the need to develop efficient policies to prevent elder abuse. Further research is thus recommended to determine influencing factors and appropriate interventions.

Child Maltreatment and Psychopathology: A Brief Review on the Potential Role of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis.

Child maltreatment is a widespread global issue involving any form of harm or neglect by a parent or caregiver, leading to various forms of physical or emotional damage, with approximately 150 million affected children globally. This study discusses the potential mechanism of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and cortisol hormone changes in linking child maltreatment to mental health disorders. It also discusses supportive strategies to prevent mental diseases and counteract the biological embedding of these conditions, emphasizing the need for comprehensive interventions to address the long-term impact of child maltreatment on mental health. Articles were selected using established methods previously described. Key information was obtained from scientific articles published during the past 20 years, including original studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Articles search was performed using top academic search engines. While research on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress in maltreated children is ongoing and far from conclusive, its impact and implications for physiological functioning and the predisposition to psychopathology are significant. Childhood maltreatment increases the risk of psychiatric illnesses, severity of diseases, and poor treatment responses. Childhood maltreatment manifests as disruptions to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, with the extent varying based on factors, such as the age of onset, parental responsiveness, and the type and characteristics of maltreatment. The complex interplay of these factors contributes to the diversity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to stress in maltreated children, creating a spectrum of physiological functioning and vulnerability to psychopathology.

‘I don’t like it, but I won’t leave home’: Interpersonal Factors Restricting Married Women in Rural Zimbabwe From Reporting Intimate Partner Violence

This study explores interpersonal factors that negatively impact married women’s reporting of intimate partner violence. Using the snowball sampling, the data were collected from 12 married women who had suffered intimate partner violence. The findings revealed many interpersonal factors that affect intimate partner abuse reporting, such as the length of the marriage, fear of criminal victimisation, physical impairments, trivialisation of certain types of abuse and a lack of awareness about intimate partner violence. The study calls for the need to build married women’s resilience and mobilise resources to improve their socio-economic status and break their economic dependence on abusive husbands.

DV in International Households in Japan: Interview and Questionary Survey Results on Cases of Sexual Violence

This study investigates instances of sexual violence within international households in Japan consisting of one Japanese and one non-Japanese citizen. By applying two classifications such as relationship violence (i.e., intimate partner mistreatment) and type of maltreatment (in the case of this study, it is sexual violence), the research explores intimate partner violence and sexual coercion and abuse. The reliable data was collected from 83 survey participants and 18 interviewees, revealing that most respondents either did not experience or were unwilling to disclose incidents of sexual mistreatment. According to the OEQ, three participants reported instances of sexual abuse. With the consent of two female respondents, their experiences were analyzed using inductive coding and case study methods and illustrated in this manuscript. The findings highlight significant obstacles, including the lack of research and statistical data on domestic violence in international households in Japan. Despite these challenges, the study elucidates the nature of sexual domestic violence and abuse faced by migrants. It underscores how environments of fear and male dominance affect women's control over their fertility and sexual freedom. The case studies illustrate different forms of reproductive control and forced sex, suggesting a need for further research on sexual abuse as a risk factor for sexual coercion, fertility control issues, and the potential spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases in international households.

Analyzing actual crime victimizations of people with dementia in criminal court judgment databases in Japan

ABSTRACT People with dementia suffer not only from symptoms but also from social vulnerability including an increased risk of abuse and criminal victimization. In existing quantitative studies, the data are based on reports by people with dementia themselves, their family members, or concerned persons, which may be insufficient to accurately identify the actual mechanisms and circumstances of abuse or victimization. To speculate on the exact realities of people with dementia victimization, we extracted criminal sentences of perpetrators collected from the Japanese judgment database. A total of 152 cases in approximately 23 years included various victimization situations; these cases were classified into six categories of harm (physical, psychological, neglect, sexual, financial, and miscellaneous) and five categories of perpetrator (spouse, child, other family, supporter, and stranger or other). There were 93 cases of physical victimization by the spouse or child, which were statistically analyzed. Through case inspections, we provide an accurate victimization process of people with dementia and propose a four-class typology of physical victimization by the family: care exhaustion, antipathy to people with dementia, self-righteous or self-contained family, and continuous abuse type. These case scrutinies and their classifications may contribute to interventions regarding the support of people with dementia and their families.

ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES AND THEIR RELATIVITY TO AGGRESSION OF YOUNG ADULTS IN MALITA, DAVAO OCCIDENTAL PHILIPPINES

Using a descriptive-correlational approach, this study aimed to quantify the prevalence of ACEs (adverse childhood experiences) and aggression among young adults in Malita. It specifically determines the level of ACEs and aggression, the significant relationship between ACEs and aggression, and the area of the independent variable that was most strongly associated with the aggression of young adults. 98 respondents were randomly selected to take part in the study. The independent variable was measured using two adapted questionnaires, namely, the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Questionnaire [47] and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [26], while Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (1992) [22] for the dependent variable. The researchers made used of a variety of statistical methods, including the mean, Spearman's rho, and step-wise multiple regression. Among the five types of abuse, results showed that emotional abuse was a commonly reported form of adversity in childhood. Meanwhile, at the level of aggression, verbal aggression was shown to have the highest responses out of the three different types of aggression. The findings of the study showed no statistical significance between varia-bles. While emotional neglect, among other forms of adversity in childhood, was the lone predictor of aggression in young adults.

Medical assessments for abuse and neglect in contacts of maltreated children.

Identifying abuse or neglect in one child (index) implicates risk to other children residing in the same home (contacts). While child protection investigators may interview and visually examine contacts, there is lack of consensus regarding when contacts should have a medical assessment. Our goal was to describe the prevalence, characteristics and predictors of abuse and neglect among contacts medically assessed by a child maltreatment evaluation centre over a 5-year period. Records of 381 maltreated index children and their 588 contacts were reviewed. Abuse or neglect was diagnosed in 15% of contact children. When index children had more than one type of maltreatment or more than three risk factors, their contacts were more likely to be neglected or abused, respectively. Failure to thrive, patterned injuries, and unmet medical needs were the most common findings among maltreated contacts, and most were diagnosed with injuries or conditions that would not be evident to a child protection investigator. Clinicians should consider evaluating contacts of maltreated children who have multiple risk factors or maltreatment types. These evaluations should include a careful assessment for injuries, growth and unmet medical needs.

“We’re going to tie you to the chair”: the perception of perpetrators and the risk of violence in old age

This article analyses the experiences and perceptions of a sample of people over 60 about the most frequent type of violence in old age, the risk factors, the offenders and the reactions to abuse. A mixed study was carried out with the sequential application of 677 questionnaires and 45 interviews. The results show that older people are mainly victims of psychological abuse and financial exploitation; the type of abuse varies according to the type of aggressor; and that machismo, ageism, mental health problems, addictive behaviours and social isolation are risk factors for violence. Health and justice professionals are perceived as those to whom victims should turn and confide.