Types Of Weeds Research Articles

The influence of agrotechnical techniques on the phytosanitary condition of sugar corn crops in the conditions of the Lower Volga region

Corn is one of the main crops of modern world agriculture, versatile use and high yield, which can largely solve the problems of food security. Various types of weeds can cause significant losses of its yield, which can reach 50% or more, which makes it necessary to provide for protective measures against them in technological schemes of corn cultivation. In corn cultivation technologies, the weed control system is of great importance, since corn grows very slowly at the beginning of the growing season. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of various agrotechnical techniques on the number and variety of weeds in sugar corn crops in the conditions of the Lower Volga region. The tasks of the research are to determine the number and species composition of weeds during the growing season of sweet corn; to determine the effect of herbicides on weeds in sugar corn crops. The experiments were carried out in LLC “Kuznetsovskaya” agricultural company of the Ilovlinsky district of the Volgograd region and in S.A. Popov’s farm of the Chernoyarsky district of the Astrakhan region. The research period is 2009...2015. The contamination was determined by quantitative and weight method on an area of 1 m2. According to all variants of the experiment, the contamination was attributed to a mixed juvenile and long-term type, while no stable patterns were observed in changing the ratios between these components.As a result, it has been revealed that the number of weeds in LLC “Kuznetsovskaya” of the Ilovlinsky district of the Volgograd region varied from 6 to 17 pcs./m2. For dump tillage, this indicator varied from 6 to 11 pcs./m2, for zero tillage – 13...17 pcs./m2. In S.A. Popov’s farm of the Chernoyarsky district of the Astrakhan region, the number of weeds for dump tillage was 4...9 pcs./m2, depending on the influence of agrotechnical reception, for zero tillage contained from 10 to 17 pcs./ m2.

Ефективність післясходових гербіцидів залежно від строків застосування в посівах сої в Східному Лісостепу України

Goal. To determine the influence of the timing of application of multi-component postemergence herbicides on crop weediness, yield, and quality of soybean seeds in the conditions of the Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, weighing, statistical, analytical. Results. According to the results of research in 2017–2019, 15 types of weeds, represented by 4 agrobiological groups — early spring weeds, late spring weeds, biennials, and rhizomes — were found in soybean crops in the conditions of the Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Cereal annual weeds were dominated by number, and dicotyledonous annual weeds by raw mass. It was established that against the background of the use of anti-dicotyledons drug with the active substance bentazon + acifluorfen (in the phases of primordial leaves, 2 and 4 ternate leaves of soybeans) with a graminicide based on hyzalofop-P-ethyl (in the phase of 5 ternate leaves of soybeans), the technical efficiency of these combinations concerning the total weediness of soybean crops was, respectively: in terms of quantity at the beginning of the growing season — 65.7; 65.0 and 48.8%; by the amount at the end of vegetation — 88.6; 88.0 and 67.5%; by raw mass at the end of the growing season — 86.3; 83.9 and 62.4%. When applying the herbicide with the active substance imazetapir + propakhizafop in the phase of primordial leaves and 2-3 ternate leaves of soybean, the technical effectiveness of the effect on the total weediness of the crops was 81.7 and 58.9%, respectively, at the beginning of the growing season, and 82, 1 and 58.8% — at the end, by raw mass at the end of the growing season — 68.3 and 55.2%. The greatest increase in the yield of soybean seeds was provided by the combination of the herbicide with the active substance bentazon + acifluorfen (primordial soybean leaves) with the drug based on hyzalofop-P-ethyl (5 ternate soybean leaves) — 0.29 t/ha, or 33%, the smallest was provided by the application of the drug with the active substance imazetapir + propakhizafop in the phase of 2–3 ternate soybean leaves (0.12 t/ha, or 13%). In almost all options, with the application of herbicides, the increased collection of protein (by 0.06–0.08 t/ha) and oil (by 0.03–0.04 t/ha) was fixed. Conclusions. The use of anti-dicotyledons herbicide with the active ingredient bentazon + acifluorfen (in the phase of primordial soybean leaves) with a graminicide based on hyzalofop-P-ethyl (in the phase of 5 ternate soybean leaves) is promising for effective control of weeds in crops and ensuring an increase in the yield of soybean seeds in the conditions of the Eastern Forest Steppe of Ukraine.

A High-Performance Computing Cluster for Distributed Deep Learning: A Practical Case of Weed Classification Using Convolutional Neural Network Models

One of the main concerns in precision agriculture (PA) is the growth of weeds within a crop field. Currently, to prevent the spread of weeds, automatic techniques and computational tools are used to help to identify, classify, and detect the different types of weeds found in agricultural fields. One of the technologies that can help us to process digital information gathered from the agricultural fields is high-performance computing (HPC); this technology has been adopted to carry out projects requiring extra processing and storage in order to execute tasks with a large computational cost. This paper shows the implementation of an HPC cluster (HPCC), in which image processing (IP) and analysis are executed using deep learning (DL) techniques, specifically, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with the VGG16 and InceptionV3 models, to classify different weed species. The results show the great benefits of using high-performance computing clusters in PA, specifically for classifying images. To apply distributed computing within the HPCC, the Keras and Horovod frameworks were used to train the CNN models, obtaining the best time with the InceptionV3 model with a value of 37 min 55.193 s using six HPCC cores, obtaining an accuracy of 0.65 as a result.

The effectiveness of weed extract with different temperature aquades solvent for controlling antraknosa disease of red chili (Capsicum annum L.)

Red chili is an agricultural commodity with high economic value. National red chili production is still low and often does not meet the needs of the Indonesian people. One of the causes is anthracnose disorder. Red chili anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum capsici is characterized by symptoms of small black spots that can widen, dry out and shrink and the fruit can fall off. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of extracts of several types of weeds with distilled water at different temperatures against anthracnose disease, growth, and yield of red chili plants. The study was a field experiment using a two-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Factor 1 Types of weeds consist of: bandotan, kirinyuh, teki. Factor 2 Aquades Solvents with Different Temperatures consist of: room temperature, 50°C, 90°C. The variables observed were the intensity of anthracnose disease, plant height, number of healthy fruit, healthy fruit weight, number of sick fruit, phytotoxicity test and phytochemical screening test. The process of spraying botanical extracts is carried out once a week. The results showed that the type of weed extract treatment had a significant effect on the intensity of anthracnose disease and the number of sick fruits and had no significant effect on the number of healthy fruit, healthy fruit weight, and plant height. The treatment of distilled water with different temperatures did not significantly affect all observed variables. The interaction between the type of extract and the temperature of the solvent had a significant effect on the number of sick fruits. Bandotan extract treated with distilled water at room temperature produced the least number of sick fruits, namely 3.4 fruit/plant. The solvent temperature of 50°C produced more phytochemical compounds than the 3 types of weeds extracted. Red chili plants do not show any phytotoxic symptoms.

Production of non-activated biochar based on Biden pilosa and its application in removing methylene blue from aqueous solutions

Biden pilosa (BP) is a type of weed commonly found in Thailand that needs to be removed from agricultural areas for protecting main crops. This research proposed a method to reduce BP by using BP as a feedstock for biochar production. Non-activated BP biochar from fresh BP was produced in pilot scale using a drum kiln with a heat-transferring duct at a pyrolysis temperature of 550 °C at a slow heating rate. The physical properties of the non-activated BP biochar were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and a surface area analyzer. A batch experiment was used to study the adsorption behavior of methylene blue (MB) on BP biochar. The microstructure study of the BP biochar indicated that it has a cell structure similar to that of BP, which shows the non-destructive nature of the proposed technique for BP production. Six dominant peaks at 3283, 2915, 1559, 1403, 1116, and 863/839 cm⁻1 were observed in the FTIR spectrum. The BP biochar exhibited a surface area of 5.21 m2/g and a pore size of 8 nm. The adsorption of MB on the BP biochar followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The Langmuir-based maximum adsorption capacity of MB on the BP biochar was 200 mg/g at 303 K.

Inventory of Weed Types on Clove Plants (Syzygium aromaticum L.) with Different Altitudes in Waai Village, Salahutu District, Central Maluku.

This study aims to determine the dominant type of weed in the clove plantation area at an altitude of 63 m above sea level and 120 meters above sea level. This study uses a purposive sampling method of vegetation analysis with a sample plot of 1m´1m. The results showed that at an altitude of 63 m dpl found 23 types of weeds from 16 families consisting of 12 types of broad leaf weeds (broad leaf) from 11 families, 5 types of grass weeds (grass) from 3 families, 2 types of tekian weeds (cyperaceae). from 1 tribe, 2 types of ornamental plants from 2 tribes and 2 types of fern weeds from 2 tribes. Meanwhile, at an altitude of 120 m above sea level, 26 types of weeds were found from 22 tribes consisting of 13 types of broad leaf weeds from 12 families, 4 types of grass weeds (grasses) from 4 families, 5 species of fern weeds (fern) from 4 tribes. , 1 type of fern weed from 1 tribe and 3 types of tekian weed from 1 tribe.

Inventory of Potential Weeds Under Stands of Immature Nutmeg Plants in Allang Country, West Leihitu District Central Maluku Regency

Weeds are plants whose presence is undesirable because it can reduce production. The composition and diversity of weeds also determines the structure of the planting area which will ultimately affect the ecological function. The presence of weeds can be found in all planting areas. This research was carried out in Negeri Allang, Central Maluku Regency in March 2022. This research aimed to inventory the types of weeds under nutmeg plantations. The data collection process in the field was carried out using the quadratic method with sample plots measuring 1 m x 1 m and placed under immature nutmeg plantations. Observation of weeds was carried out destructively, namely the types of weeds in the sample plots were removed to calculate the individual and the biomass of each type.The results of the study found 16 types of weeds in the nutmeg planting area of immature stages. Commelina diffusa (Burm). F. weed type SDR 17.79%. is the dominant weed in the nutmeg plantation area of immature stages.

Determination of Density and Frequency of Weeds in Commercial Crops of Hamur District of Ağrı, Türkiye

Weeds not only cause yield and quality losses in cultivated plants but also hinder harvesting. To effectively reduce these negative effects, it's crucial to identify the weed species and choose the most appropriate control method. Conducting regular surveys in areas where crops are grown is essential for this purpose. This study was carried out to determine the weed types, densities, and frequency of occurrence in barley, wheat, alfalfa, sainfoin, and vetch cultivation areas, which are widely cultivated in the Hamur district of Ağrı province in 2022. In addition, face-to-face surveys were conducted with 100 different producers who cultivate these cultivated plants. During the surveys, 63 different weed species belonging to 19 families were determined throughout the district. At the level of cultivated plants, the highest number of weed species were found to be 42 species belonging to 17 families in sainfoin, 31 species belonging to 14 families in wheat, 27 species belonging to 13 families in barley, 25 species belonging to 16 families in alfalfa, and 18 weed species belonging to 12 families in vetch. Weeds with a higher incidence compared to cultivated plants were Convolvulus arvensis L. in the wheat, Cardaria draba L. (65%) in the barley, Convolvulus arvensis L. (55%) in the sainfoin, Tragopogon pratensis L. (45%) in the alfalfa, and Tragopogon pratensis L. (60%) in the vetch cultivation areas. In the face-to-face surveys conducted within the scope of the study, 65% of the farmers stated that weeds are the most important plant protection problem in agricultural production areas. The majority of the producers reported that they preferred the mechanical control method against these weeds.

The effectiveness of the use of analogue preparations with the active substance rimsulfuron on potatoes in the conditions of the Tyumen region

Relevance. The study of the effectiveness of protection methods, herbicides with different content and composition of active substances, their influence on the crop, weed component, yield and related factors is important for clarifying the regulations for use, production decisions in the manufacture of preparations and their use.Methods. The study of the effect of various analogues of herbicides with the active ingredient rimsulfuron on weed suppression and crop development was carried out on the experimental field of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Northern Trans-Urals, the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region under the conditions of 2021. The object of research was 4 preparations of herbicidal action from different manufacturers with the main active ingredient rimsulfuron 250 g/kg for use on potato crops to suppress weeds of perennial and annual cereal type and annual dicotyledonous type.Results. The initial study of the clogging of experimental plots before treatment with the studied herbicides showed the presence of an average number of processing showed the presence of a total number of weeds according to the variants of the experiment 60–70 pcs/m2 with a quantitative advantage of 4 types of weeds еchinochloa crus-galli, Elymus repens, Thlaspi arvense, Chenopódium álbum. On the variants of herbicide application, the mass of weeds was 8–20 times less and amounted to 20–55 g/m2. As a result of the use of the studied herbicides against weeds, a stable and high efficiency of 86–97% during the entire growing season on options Herbicide 3, 4.

Іnfluence of crop pollution on development i maize productivity

Goal. To study the reserves of weed seeds in the soil and to determine the influence of weediness of crops on the development and productivity of corn.
 Methods. Informational and analytical (collection of materials and analysis of literary sources), field and laboratory research (setting up experiments, soil analysis, monitoring plant development, determination of biometric indicators, accounting for the number of weeds, collection and determination of crop structure), mathematical and statistical (processing of research results). The design of the field experiment included weeded and weed-protected plots.
 Results. In the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, with intensive corn cultivation technology, the average number of weeds in the soil from emergence to row closure was at the level of 250—425 weeds/m2. Determining the number and species composition of segetal vegetation made it possible to establish that the corn crops are dominated by a mixed type of weediness with the dominance of annual dicotyledonous and grassy weeds. The number of dominant weeds at the beginning of the corn growing season in the experimental plots of NUBiP (Kyiv) was: Chenopodium album L. — 16 pcs./ m2, Amaranthus retroflexus L. — 23 pcs./m2, Portulaca oleracea L. — 78 pcs./ m2. In the fields of the agricultural station (Fastivskyi district), the dominant weeds were Polygonum convolvulus L., Setaria glauca L., Chenopodium album L., the number of which in the phase of 4—5 leaves was 32, 20 and 10 pcs./m2, respectively. Weeds significantly limited the growth of corn both in terms of plant height and development phases. In the phase of 9—10 leaves of corn in the weeded area, some types of weeds reached the height of the corn, accumulated a significant vegetative mass and began to form reproductive organs. The above-ground mass of weeds at the beginning of grain formation reached 995 g/m2. The pollution of the crops significantly affected the reduction of the corn yield and its structure.
 Conclusions. Significant reserves of weed seeds in corn crops cause the development of segetal vegetation during its growing season. The high competitiveness of weeds was manifested in the suppression of the growth and development of the culture and the formation of the crop. Weeds form a significant vegetative mass and reproductive organs at the beginning of the development of the corn grain. On weedy crops, the yield of corn decreased by an average of 32—35%.

Weed Species Composition in Paddy Field of Usur Town, Bade Local Government, Yobe State, Nigeria

Farmers are eager to know the various types of weeds in paddy fields. This will help in choosing the best weed management practice for effective weed control as well as reducing rice yield losses. The objectives of the study are to identify the weeds species affecting the rice field, to assess the composition of weeds species, to classify the weed species into different families, genera, species, common names, Hausa names, lifecycles, life forms, native/exotic species, propagation and uses, and to determine the dominant weed species. Random vegetation surveys were conducted. Weeds observed were photographed, and prepared as herbarium specimens. Standard key manuals and checklists were utilized for weed identification and later organized using the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification system. A total number of 72 plants species distributed within 16 families and 50 genera were inventoried. The annuals (66.67%) were the dominant weed followed by perennials (33.33%) while biennials were the least. The broad leaves were the dominant weed (44.61%) identified followed by Poaceae (27.7%) and Sedges (11.11%). Results obtained from this study could be useful in choosing the best management practice and in making a decision on the choice of herbicides and directing research towards improved weed control measures.

Keanekaragaman Vegetasi Pada Habitat Yang Terinvasi Tumbuhan Invasif Di Hutan Kota Bukit Langkisau Painan, Sumatra Barat

The presence of invasive plants in a habitat will cause significant disturbances, especially in decreasing the abundance of biodiversity. The high competitiveness of invasive species causes native species to lose in competition. Invasive species have spread in many places, one of which is in the Bukit Langkisau City Forest. However, data on the types of weeds and vegetation types in the habitats invaded by weeds in the Bukit Langkisau City Forest are not yet available. Vegetation analysis was carried out in the Bukit Langkisau Painan City Forest, West Sumatra. The study used a survey method by laying out plots by purposive sampling, which made 15 plots at each level of vegetation. The plot is 10 x 10 m for observation of tree-level vegetation, the plot is 5 x 5 m for sapling vegetation and for understorey vegetation the plot is 2 x 2 m. The results of the vegetation analysis recorded 87 species of which there were 32 invasive species. The dominant families were found such as Fabaceae family, Meliaceae for tree level, Piperaceae for sapling level and Poaceae for understorey level. The highest Importance Value Index for tree vegetation, sapling and understorey was found in the invasive species Swietenia macrophylla (IVI = 44.69%), Piper aduncum (IVI = 85.08%), and Imperata cylindrica (IVI = 33.67%). The Vegetation Diversity Index in the Bukit Langkisau City Forest is the tree level (1.90), sapling (1.26) and understorey (1.78) which are all classified as moderate. KEYWORDSPlant invasive, urban forest, composition, structure, diversity index

Survey of Weeds in Sesame in the Major Growing Area of Ethiopia

The survey of weeds was conducted in high sesame growing areas of Ethiopia namely, Metekel, Gonder, and Humera Zones during 2018/19 cropping season to assess the abundance and distribution. It was done at the crop seedling stage using a systematic sampling technique and in quadrant counts (0.5 m²). Weed species composition and their quantitative measures were calculated using descriptive formulas. The result showed 23 weed families that comprised 135 weed species. The most dominant families were Commelinaceae (5.92%), Asteraceae (11%), Cyperaceae (7.40%), Fabaceae (12.59%), and Poaceae (18.51%) respectively. Most of the species (70%) were erect annual herbs and grasses, the rest were perennials that had vegetative propagating structures, annual prostrate herbs, annual, perennial climbers, or perennial shrubs. In the morphological classification, 88 species of broadleaf weeds (65.18%) were found, followed by 33 grasses (24.44%) and 14 (10.37%) types of sedge weeds. Dicotyledonous species were found to be more dominant than monocotyledonous ones in the survey area. The highest weed densities were recorded near the crop harvest stage. Weed species composition varied between crop stages within the same location and across locations at both crop stages. Also, weed composition varied in both crop stages at different locations, indicating a devising different weed management options, which would be considered for different locations in weed flora composition. From this investigation, it can be deduced that Sorghum halepense, Convolvulus arvensis, Amaranthus spp, and Cyperus rotundus turned into a drawback in the sesame production areas.

Structure and Composition of Weed In Corn Fields (Zea mays L.) Village Belayu Marga District Tabanan Regency Bali Province

Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important carbohydrate-producing food crops in the world. One of the problems in corn production is a decrease in the quantity and quality of corn due to the presence of weeds that grow around corn fields. This study aims to determine the structure and composition of weeds in the corn fields of Belayu Village, Marga District, Tabanan Regency, Bali Province. The method used in this study is the permanent quadrat method with plot size 1x1 m. Data were analyzed using vegetation parameters consisting of Important Value Index (IVI), diversity index (H'), dominance index (C), evenness index (E), and similarity index (IS). The results obtained were the composition of weeds found in the 3rd week, namely 18 species from 9 families, at the 6th week, 25 species from 16 families, and at the 9th week, 31 species from 19 families. The highest IVI values ??were found in Cyperus rotundus L of the Cyperaceae families at the 3rd, 6th, and 9th weeks. Biodiversity (H') index is moderate ranges from 2.29 to 2.77, the dominance index (C) indicates that no weeds dominate with values ??ranging from 0.09-0.13 The evenness index (E) indicates that the species Weed types were classified as evenly distributed with values ??ranging from 0.78-0.80, and a similarity index (IS) of 72.9%, indicating that the similarity of weed species in each category was classified as high.

Identifikasi Jenis Gulma di Areal Pertanaman Pala (Myristica Fragrans) di Negeri Hatu Kecamatan Leihitu Barat Kabupaten Maluku Tengah

One of the agricultural commodities in Indonesia which is a source of foreign exchange for the country is nutmeg. The nutmeg plant is a plant whose all parts can be widely utilized both on an industrial scale and to meet community needs. The yield of nutmeg is an export commodity that is very important for increasing the country's foreign exchange, but the lack of proper cultivation techniques, especially maintenance, results in the process of growth and production of nutmeg plants often experiencing disturbances. In addition there are also disturbances that come from wild plants called weeds. Weeds grow side by side with nutmeg plants, thereby disrupting the growth process of nutmeg plants and reducing nutmeg production. One of the causes of the decrease in nutmeg production in every planting area in Negeri Hatu, Central Maluku Regency, is weeds. Weeds are present in every nutmeg plantation area. The hypothesis put forward in this study is that there are various types of weeds, there are dominant weeds in the planting area, there are suggestions for proper weed control. This study uses the "vegetation survey" method to collect data with field observations. In carrying out the vegetation analysis, the quadratic method was used with sample plots measuring 1 m x 1 m, on 6 nutmeg trees and on each nutmeg tree 3 weed samples were taken so that a total of 18 weed samples were taken under the nutmeg plant canopy Quantitative data / primary data includes density , frequency and biomass. Observation of weeds was carried out destructively, namely the types of weeds in the sample plots were removed to calculate the individual and the biomass of each type.Keywords: vegetation analysis, dominant weeds, nutmeg

Study on the Impact of Agrochemicals on Environment and Human Health in North 24 Parganas District of West Bengal: An Insight of Farmers’ Perception

Nowadays farmers use more and more chemical pesticides and fertilizer per acre of land in return to maximize crop production. Crop Protection from various types of pests and weeds is another concerning issue. Climate also plays more significant role by increasing temperature, it multiplies the use of insecticides. Excessive use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides pollutes the environment simultaneously and it also affects the food chain and human health. Farmer is the primary user of chemical inputs in the field. Therefore, this study aims to analyze farmers' knowledge and information related to safety concern of agrochemical uses and their impact on the environment and human health. The data of this cross-sectional study has been collected from randomly selected 50 farmers of Amdanga Block of North 24 Pargana district, West Bengal through a semi-structured interview schedule. In this study, it has been found that 54% of farmers use crop-wise fertilizer more than the recommended amount; only 10% of farmers abstain from chemical fertilizer use. There is a significant relationship between crop-wise fertilizer use and the application of weedicides and pesticides to the environment. The farmers who are using this kind of chemical pesticides reported severe environmental hazards like 62% of farmers observe any birds extinction surrounding their agricultural field, 36% responded that the water quality of the pond nearest to the agricultural field deteriorates and 28% reported occurrence of fish death and 36% farmer reported that on monsoon season their field water goes to low water region (Bil) and contaminate water. On the other hand, most of the respondents experience health issues like nausea, headache, and skin problem immediately after spraying on the field. It has been also found that 62% of respondents knew that the use of pesticides and weedicides impacts our health. Still, only 40% always use any protective measure while spraying on the field. ..............

Mapping hyperspectral NIR images using supervised self-organizing maps: Discrimination of weedy rice seeds

Weedy rice is one of the most problematic weeds in rice-growing regions, particularly in Southeast Asia. Unlike other types of weeds, it is extremely difficult to distinguish weedy rice from cultivated rice directly from paddy seeds as they exhibit common morphological features. As such weed management can be a difficult, time-consuming, and inaccurate process that is often carried out manually. This study offers a novel classification approach based on an artificial neural network (ANN), utilizing self-organizing maps (SOMs), to directly discriminate weedy rice using the near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique. The physical attributes, thermal behavior, and chemical profiles of the weedy and cultivated rice were thoroughly investigated by a range of analytical techniques, including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). For direct sample analysis by HSI, a global self-organizing map was generated with optimized parameters (scaling value and map size). The color indices (Red, Green, Blue values) of the sample image were defined to obtain a color ratio that can be used to classify unknown samples. The optimal threshold for classification was carefully determined using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Performance metrics (sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, and misclassification error) were used to evaluate the performance of the model. Classification accuracies of 98% (Weedy vs PL2) and 88% (Weedy vs RD49) were obtained with balanced sensitivity and specificity. The classification was assessed from the whole sample image, which was completely independent of the selected region of interest. As far as we know, this is the first instance where SOMs have been utilized to appraise seed quality by means of authentic HSI images.

Distribution, species composition and bioecology of autotrophic weeds in potato and vegetable crops

Increasing the gross yield and quality of the potato and vegetable crops is of great importance in meeting the food needs of the population in the world. In many countries of the world, including China, weeding and herbicides are applied together with potato and vegetable planting, or during the growing season. This research intends to to determine the current state of the distribution and damage caused by the types of weeds and flower parasites in the fields of potato and vegetable crops in the conditions of irrigated typical and meadow gray soils of the Tashkent region. In this research, laboratory, field experiments in research works, phenological observations, biometric measurements were done using “Methods of conducting field experiments”, the number of weeds were studied according to A.M. Tulikov’s methodological manuals, and determination of grain suppression, statistical analysis of research results was done in accordance with A.B. Dospekhov. The results showed that among the biological groups, the group of spring weeds was dominant, accounted for 48% of the species composition. This group consisted of 14 rounds, whereas the overwintering biogroup consisted of 6 species (21%), followed by 4 species of rhizomatous weeds (14%), 3 species of taproots (11%), 1 species each of taproots and nodules (3%). According to the experiments, 45 % of the species recorded in beet fields were adapted to grow among mowed crops. This pattern was apparently related to more favorable heat, light, and nutrient regime conditions created in mowed crop fields for weed growth and development.

A novel UAV-integrated deep network detection and relative position estimation approach for weeds

This paper aims at presenting a novel monocular vision–based approach for drones to detect multiple type of weeds and estimate their positions autonomously for precision agriculture applications. The methodology is based on classifying and detecting the weeds using a proposed deep neural network architecture, named fused-YOLO on the images acquired from a monocular camera mounted on the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) following a predefined elliptical trajectory. The detection/classification is complemented by a new estimation scheme adopting unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to estimate the exact location of the weeds. Bounding boxes are assigned to the detected targets (weeds) such that the centre pixels of the bounding box will represent the centre of the target. The centre pixels are extracted and converted into world coordinates forming azimuth and elevation angles from the target to the UAV, and the proposed estimation scheme is used to extract the positions of the weeds. Experiments were conducted both indoor and outdoor to validate this integrated detection/classification/estimation approach. The errors in terms of misclassification and mispositioning of the weeds estimation were minimum, and the convergence of the position estimation results was short taking into account the affordable platform with cheap sensors used in the experiments.

Competition Study of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and Bidens pilosa L. Using Replacement Series Approach

Weeds disturb plants through competition or competition that occurs with cultivated plants. Weed competition can reduce crop production by up to 40%, as well as reduce seed quality. The amount of competition between weeds and plants is determined by the density of weeds, the length of time they grow with cultivated plants, and the type of weeds. Thus, it is necessary to increase productivity by considering the presence of weeds that can reduce production. On this basis, it is necessary to conduct research on the competition between cowpea and weeds using the replacement series method. Replacement series is a method used to evaluate competition between species by studying interspecific and intraspecific interactions of plant combinations. This research was carried out in the greenhouse of SEAMEO BIOTROP July – September 2021. This study used a simple randomized block design with a single factor, namely the composition of weeds with 5 treatment levels, namely: P1: 100% weeds. , P2: 75% weeds + 25% cowpeas, P3: 50% weeds + 50% cowpeas, P4: 25% weeds + 75% cowpeas, and P5: 100% cowpeas. The observation parameters are growth parameters represented by plant height variables and yield parameters are represented by dry weight. The results showed that the increasing proportion of weeds was accompanied by a decrease in the dry weight of cowpea. Vice versa. Then, the results of plant height measurements show that the increasing proportion of weeds and plants will be accompanied by a decrease in the height of their competitors. The results of the analysis of RYT values showed that there was competition between weeds and cowpeas at the P3 treatment level: 50% weeds and 50% cowpeas. Meanwhile, in other proportions there is a negative interaction.