Water Types Research Articles

Drinking water monitoring system with detection of ph level conditions in laying hens farms based on internet of things

The increase in egg-laying chicken population must be balanced with the increase in productivity. The productivity (quantity of eggs produced), which affects profitability, can be obtained with sufficient and high-quality drinking water (determined by its pH levels). One of the poultry farms in Jember, Rizqie Farm Partners, experienced a problem with the management of water and feed provision for the egg-laying chicken especially in rainy seasons. The farm is located in an open space and is approximately ±25 meters from the owner’s house, making monitoring and controlling of the drinking water irregular. It is pivotal to be disciplined in controlling the drinking water so that the chickens do not become stressed. The objective of the study is to develop a smart automated system for monitoring drinking water to increase the quality and quantity of egg production. Sensor data connected to the Arduino Uno was converted to an Android smartphone as a controlling and monitoring medium. The stages carried out included problem identification, literature study, data collection, system creation using the design sprint software development method, testing, and data analysis. The pH sensor test results on bottled mineral water, tap water, orange juice, water mixed with soil, and water mixed with vitamins for chickens were 3-8.27 for each type of water. The pH indicator paper as a comparison of the results with the sensor has an accuracy level of 85.06% and an error value of 14.94%.

Hydrochemistry and isotope hydrology of groundwater and surface water in the Sor and Gebba watershed, southwestern Ethiopia

The Sor and Gebba watershed plays a crucial role in the water resources of the Baro-Akobo River Basin. However, various factors have had a detrimental effect on the watershed. Unplanned groundwater extraction, wetland drainage, surface water pollution, and land use changes have all intensified due to population growth, urbanization, commercial farms, industrial development, poor water resources management, and improvements in living standards. This research utilized major hydrochemical ions and environmentally stable isotopes to elucidate the interaction between groundwater and surface water in the watershed, which are reliable tracers in various hydrologic processes. During the 2020 wet season and 2022 dry season, over 25 meteoric water samples were collected from different locations for hydrochemical and isotopic analysis. The hydrochemical analysis revealed that the dominant water type is Ca–Mg–HCO3−. Among the anions, HCO3− was the most dominant, followed by NO3−, Cl−, and SO42−, and those of cations Ca2+, followed by Na+, Mg2+, and K+. The spatial analysis of environmentally stable isotopes confirmed the interaction between groundwater and surface water in the watershed. The quality of groundwater is primarily influenced by rock-water interaction (Gibb's diagram) and, to some extent, by evaporation (Isotope study). A graph of the water samples closely aligned with the Addis Ababa-local meteoric water line indicates their meteoric origin. However, there was a slight deviation to the left due to the effects of distance and altitude. The isotopic correlation further supported the interaction between different water sources.

Nondestructive testing on concrete-based treated wastewater

Recycled wastewater in construction presents an opportunity to ease freshwater scarcity while advancing sustainability. This study investigated the influences of cement-type and treated wastewater source on setting time and mechanical properties of cement paste and mortar. Three cement types: ordinary Portland cement (CEM I), CEM III/A, and CEM IV/A-P, were encountered. Four plants treated wastewater versus potable water as control were included. Fifteen mixes were encountered; every 5 mixes addressed certain cement types along with specified treated water types. Two phases were designed: Phase I for pastes toe value setting time and Phase II for the mortar to evaluate the flexural and compressive strengths of tool 90 specimens, 6 at 2 and 28 days of age. The significant impact of both variables was observed. CEM III/A displayed the fastest setting among the other mixes, while CEM I was the slowest. Wastewater accelerated setting versus distilled water. The mechanical performance also varied based on the cement–wastewater combination. CEM IV/A-P provided optimal strength enhancement up to 50% in flexural and 35% in compressive strength with wastewater compared to CEM I control. Results were attributed to cement–water interactions influencing hydration and microstructure, while CEM I underperformed with wastewater, CEM III/A, and CEM IV/A-P benefits, especially at early ages. Considerable variability highlights the complex interplay of factors governing performance. Coupled chemical-microstructural analysis was recommended to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Overall, tailored cement–wastewater selection shows promise for sustainable concrete, pending further optimization and durability testing. The study provides a platform for context-specific development of eco-efficient construction materials utilizing locally available resources.

Assessment of production variables on the performance of ceramic membranes

Water crisis is one of the most important topics nowadays. The water crisis is approaching due to several factors, which is why finding alternative sources of water is important. Water treatment has gained its importance as it decreases the amount of waste water in addition to producing water that can be used in different applications based on its characteristics. Several water treatment techniques are present nowadays; however, research is needed to lower the cost of such techniques in addition to increasing productivity and maximize their range of applicability. Several water treatment techniques are capable of producing fresh water from different types of feed water (saline water, waste water, etc.), these techniques include membrane technologies and thermal technologies. Due to high energy consumption, and lower productivity in thermal techniques membrane techniques are mostly used nowadays in the applications of water treatment. Ceramic membranes have attracted researchers due to their characteristics and wide range of applicability. In this paper, different ceramic membrane types are illustrated; production techniques and the effect of each production variable on the membrane characteristics are shown, in addition to applying a comparison between different additives. Finally, a comparison of performance is carried out.

Optimizing Underwater Vision: A Rigorous Investigation into Cnn's Deep Image Enhancement for Subaquatic Scenes

In this paper, Convolutional Neural Networks were used to enhance the visual fidelity of underwater images. The UWCNN is introduced in this article, which utilizes underwater scene priors and a CNN model to improve underwater photos. The UWCNN model proposes a method where the clear latent underwater image is immediately rebuilt using the underwater scene as training data, rather than relying on parameter guessing in an underwater imaging model. Our UWCNN model may be used for frame-by-frame augmentation in underwater videos because to its lightweight network structure and efficient training data. In this dataset for underwater image deterioration by integrating an underwater photography physical model with optical characteristics of underwater landscapes are provided which includes a wide range of water types and degradation levels. Alternatively, one might choose to go light. A Neural Network (CNN) model is constructed using the related training data in order to enhance the quality of underwater scenes. Ultimately, the UWCNN model is used to improve the quality of underwater videos. The efficacy of our technology is shown via the analysis of both authentic and synthetic underwater photos.

Preliminary Study about Desalinated Water and Alkalinity

One of the promising techniques to meet the needs of growing population for drinking water is the desalination of seawater and brackish water. Desalination is carried out mainly by multi-stage flash (MSF) or reverse osmosis (RO). The water obtained by desalination (RO, MSF and others processes) can be used as drinking water, after the reconstruction of its salts content (blending). However, reverse osmosis can produce, under certain pressure, flow and feed water quality, water similar in their physic-chemical properties as conductivity, Total Dissolved Salts (TDS) to bottled natural water, widely marketed. In any case, it would be interesting to be able to distinguish reverse osmosis water from sprig water. In this context, the determination of the alkalinity (TA) and the pH and subsequently the verification of the correlation between these two parameters are proposed in this work. Also, a comparison of the physic-chemical quality of drinking water supplied by MSF and RO is made. The parameters, pH, conductivity, TA, TDS and hardness (TH) were discussed. These two types of water are practically identical by physic-chemical quality since the blending is done in the same way by injecting CO2/Calcium carbonate. However, reverse osmosis water contains more sodium chloride because of the low retention rate of membranes against this ion.

Characterization of Geochemical and Isotopic Profiles in the Southern Zone Geothermal Systems of Mount Seulawah Agam, Aceh Province, Indonesia

The Seulawah Agam geothermal area exhibits significant potential as a source of energy for power generation, with an estimated capacity of 130 MW. Geological and geochemical investigations indicate that the Seulawah Agam geothermal system is part of the extensive Sumatra Fault. Analysis of the geochemical composition of geothermal water at the South Zone manifestation location of Mount Seulawah Agam, Aceh Province-Indonesia, involves examining cation (K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), anion (Cl-, HCO3-, and SO42-), and isotope (δD and δ18O) contents. This data aids in estimating reservoir temperatures using geothermometer equations. Surface characteristics of the South Zone manifestation reveal neutral to alkaline pH values (6.02 to 8.68), relative temperatures (29.97 to 42.57 ºC), conductivity (49.8 to 100.7 mV), and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) ranging from 352.6 to 497.0 mg/L. The dominant water composition is sodium–calcium–bicarbonate (Ca–Na–HCO3), indicating a bicarbonate water type. Average temperature depths in the South Zone manifestation of Mount Seulawah Agam are estimated as follows: Alue Ie Seu’um around 288.84 ± 2.19 ºC, Alue Ie Masam around 304.17 ± 20.9 ºC, Alue PU around 290.02 ± 6.85ºC, and Alue Teungku around 265±11.39 ºC. Isotope data (δD and δ18O) suggest meteoric water as the source for this manifestation. Fluid geochemical analysis indicates the potential for utilizing the geothermal manifestations of the South Zone of Mount Seulawah Agam for geothermal development or the construction of a geothermal power plant, given its high enthalpy system with an average temperature exceeding 225 ºC. Further research, including data drilling, is essential to gather precise subsurface data. Additionally, the Aceh Provincial Government should formulate policies to identify strategic areas for geothermal development, leveraging the existing exploitable potential.

Assessment of Groundwater Quality Using the Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG), Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI), Water Quality Index (WQI), Multivariate Statistical Analysis (MSA), and GIS Approaches: A Case Study of the Mnasra Region, Gharb Plain, Morocco

Groundwater, an invaluable resource crucial for irrigation and drinking purposes, significantly impacts human health and societal advancement. This study aims to evaluate the groundwater quality in the Mnasra region of the Gharb Plain, employing a comprehensive analysis of thirty samples collected from various locations, based on thirty-three physicochemical parameters. Utilizing tools like the Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG), Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI), Water Quality Index (WQI), Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI), as well as Multivariate Statistical Approaches (MSA), and the Geographic Information System (GIS), this research identifies the sources of groundwater pollution. The results revealed Ca2+ dominance among cations and Cl− as the primary anion. The Piper and Gibbs diagrams illustrated the prevalent Ca2+-Cl− water type and the significance of water–rock interactions, respectively. The PIG values indicated that 86.66% of samples exhibited “Insignificant pollution”. NPI showed notable nitrate pollution (1.48 to 7.06), with 83.33% of samples rated “Good” for drinking based on the WQI. The IWQI revealed that 80% of samples were classified as “Excellent” and 16.66% as “Good”. Spatial analysis identified the eastern and southern sections as highly contaminated due to agricultural activities. These findings provide valuable insights for decision-makers to manage groundwater resources and promote sustainable water management in the Gharb region.

Disinfection byproducts and their cytotoxicity contribution from dissolved black carbon in source water during chlor(am)ination

Dissolved black carbon (DBC), the soluble component of black carbon, which mainly comes from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels or biomass, is widely spread in source water and significantly contributes to the formation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, the origin of DBC in different types of source water in China has not been well studied, as well as its subsequent transformation and toxicity contribution during disinfection of source water DOM by chlor(am)ine. In this study, DBC from 17 different source water in East China at different seasons was collected. The δ13C compositions indicated that straw burning was the main origin of DBC in source water. After simulated chlor(am)ination of DBC, 5 categories of aliphatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, halonitromethanes and 6 categories of aromatic DBPs including halophenols, halonitrophenols, halohydroxybenzaldehyde, halohydroxybenzoic acid, halobenzoquinones and haloaniline were detected. Compared with chlorination of DBC, higher levels of nitrogenous DBPs and aromatic DBPs were generated during chloramination. Detected DBPs accounted for 42 % of total organic halogen. What's more, Chinese hamster ovary cells cytotoxicity tests showed that the cytotoxicity of DBPs formed by chlor(am)ination of DBC was 4 times higher than that by chlor(am)ination of DOM. Haloacetonitriles contributed to the highest cytotoxicity in the chloramination of DBC, and haloacetic acids contributed to the highest cytotoxicity in chlorination. 67 % of the total cytotoxicity attributed to the undetected DBPs. As a result, DBPs generated from DBC contributed to 11.7 % of the total cytotoxicity in the chlor(am)ination of the source water DOM although DBC only took up 2 % of DOC in the source water. Results obtained from this study systematically revealed the DBPs formation from DBC and their potential cytotoxicity contribution in the chlor(am)ination of source water DOM, which should not be ignored in drinking water treatment.

Insight into Low-Temperature One-Step Biopreparation and Natural Dyeing of Cotton as an Environmentally Benign Route

The goal of this study is to present an environmentally benign route for cotton fabric and investigate the effect of different pretreatments in natural dyeing. In this context, conventional alkaline scouring, conventional hydrogen peroxide bleaching, low-temperature one-step biopreparation processes, namely enzymatic scouring (alkaline pectinase and alkaline pectinase-neutral cellulase combination) at 55 °C and enzyme-bleaching agent (hydrogen peroxide/sodium percarbonate/sodium perborate)-activator agent (TAED) combinations at 65 °C were applied to 100% cotton knitted fabric. The use of agricultural waste and eco-friendly mordants was preferred in natural dyeing. For this purpose, pretreated fabrics were dyed with the outer green shell of almond fruit extracts and a low amount of 0.4 g/L metal mordants (alum and iron(II) sulfate) in accordance with the simultaneous mordanting method. The dyeing properties of bio- and conventionally prepared cotton fabrics were examined in terms of colorimetric data (K/S, CIELa*b*C*h°) and wash fastness compared with water absorbency, whiteness, weight loss, pectin removal, and type of mordant. Excellent wash fastness values were achieved regardless of the type of pretreatment. Low-temperature one-step biopreparation can be a good substitute for conventional scouring and bleaching processes. Since different results can be achieved, it is essential to determine and evaluate all bioprocess conditions depending on the end-use characteristics of the textile (e.g. whether it will be white or dyed/printed, its color and lightness/darkness) at the laboratory and industrial scale applications.

Optimizing energy efficiency in brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO): A comprehensive study on prioritizing critical operating parameters for specific energy consumption minimization

Reverse osmosis (RO) systems offer a viable solution for treating brackish water (BW), a common but underutilized water resource. However, the energy-intensive nature of brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) systems poses affordability challenges to water supply, necessitating a focus on minimizing their energy consumption to support SDG6's goal of providing safe and affordable drinking water for all. This study addresses the critical need to minimize the specific energy consumption (SEC) of a typical BWRO system, defined as the energy consumed per unit of water recovered, mathematically and experimentally. Empirical models were developed proving there is a global minimum SEC while adjusting the operating conditions. Furthermore, we identified the key operating factors influencing SEC and their priority levels, along with their interactive effects. Notably, no prior study has discussed the significance and interaction of these operating factors (e.g., feed water salinity, temperature, pressure, flowrate and membrane permeability) on SEC of a BWRO system. Employing a full factorial experimental design with mixed levels of operating parameters, the study developed regression models that elucidate the mechanistic interaction between these parameters and system performance. Moreover, the models were validated experimentally, with a new dataset demonstrating their accuracy and reliability. ANOVA statistical analysis identified feed salinity, pressure, flow rate, feed flow rate×pressure, salinity×pressure, and temperature as influential operating parameters in reducing SEC, in descending order of importance. Operating within the determined optimum range resulted in a 36 % decrease in SEC and a more than fourfold increase in water recovery. The study's systematic approach and findings can be extrapolated to optimize the performance of other desalination technologies and diverse feed water types, contributing significantly to global water sustainability efforts.

Spatial and seasonal groundwater quality assessment for drinking suitability using index and machine learning approach

Spatial and seasonal evaluation and monitoring of groundwater (GW) quality is essential for the sustainable management of this priceless resource and the provision of safe drinking water. Nevertheless, GW quality appraisal was not given due attention in the current study area (flat terrain part of the Tana sub-basin). This study sought to assess the seasonal and regional physicochemical GW quality parameters for drinking appropriateness using the drinking water quality index (DWQI) and support vector machine (SVM). The main cations in both the dry and wet study seasons were, in decreasing order, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Fe2+, according to the results. Conversely, the main anions were HCO3−, CO32−, Cl− or NO3−, SO42− and PO43−, ordered from higher to lower. During the two research seasons, Ca–HCO3 and Na–HCO3 were the predominant water types based on Piper diagram results. Reverse ion exchange and evaporation were the principal hydrogeochemical processes that control the hydrogeochemistry identified by Durov and Gibbs diagrams, respectively. Excellent GW quality class for drinking was demonstrated by the majority of geographical and seasonal DWQI readings over the two seasons. Nevertheless, during the rainy season, there was a noticeable decline in the GW quality condition around the northern shores of Lake Tana. Therefore, it is advised to implement comprehensive GW quality protection measures and improve system management to mitigate pollution to reduce health hazards in the examined region.

SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER USING DIFFERENT FLUIDS

There are many models to characterize the behavior of the heat exchangers encountered in many industries. There are several correlations available, so that the heat transferred and the thermal stresses can be evaluated. Shell and Tube heat exchangers are having special importance in boilers, oil coolers, condensers, and pre -heaters. They are also widely used in process applications as well as the refrigeration and air conditioning industry. The robustness and medium weighted shape of Shell and Tube heat exchangers make them well suited for high pressure operations. The present work deals with the design and analysis of water-cooled shell and tube condenser and we have shown how to done the thermal analysis by using theoretical formula, for this we have chosen an industrial problem of 8 ton capacity of counter flow shell and tube heat exchanger of water type. The condenser is designed using theoretical procedures. The condenser is modeled by using the dimensions obtained from the design procedures. Then thermal analysis is carried out in SOLIDWORK flow simulation. The results obtained through the analysis are discussed in detail and compared with analytic values. .Key Words: Heat exchanger, Perforated rings, Reynolds number, Overall heat transfer coefficient.

Do Methodological Differences in Experiments with Stream Shredders Imply Variability in Outputs? A Microcosm Approach.

Experiments are useful scientific tools for testing hypotheses by manipulating variables of interest while controlling for other factors that can bias or confuse the results and their interpretation. To ensures accuracy and reproducibility, experiments must have transparent and repeatable methodologies. Due to the importance of shredder invertebrates in organic matter processing, carbon cycling, and nutrient cycling, we tested experimentally the effect of different methodological approaches in microcosm experiments on the consumption and survival of shredders. We found that the shredder species, the presence or absence of the case, and the use or non-use of air-pumps in the microcosms did not affect shredder performance (i.e., consumption and survival). Furthermore, the type of water (stream or bottled) did not affect shredder performance. On the other hand, the amount of light had a negative effect on shredder performance, with constant light (i.e., 24h) reducing shredder consumption and survival. Our results demonstrate that the use of different methodologies does not always result in changes in outcomes, thus ensuring comparability. However, luminosity is a critical factor that deserves attention when conducting microcosm experiments. Our findings provide valuable insights that can assist researchers in designing experiments with shredders from neotropical streams and conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Comparison of ocean-colour algorithms for particulate organic carbon in global ocean

In the oceanic surface layer, particulate organic carbon (POC) constitutes the biggest pool of particulate material of biological origin, encompassing phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria, and organic detritus. POC is of general interest in studies of biologically-mediated fluxes of carbon in the ocean, and over the years, several empirical algorithms have been proposed to retrieve POC concentrations from satellite products. These algorithms can be categorised into those that make use of remote-sensing-reflectance data directly, and those that are dependent on chlorophyll concentration and particle backscattering coefficient derived from reflectance values. In this study, a global database of in situ measurements of POC is assembled, against which these different types of algorithms are tested using daily matchup data extracted from the Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI; version 5). Through analyses of residuals, pixel-by-pixel uncertainties, and validation based on optical water types, areas for POC algorithm improvement are identified, particularly in regions underrepresented in the in situ POC data sets, such as coastal and high-latitude waters. We conclude that POC algorithms have reached a state of maturity and further improvements can be sought in blending algorithms for different optical water types when the required in situ data becomes available. The best performing band ratio algorithm was tuned to the OC-CCI version 5 product and used to produce a global time series of POC between 1997–2020 that is freely available.

Resolving Uncertainties in the Quantification of Trace Elements within Organic-Rich Boreal Rivers for AF4-UV-ICP-MS Analysis.

Over the past few decades, asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) has emerged as a robust technique for the separation of colloid-associated trace elements (TEs) in aqueous samples. Nevertheless, little is known about potential artifacts and how to control them when measuring the concentrations of colloid-associated elements at low (μg L-1) or ultralow concentrations (ng L-1) using AF4-UV-ICP-MS. Water from a boreal river was selected as a challenging test material due to its high concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and Fe-rich colloids. These colloids are expected to be significant contributors to artifact occurrence, even in a metal-free, ultraclean laboratory. The results show that the adsorption of Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Pb onto acid-cleaned, non-channel surfaces (such as connection tubing and autosampler) accounted for up to 48% of TE loss. These losses on non-channel surfaces also represent potential sources of cross-contamination for Co, Ni, Cu, and Pb. New, uncleaned poly(ether sulfone) membranes are also sources of contamination for Ni and Cu. Analytical bias may exist in the measured concentrations of TEs, primarily due to the potential carryover of weakly adsorbed TEs (e.g., Ni and Cu) on the system surfaces by colloids in the samples (e.g., DOM). On the other hand, colloids in the samples can also act to gradually remove contaminants from the surfaces. For these types of DOM-rich waters, preconditioning the AF4 system using 40 mg C L-1 of Suwannee River Natural Organic Matter (SRNOM, pH = 7) is recommended to mitigate the impact of membrane fouling and carryover. A comprehensive strategy for minimizing instrumental artifacts is presented and discussed.

Exploring the different stages of treated wastewater on various cement types

Recycled wastewater in construction presents an opportunity to ease freshwater scarcity while advancing sustainability. This study investigated the influences of cement type and treated wastewater source on setting time and mechanical properties of cement paste and mortar. Three cement types, ordinary Portland cement (CEM I), CEM III/A, and CEM IV/A-P, were encountered. Four plants treated wastewater versus potable water as control. Fifteen mixes were encountered; every 5 mixes addressed certain cement types along with specified treated water types. Two phases were designed; Phase I evaluated setting time in pastes and Phase II evaluated the flexural and compressive strengths of mortar specimens at 2 and 28 days of age. The significant impact of both variables was observed. CEM III/A displayed the fastest setting among the other mixes, while CEM I was the slowest. Wastewater accelerated setting versus distilled water. The mechanical performance also varied based on the cement–wastewater combination. CEM IV/A-P provided optimal strength enhancement up to 50% in flexural and 35% in compressive strength with wastewater compared to CEM I control. Results were attributed to cement–water interactions influencing hydration and microstructure. While CEM I achieved low mechanical strength with wastewater; CEM III/A, and CEM IV/A-P benefits, especially at early ages. Considerable variability highlights the complex interplay of factors governing performance. Coupled chemical-microstructural analysis was recommended to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Overall, tailored cement–wastewater selection shows promise for sustainable concrete, pending further optimization and durability testing. The study provides a platform for context-specific development of eco-efficient construction materials utilizing locally available resources.

Effects of Fishery Utilization on the Physicochemical Index and Microbial Community Composition in Saline-Alkaline Water.

Fishery utilization of idle saline-alkaline water resources offers various benefits including reducing surrounding soil salinity, improving the ecological environment, increasing arable land area, and providing economic advantages to the fishery industry. However, for decades, the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of microbial communities that affect fishery utilization have not been clear, which restricts their application. In this study, high-throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was employed to analyze the bacterial community in these water resources. The sequencing yielded high-quality sequences (2,765,063), resulting in the identification of 18,761 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Analysis revealed that the type of saline-alkaline water had a more significant influence on the bacterial community compared to seasonal variations within the aquaculture period. The Chao index for saline-alkaline ponds (ASW) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than for still saline-alkaline water (SSW) and flowing saline-alkaline water (FSW), while the Shannon index for ASW was also significantly lower (P < 0.05) compared to FSW. When comparing ASW to nonaquaculture saline-alkaline water, a decrease in Proteobacteria to 26.87% was noted, particularly α-proteobacteria and γ-proteobacteria, accompanied by a rapid increase in Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria to 28.60%. Networkx analysis further revealed that ASW significantly increased competition and amensalism from secondary saline-alkaline water microorganisms, resulting in a more solitary bacterial community composition as an adaptive strategy to cope with intense environmental pressures. Key bacterial species such as Pseudomonas, Hydrogenophaga, and Flavobacterium were found to be involved in hydrogen-cycling, nitrogen-cycling, and carbon-cycling, respectively, with all three exhibiting high abundance in FSW. Consequently, FSW demonstrates significant advantages in biogeochemical cycling, pollutant degradation, and the utilization of indigenous probiotic bacteria. Although the surface of abandoned secondary saline-alkaline land was covered with white salt particles, the fishery utilization of saline-alkaline water with low salinity levels (4.0-5.5), and the presence of nitrate and phosphate were identified as primary determinants of bacterial community composition. Nevertheless, a comparison of coastal high-salinity ponds indicated that salinity still selectively affects bacterial communities to some extent. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the microbial regulation of nitrite during saline-alkaline water aquaculture, thereby aiding in the efficient utilization of secondary saline-alkaline water resources for fisheries.

A novel smart fertigation system for irrigation with treated wastewater: Effects on nutrient recovery, crop and soil

Both southern and northern regions of Italy are experiencing reduced precipitation and increased heat waves due to climate change, negatively affecting agricultural sector. Urban wastewater could be a solution to this problem, providing a constant source for irrigation and reducing synthetic fertilizer use. This research presents a two-year field study on using tertiary treated wastewater for processing tomato crop irrigation through an innovative smart fertigation system, designed to supply the exact doses of NPK nutrients considering those already delivered to the plants via the irrigation water. With the aim of studying the effects of irrigation with treated wastewater, three water sources were compared: fresh water added with chemical fertilizer, tertiary treated wastewater added with chemical fertilizer and tertiary treated wastewater without addition of fertilizer. The proposed system was efficient and consistent with the design, it saved considerable amounts of fertilizers, handling nutrient fluctuations in wastewater. Of the three irrigation water types that have been tested, only the one that used tertiary treated wastewater alone without additional fertilizers was not capable of meeting tomato nutritional needs, despite the fact that significant macronutrient savings were achieved. No negative effects on soil or plant physiological performances were observed. Plants irrigated with wastewater showed similar growth and productivity to those irrigated with fresh water and no significant differences in fruit quality were found, highlighting the benefits of wastewater reuse for crop irrigation.

Real‐Time Underwater Spectral Rendering

AbstractThe light field in an underwater environment is characterized by complex multiple scattering interactions and wavelength‐dependent attenuation, requiring significant computational resources for the simulation of underwater scenes. We present a novel approach that makes it possible to simulate multi‐spectral underwater scenes, in a physically‐based manner, in real time. Our key observation is the following: In the vertical direction, the steady decay in irradiance as a function of depth is characterized by the diffuse downwelling attenuation coefficient, which oceanographers routinely measure for different types of waters. We rely on a database of such real‐world measurements to obtain an analytical approximation to the Radiative Transfer Equation, allowing for real‐time spectral rendering with results comparable to Monte Carlo ground‐truth references, in a fraction of the time. We show results simulating underwater appearance for the different optical water types, including volumetric shadows and dynamic, spatially varying lighting near the water surface.