Types Of Walls Research Articles

Morphological and Molecular Identification of Sarcocystis arctica in Captive Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in China Helps Clarify Phylogenetic Relationships with Sarcocystis caninum and Sarcocystis felis

To date, only one case is known where protozoan parasites of the genus Sarcocystis were found to infect cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus); the cysts in the musculature were morphologically identified as S. felis. Here, we characterized sarcocysts by morphological and molecular methods that were observed in cheetahs who died in zoos in China. Only one type of sarcocyst was present in two of six cheetahs. By light microscopy, the sarcocyst wall was striated, 1.4–2.1 μm thick. Ultrastructurally, the wall had irregular-shaped, small villar protrusions, resembling wall type 9c, similar to those of S. arctica, S. caninum, and S. felis. The samples shared their highest molecular identity values with those of S. arctica and S. caninum: 99.9–100% and 99.8–100% (18S rRNA), 99.5% and 99.3–99.5% (28S rRNA), 95.9–97.5% and 96.3–97.3% (ITS-1), and 99.6% and 99.2–99.7% (cox1), respectively. Compared with ITS-1 of S. felis, identities ranged between 87.5% and 88.9%. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the newly sequenced Sarcocystis clustered with S. arctica and S. caninum, whereas S. felis (ITS-1) and S. canis (ITS-1, 18S rRNA, cox1) were sister species. Thus, we addressed the Sarcocystis species from the cheetahs as S. arctica, which is the first record of a Sarcocystis species believed to be specific for canids as intermediate hosts to infect a feline host.

Indoor Multi-Different-Wall Path Loss Prediction Model Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System

The efficiency of wireless systems is heavily dependent on the precision of the propagation channel model. Accurate prediction of signal path loss is an essential process in planning and optimizing radio networks. In this paper, a new indoor path loss prediction model - utilizing the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) approach - is proposed. The proposed model takes into consideration the effect of different indoor barriers or wall types, in addition to other essential factors, on the propagation channel to obtain precise prediction in buildings with hybrid walls or partitions. On-site recorded WiFi data is used to build and verify the proposed model. To minimize modeling errors, a hybrid training method is employed, and the input membership functions of the model are optimized. The proposed ANFIS model is compared with the Cost-231 propagation model after it has been calibrated using a multilinear regression approach. The comparison indicates the superiority of the proposed model in terms of precision and accuracy. The obtained results show that the new model has a lower root mean square error and standard deviation with a higher correlation factor of 98%. The proposed ANFIS model produces precise indoor WiFi prediction and promotes accurate forecasting of other frequency bands - such as UMTS and GSM - in buildings with different interior structures.

A novel bond-slip model between TRM strips and different types of masonry walls: Experimental approach

A novel bond-slip model between TRM strips and different types of masonry walls: Experimental approach

Landscape Characteristics of the Nae-oe-dam (wall) of Traditional Houses in Gyeongsangnam-do

Background and objective: A <i>nae-oe-dam</i> (a type of wall or fence) is a significant facility in traditional spaces that reflects historical eras and social aspects. However, due to insufficient recognition of its scenic value, the original form of <i>nae-oe-dam</i> is sometimes lost or destroyed during cultural heritage maintenance or restoration. In this context, the function and form of <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s in traditional houses were analyzed to determine their scenic value and distinctive characteristics.Methods: We conducted a field survey of 82 traditional houses (<i>hanok</i>) designated as cultural heritage sites in Gyeongsangnam-do, and selected 16 sites with <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s as research subjects. Based on the field survey data, we analyzed the form and function of the <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s, and ultimately, derived their landscape characteristics.Results: 1. <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s were primarily installed in modern <i>hanok</i>s built from the opening of ports (1846) to the Japanese colonial period, influenced by the strengthened <i>nae-oe-beop</i> (Confucian ethical virtue or law) of the late Joseon period. Contrary to the commonly understood dictionary definition, <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s were found to be installed not only at the <i>an-chae</i> (women’s quarters) and <i>sarang-chae</i> (men’s quarters) but also at main gates, toilets, and entrances to vegetable gardens. 2. The primary purpose of installing <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s in traditional houses was found to be to block the view of outsiders. Moreover, the main functions of <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s appear to be to divide spaces, guide movement, and conceal toilet facilities. 3. The height of the <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s was closely related to their intended purpose. To block the view of the <i>an-chae</i>, relatively tall <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s were placed in the <i>sarang-madang</i> and <i>an-madang</i>. In contrast, in front of the <i>sarang-chae</i>, and the visually open main gate, lower <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s were was installed to avoid creating a closed landscape. 4. <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s were constructed as a toseak-dam made of local soil and stones, and were also designed as flower walls to enhance the landscape. 5 the <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s were found to have three construction types: the orthogonal type, built in connection with an existing wall; the extended type, built at the end of an existing wall; and the stand-alone type, built independently. The planar shapes of <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s were typically "ㅡ" or "ㄱ," depending on the conditions of their connection to an existing wall. 6. The type of <i>nae-oe-dam</i> that includes a planter can be called a planter-type <i>nae-oe-dam</i>. This type not only further blocks the view by planting vegetation, but also serves a landscaping purpose. The plants and chimneys placed in the planter indicate that such <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s functioned both as a shielding structure and as landscape facilities.Conclusion: The functions and forms of <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s, which were examined in traditional houses in Gyeongsangnam-do, were found to have different landscape characteristics compared to general walls. <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s, which originated from the <i>nae-oe-beop</i> in the Joseon period, were created until the Japanese colonial period, and the custom of <i>nae-oe-beop</i> reflected in the housing space remained even during the modernization process. It is expected that this study will raise awareness of the landscape value of <i>nae-oe-dam</i>s and serve as basic data for future cultural heritage management.

Effect of phase change materials on building heating and cooling load considering different wall combinations

In this study, energy analyzes were carried out on a sample building for wall types where 3 main materials (brick, concrete block, aerated concrete) and 3 different insulation materials were used in different combinations, taking into account the situations with and without PCM. Building heating and cooling loads for 39 different scenarios derived in this way were determined by taking into account the coldest and hottest days of the year and also as the total energy need during the year. Analyzes were made with the Design Builder program and the results are presented with tables and graphs. By comparing and classifying the total energy loads of wall samples created for 39 different scenarios during the year, wall types that gave more positive results were determined. Three different PCM types with melting temperatures of 21 °C, 23 °C and 29 °C were used in the analyses. Based on the main material of the wall, three walls with the best performance among their main materials were initially determined. Then, among the wall types consisting of these 3 main materials (brick, concrete block, aerated concrete), the walls that showed the best performance were determined among the combinations created with the addition of insulation material and PCM. The best results with PCM were obtained for XPS as insulation material and aerated concrete as wall type. According to the results of the simulations, 25% energy savings were achieved when only insulation materials (XPS, EPS, Rock Wool) were used in the building envelope, and 9% energy savings were achieved when only PCM was used. By using PCM and insulation materials (XPS, EPS, Rock Wool) together, 30% energy savings were achieved.PCM, which is used in addition to the insulation materials used in the building envelope to reduce the energy load of the building, has led to a decrease in the annual energy need of the building. The combined use of PCM and insulation material can be recommended for regions where the heating load is high. It will be more effective to use PCMs with low melting points in cold climate regions, and PCMs with high melting points to be used in temperate and hot climate regions. It has been advised using PCM with two melting temperatures instead of using PCM with a single melting temperature in the building envelope as a more advantageous solution.

Performance Analysis of Novel Lightweight Photovoltaic Curtain Wall Modules Under Different Climatic Conditions

Due to limited roof area, photovoltaic (PV) has gradually been installed on other facades of buildings. This research investigates the practical application of a lightweight PV curtain wall. We use EnergyPlus to build a base office building model of fit with a lightweight PV curtain wall. The performance of two typical lightweight PV curtain wall modules is evaluated in five sample Chinese cities of different climates. Simulations were carried out to determine the power generation of faux architectural material PV curtain wall modules (FAM PVCWMs) for the best cavity distance per facade in various cities. We discovered that, in Harbin, Beijing, and Shanghai, the capacity of PV curtain wall modules installed on the south facade is the best, while in Chengdu and Guangzhou, it is the west facade. We also analyzed the power generation and the impact on the indoor environment when installing semi-transparent PV curtain wall modules (ST PVCWMs). Compared with glass, the ST PVCWM’s power generation increased by at least 50%, while the glare index setpoint exceeded time reduced by at least 30.19%. Furthermore, when installed on the north facade of Chengdu and similar cities, it can ensure more than 50% of daylight indexed time and create a more favorable indoor environment.

Pressure relief for drilling (trenching) and support technology in deep soft rock tunnels

Controlling surrounding rock stability in deep soft rock tunnels solely by increasing the support strength is challenging. The key areas where the surrounding rock of a roadway is prone to “instability” should be treated with comprehensive measures, such as drilling to relieve pressure, grouting of the surrounding rock, floor trenching technology, and secondary support, to achieve overall stability of the roadway surrounding rock. In this paper, based on a typical straight wall semi-circular arch roadway project in the Huaibei mining area of Anhui Province, mechanical parameters, such as cohesion, internal friction angle, Poisson’s ratio, and elastic modulus of the surrounding rock, were measured. Displacement stress distribution in surrounding roadway rock were simulated and analyzed using FLAC 3D, and the key parts of the surrounding rock prone to instability under the original roadway support conditions were determined. A suitable arrangement and parameters of the borehole pressure relief in the side roadway, floor grouting, floor trenching, and floor bolt secondary support were selected. Engineering measurements indicated that the engineering techniques were successful. It provided a significant reference for the comprehensive management and treatment of the surrounding rock stability in deep soft rock roadway on a global scale.

Exploring Spent Coffee Grounds: Comprehensive Morphological Analysis and Chemical Characterization for Potential Uses.

The agroindustry generates substantial quantities of byproducts, particularly in coffee production, which yields significant waste, most notably spent coffee grounds (SCGs). This study explores the potential of SCGs as a versatile resource for applications in both food and nonfood sectors. A comprehensive chemical analysis revealed that SCGs consist of 30.2 wt.% cellulose, 25 wt.% hemicellulose, and 12 wt.% lignin. Morphological characterization was performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Additional analyses included attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). ATR-FTIR identified key polysaccharides and oils, whereas TGA offered insights into the thermal degradation behavior of SCGs, confirming the presence of typical plant cell wall components. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed low crystallinity, consistent with SCGs' amorphous structure. Mineral content was assessed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The results showed that mineral concentrations in SCGs (per 0.01 kg) were within recommended daily intake limits, confirming their safety for potential human consumption. These findings establish SCGs as a valuable lignocellulosic biomass with applications in composite materials. Additionally, it can serve as an organic soil amendment after fermentation to prevent stress on plants. This approach supports effective waste management and advances resource sustainability practices in the agro-industrial sector.

Abnormal widening of the domain touching the electrode during in-plane local switching in lithium niobate

The qualitatively different domain evolution scenarios for different polarities of applied voltage pulses have been studied. For positive pulse, the domain demonstrates only slight width increase during further switching and high stability during subsequent domain imaging. For negative pulse, faster domain widening at the electrode as compared to the domain base leads to change in the type of charged domain wall (CDW) from tail-to-tail (t2t) to head-to-head (h2h) as well as formation of the domain teeth at CDW and an array of wedge-like domains. Additional domain imaging leads to reconstruction of the wedge-like domain with t2t CDW. It was demonstrated by numerical simulation that the switching field is above the threshold for step generation in wide region along the electrode. This field stimulates the formation of above-mentioned domain structure. The absence of this effect for positive pulse has been attributed to the huge difference in conductivity of t2t and h2h CDWs. The current along conductive h2h CDW after domain touching results in decrease in the tip bias due to voltage drop on the series resistance. The stability of the domains growing from the tip was attributed to effective screening of depolarization field by the injected charge. The ineffective screening at the electrode due to absence of charge injection stimulates domain backswitching. The obtained knowledge is useful for further development of domain engineering methods in thin films for the fabrication of periodically poled waveguides.

The Physical Condition of Household Environment and History of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) to the Stunting Cases in Ogan Ilir Regency

Background: The case of stunting in toddlers can be caused by infectious diseases such as acute respiratory infection as the direct factor and the physical conditions of the household environment as the indirect factor. This study aims to determine the relationship between the physical condition of the household environment and history of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) to the stunting cases in toddlers in 13 stunting locus villages in Ogan Ilir Regency 2024. Method: This study used a case-control study focusing on stunted toddlers aged 24-59 months in 13 locus villages in Ogan Ilir Regency. A total of 129 samples of under-fives were obtained using the Lameshow formula, with a ratio of 1:2 found (43 cases and 86 controls). Inclusion criteria were stunted toddlers for cases and non-stunted toddlers in the neighborhood for controls. This study examined various factors including wall type, floor type, ceiling type, residential density, temperature, humidity, lighting, ventilation, and history of acute respiratory infections (ARI). Data analysis included univariate, bivariate (using chi-square test), and multivariate (using multiple logistic regression) methods. Result: The bivariate analysis showed a significant association between residential density (p-value = 0,010), ventilation (p-value = 0,002), history of acute respiratory infection (ARI) (p-value = 0,000), moderate ARI severity (p-value = 0,000), and one-time ARI frequency (p-value = 0,001) with the stunting cases in Ogan Ilir Regency. Multivariate analysis identified history of ARI as the dominant factor influencing stunting in toddlers (OR = 13,458 95% CI 3,618 – 50,063). Conclusion: This study conducted in 13 villages of Ogan Ilir regency found that factors such as residential density, ventilation, and a history of acute respiratory infections (ARI) were significantly linked to stunting in children aged 24 to 59 months with the history of ARI was the dominant factor against stunting in toddlers.

The Influence of Building Materials and Electrical Parameter Variability on Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

The article presents an analysis of the influence of building materials on the propagation of an electromagnetic wave and the values of the electric field intensity. The topics of the analysis were two types of walls (partition and load bearing) built of different building materials. Different variants of walls were considered due to the building material used: concrete, aerated concrete, solid brick, clinker bricks, and three types of hollow bricks. The requirements for structures in terms of wall thickness were taken into account. The article, using concrete as an example, also describes the influence of changes in the electrical parameters of the building material on wave propagation and the values of the field. The results concerning the influence of complex materials, such as hollow bricks, on the non-uniform distribution of the electric field were also included. Due to the different percentage share of ceramic mass in hollow bricks, the article discusses its influence on the values of the field, taking into account the variability of conductivity. The analysis was performed using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. The results were compared with the analytical solution. The analysis, among others, showed that with the increase in the ceramic mass in bricks, the electric field values are higher but result in an uneven distribution of the field. Using the example of hollow bricks used to build load-bearing walls, it was observed that a small modification of the hollows practically does not affect the field intensity (the difference is approx. 2%). When planning the installation of wireless networks, the best solution is walls made of ceramics with a large number of hollows, where the ceramic mass constitutes only approx. 30%. A multivariate analysis allows for a better understanding of field phenomena inside single-family homes.

Influence of insulating and conducting walls on magnetohydodynamic flow in a suddenly expanded channel: A numerical study

ABSTRACT In this study, we conducted numerical simulations using the robust code AnuPravaha. The code’s performance was rigorously validated by benchmarking it against a range of standard cases, including Shercliff and Hunt’s cases. The same AnuPravaha code is used to identify the effect of conduction and insulating walls on a suddenly expanded channel for low Hartmann number ranging from 10–100 and Reynolds number ranging from 100–500. The results finding indicate that at a low Hartmann number Ha ≤ 40, the effect on the flow profile remains negligible. As the Hartmann number increases Ha > 40, it generates a more crescent-shaped profile, reducing the centerline flow velocity and increasing it near the side walls. It is also observed that variations in pressure drop are minimal within the low Hartmann number range of Ha = 10–30 but become very significant for a higher Hartmann number (Ha > 30). For a change in Hartmann number from Ha = 20 to Ha = 40, the pressure drop rises by 212% and at Hartmann number from Ha = 50 to Ha = 100, it increases by 284% indicating an amplification effect on the magnetic field at a higher Hartmann number. The pressure drop achieved in Insulating walls is far lesser than the conduction walls as insulating walls don’t allow any current-wall interaction. It is found that by using insulating walls the average pressure drop is reduced by about 94%. At a fixed Reynolds number, insulating walls yield higher outlet velocities than conduction walls due to lower Lorentz force resistance which modifies the volumetric heating effects. Increasing Hartmann number reduces the velocity difference between both types of walls.

Optimizing seismic performance in RC short‐leg shear walls: Numerical simulations of concealed bracing configurations and materials

AbstractA finite element model was established in this study based on a low cyclic reversed loading test conducted on three different concealed bracing materials. A multivariate analysis of the seismic performance factors of two walls configured with different concealed bracing materials was conducted. The results indicated that the envelope curve of shear wall was more symmetrical in two directions when the layout form of concealed bracing was X‐shaped strut. Additionally, the seismic performance of concealed bracing shear walls was found to gradually decline as the angle of the concealed bracing decreased. The seismic performance of both types of shear walls improved to a lesser extent as the concealed bracing reinforcement rate increased. Comparatively, the concealed bracing shear walls reinforced with shape memory alloy bars exhibited greater energy absorption capacity and superior seismic performance compared to conventional reinforcement concealed bracing shear walls.

Strengthening Tuberculosis Prevention Cadres at Al-Hidayah Islamic Boarding School, Kota Baru Jambi

Possible risk factors for tuberculosis include population factors (age, sex, nutritional status, family role, income level, education level), home environment factors (ventilation area, occupancy density, lighting intensity, floor type, house humidity, temperature and wall type), behavior (habit of opening windows every morning and smoking habit) and contact history. According to WHO, adolescents are residents in the age range of 10-19 years, according to the Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation Number 25 of 2014, adolescents are residents in the age range of 10-18 years and according to the Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN) the age range of adolescents is 10-24 years and unmarried. There is a risk of transmission to students at the Al-Hidayah Modern Islamic Boarding School located on Jl. Marsda Surya Dharma KM. 10 Kenali Asam Bawah Jambi City.

Crack Detection and Cost Analyzer Using AI

Crack Vision is an innovative AI-powered Android application developed to detect and analyze wall cracks, providing users with real-time, automated repair cost estimates. By leveraging advanced object detection models such as YOLOv7 and Mask R-CNN, Crack Vision enhances both the accuracy and efficiency of crack detection, enabling precise measurement of crack dimensions, severity assessment, and quick identification of structural issues. This application simplifies the inspection and budgeting process for wall repairs, making it an essential tool for homeowners, contractors, and structural engineers who seek to minimize reliance on manual inspection methods. The core functionality of Crack Vision combines high-resolution image processing with state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms, ensuring reliable detection across various wall types and crack textures. Using computer vision and deep learning techniques, the app can differentiate between structural and non-structural cracks, thereby offering a comprehensive solution for repair prioritization. Furthermore, Crack Vision integrates with a robust backend that stores user data, allowing users to track the condition of their walls over time. This feature aids in preventive maintenance by identifying trends in crack expansion and deterioration, potentially mitigating costly repairs. Additionally, the application provides a detailed breakdown of estimated repair costs based on crack size, depth, and type, empowering users to make informed decisions about necessary repairs. Crack Vision is designed with user-friendliness in mind, featuring an intuitive interface that guides users through the inspection process. The app also supports multilingual options and customizable settings to cater to diverse user needs. In sum, Crack Vision redefines wall crack inspection, offering a rapid, accurate, and accessible solution for both casual users and industry professionals, ultimately contributing to improved building safety and maintenance efficiency

Research on coal rock parameter calibration based on discrete element method

To ensure that the discrete element model of the coal wall accurately reflects the actual cutting process of coal and rock during virtual prototype simulation of mining equipment, this study aims to expedite the development of intelligent mining machinery. Using coal samples from the 4602 working face of Yangcun Coal Mine, operated by Yanzhou Coal Mining Group, we conducted coal rock packing experiments and uniaxial compression tests to obtain the packing angle and compressive strength of the coal samples. Based on the experimental results, we designed Plackett–Burman experiments (PB experiments), steepest ascent experiments, and Box-Behnken experiments to study the influence of particle contact mechanics parameters and bonding mechanics parameters on the packing angle and compressive strength, using the packing angle and compressive strength as response variables. Our objective is to minimize the relative error between the simulated packing angle and the measured packing angle. We solved and optimized the parameter calibration model and conducted simulation calibration experiments based on the optimization results. A comparative analysis with the actual test results revealed that the maximum relative errors between the simulated and measured values for the packing angle and compressive strength were only 2.9% and 5.0%, respectively. Additionally, a discrete element model of a typical working face coal wall was established based on the parameters obtained from this calibration method. A bidirectional coupling model of the cutting process between the coal and rock was created using EDEM-RecurDyn to simulate the rigid-flexible coupling of the coal cutter. An experimental coal wall model was constructed based on similarity theory, and both simulation and physical experiments were conducted. The evaluation metrics for comparison were the time-domain and frequency-domain characteristics of the drum’s vibration signals. The maximum relative error for the time-domain signal characteristics between the two experimental setups was only 4.19%, while the maximum relative error for the frequency-domain signal characteristics was 3.75%. This validates the feasibility of the proposed calibration method for the discrete element coal wall model and the accuracy of the calibration results. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the constructed discrete element coal wall accurately represents the actual coal and rock properties. The virtual simulation based on this model effectively replicates the interaction process between mining machinery and coal, providing a safe, efficient, and low-cost technological approach for performance analysis of mining equipment and intelligent control of supporting devices.

Localized Flexoelectric Effect Around Ba(CuNb) Nano‐Clusters in Epitaxial BiFeO3 Films for Enhancement of Electric and Multiferroic Properties

AbstractRoom‐temperature (RT) multiferroic materials have received significant research attention for various potential applications; however, their properties are not suitable for real‐world implementation. In this study, a nano‐scale localized flexoelectric effect is introduced to enhance the RT multiferroic performance of epitaxial bismuth iron oxide (BiFeO3; BFO) thin films by embedding 10 mol% Ba(Cu1/3Nb2/3)O3 (BCN) nano‐clusters into the host BFO film, which originally has a rhombohedral crystal structure. By utilizing nano‐clustering, a large out‐of‐plane coherent strain is localized around the nano‐clusters, resulting in a highly strained tetragonality of the BFO structure; subsequently, the films exhibit peculiar types of domains and domain walls, such as nano‐scale rotational vortices and antiparallel dipole configurations. These peculiar domain structures, which originate from the localized flexoelectric effect at the nano‐scale, enable excellent ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, and RT multiferroic magnetoelectric coupling. This study reveals that the local variation in the localized flexoelectric field around nano‐clusters considerably impacts the formation of unusual domain‐wall structures. This suggests that the controlled introduction of nano‐clusters with different crystal structures is promising for achieving the desired multiferroic properties.

Study on heat transfer behavior of CFS-PSB composite walls

The cold-formed thin-walled steel (CFS)-paper straw board (PSB) composite walls takes as the research object. The thermal performance of the wall was analyzed by the building heat transfer theory and the finite element analysis software ANSYS, explored the influence of relevant parameters on heat transfer coefficient of composite wall and proposed supplementary correction coefficient for applying the type of composite walls. The heat flux density field, temperature distribution field, node temperature, and heat transfer coefficient of the walls were also obtained. The specific parameters analyzed using this model mainly included the insulation material, web height, thickness of the section steel, width of the flange, length of the hole, number of hole rows, and horizontal and longitudinal spacing of the holes. The findings show that an increase in the web height reduces the heat transfer coefficient of the composite wall, which is conducive to improving the thermal insulation performance of the walls. The CFS-PSB composite wall with a web opening can significantly improve the heat transfer performance of the wall, reduce heat loss, and control the local thermal bridging phenomenon. The hole length, specific gravity of the openings, and number of openings were the main parameters affecting the thermal insulation performance of the walls.

PENGARUH PERTUMBUHAN PEMUKIMAN TERHADAP AKTIVITAS PEREKONOMIAN DI KELURAHAN KOYA BARAT

This research aims to identify the factors influencing the growth of settlements and economic activities inKoya Barat Village, Muara Tami District, and the efforts made in the growth of settlements and economic activitiesin Koya Barat Village, Muara Tami District. The quantitative research method and data collection techniquesinvolve questionnaires and documentation. The data analysis uses simple linear regression. The results of theresearch indicate that the factors influencing the growth of settlements and economic activities in Koya BaratVillage, Muara Tami District, show that the level of settlement growth in Koya Barat Village, Muara Tami District,is categorized as high, with 65 respondents or 65%. This includes several factors such as the type of physicalbuilding, building/occupant type, wall type, roof type, ceiling, floor type, door, sanitation, window, ventilation,and ridge. The economic level of the community with a very high economic level is 33 respondents or 33%, anda high economic level is 31 respondents or 31%, which means that the economic level of the community in KoyaBarat Village, Muara Tami District is high, including education level, occupation/livelihood, and householdincome. The efforts made in the growth of settlements and economic activities in Koya Barat Village, Muara TamiDistrict, indicate a significant influence of settlement growth on the economy in Koya Barat Village, Muara TamiDistrict, which means that if settlement growth increases, economic activities will also experience a significantincrease.

Sub‐assemblage testing and fragility analysis of connections of continuous‐plasterboard suspended ceiling systems

AbstractPast earthquake reconnaissance reports highlighted extensive seismic damages to suspended ceiling components and connections, including instances of complete ceiling failures. The seismic qualification of these nonstructural elements typically requires comprehensive evaluation through full‐scale shake table testing. However, such experimental evaluation is ordinarily not possible for every change made in various components and connections of ceiling systems due to the cost and effort involved. A feasible alternative is to obtain the behavior of components and connections from sub‐assemblage testing and incorporate them in appropriate numerical ceiling models to derive mechanical responses for developing alternative or new installation schemes. This paper considers critical connections of three continuous‐plasterboard suspended ceiling systems that were evaluated using shake table‐generated motions. The connections were classified according to their attachment to typical floors and walls of building structures, and sub‐assemblage testing was conducted using both monotonic and cyclic displacement loading. The observed failure modes in each connection were detailed, and appropriate damage states were assigned as the basis for constructing connection fragility curves. The results of the sub‐assemblage testing were presented in terms of the hysteresis responses, envelope curves, nonlinear backbone curves, and cumulative energy dissipation curves. Additionally, multilinear models of the connections were derived by approximating nonlinear backbone curves’ initial‐ and post‐yield behaviors. These multilinear models were further idealized to derive three equivalent linearized models for simplified yet reasonably accurate results for linear structural analyses. Finally, fragility curves were derived for all connections, considering their cyclic displacement failure capacities.