Types Of Violations Research Articles

Legal Force of Transfer of Home Ownership Loans (KPR) from Debtors to Third Parties without Approval from The Bank

Ownership of a house is now a benchmark as a form of primary needs of an individual and is used as land to invest because it has a relatively high economic value. It will be tough for low-income people to own a house by buying it in cash. For some people, building a house must incur relatively high costs. Therefore, banks provide financing funds so that people can own houses. One form of financing from banks is Home Ownership Credit or KPR. However, implementing homeownership loans (KPR) has various problems, including transferring rights to the object of home ownership loans (KPR) or mortgage loan offers. So the problem arises: How is the legal force of transferring home ownership loans (KPR) from debtors to third parties without approval from the bank? This research uses research methods in the form of descriptive analysis. The act of credit oper underhand, whether it is a sale, transfer, or anything carried out by the debtor without permission or the knowledge of the creditor or bank, is included in the type of violation, and the agreement is also not binding on third parties or new debtors. If the debtor makes the transfer before repayment at the bank, then the agreement made by the debtor to a third party is null and void.

Peculiarities of administrative responsibility for violation of the migration regime in Ukraine

Modern international activity and globalization of processes in the sphere of socio-economic, cultural, and political relations inevitably affect the dynamics of migration flows throughout the world. Ukraine, as one of the important geographical, economic, and cultural bridges between Eastern and Western Europe, has witnessed significant changes in the structure and intensity of migration processes on its territory. This led to an increase in the importance of issues of migration regulation and ensuring compliance with migration legislation in Ukraine.
 It is indicated that the study of this problem requires the study of various aspects, such as the types of violations of the migration legislation, the mechanisms of their detection and documentation, the rights and obligations of foreigners, as well as the effectiveness of the application of administrative sanctions. The issue of administrative responsibility for violations of the migration regime is important for ensuring compliance with legality and maintaining law and order in the field of migration, as well as in the context of Ukraine's international obligations.
 However, together with the growth of migration flows, the number of violations of the migration regime also increases, which requires effective control and administrative responsibility. Violations of migration legislation can have serious consequences for the security, socio-economic development, and international relations of Ukraine. Therefore, the issue of administrative responsibility for violations of the migration regime is relevant and requires in-depth scientific analysis and research.
 This scientific work is aimed at studying the peculiarities of administrative responsibility for violations of the migration regime in Ukraine. It examines various aspects of violations of migration law, including the types of violations, the legal framework, prosecution procedures, and the rights and responsibilities of foreigners and migration services in the context of administrative liability.
 The study of this topic is important for understanding the modern challenges that Ukraine faces in the context of migration processes and for the development of effective strategies for regulating migration and ensuring security and law and order in this area.

Conditions for Serving a Sentence of Deprivation of Liberty, as a Basis for the Implementation of Public Control and Compensatory Court Decision

An empirical study of the implementation of the right of convicts to compensation for violation of the conditions of detention in a correctional institution was carried out by analyzing the practice of Russian courts when considering complaints of convicts about the conditions of serving sentences, as well as an analysis of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. The results obtained made it possible to identify the main types of violations of the conditions for serving a sentence of deprivation of liberty, which are the grounds for satisfying such complaints, the reasons and conditions affecting the occurrence of certain violations of the conditions of serving a sentence. An analysis of the practice of public monitoring commissions to monitor the observance of the rights of convicts serving sentences in correctional institutions has determined that improving the quality of complaints received from convicts makes it possible to find ways to solve problems related, among other things, to the conditions of serving sentences. The conclusions obtained have scientific novelty and practical significance, since they contribute to the improvement of penitentiary legislation and the development of the science of penal enforcement law.

Pelanggaran Penggunaan Prinsip Kesantunan Berbahasa dalam Drama Komedi Lapor Pak di Trans 7

This article aims to describe violations of the principles of linguistic politeness in the comedy drama Lapor Pak in Trans 7. This research is a qualitative linguistic research with descriptive methods by describing the data found to obtain general conclusions. The data used in this research is in the form of speeches from actors in the comedy drama sketch Lapor Pak. Data collection was carried out by: (a) watching video replays on YouTube (b) then transcribing them from oral to written form (c) classifying speech in table format (d) identifying speech formats that violate the six maxims according to Geoffrey Leech. The results of this research show that: 136 types of violations of the principle of wisdom were found, violations of the principle of praise were 162 statements, violations of the principle of humility were 14 statements, and violations of the maxim of sympathy were 34 statements. The Principle of Generosity is not found.

Diversity of phyllospheric Actinomycetes in Liliaceae plants and their potential as growth inhibitors of Alternaria porri

Abstract. Wati C, Nawangsih AA, Wahyudi AT, Wiyono S, Munif A. 2023. Diversity of phyllospheric Actinomycetes in Liliaceae plants and their potential as growth inhibitors of Alternaria porri. Biodiversitas 24: 5234-5242. Actinomycetes are microorganisms belonging to a group of Gram-positive bacteria, that have the potential to act as biological control agents against various plant pathogens. Phyllospheric Actinomycetes particularly, can inhibit growth of various microorganisms, such as the fungus Alternaria porri Ell. Cif., which causes purple blotch disease in the shallot plants. These microbes thrive on the surface of leaves, particularly in plants belonging to Liliaceae family. Environmental conditions have been proven to greatly affect their diversity. Present investigation aims to determine diversity of phyllospheric Actinomycetes from Liliaceae plants and their potential to inhibit growth of A. porri. The methods used were to investigate, characterize, and quantify isolates from Liliaceae plants. An antagonistic test was conducted on the isolates to examine the proportion of A. porri fungus growth inhibition. The results showed that plants species Allium fistulosum and A. tuberosum were the most common hosts for phyllospheric actinomycetes. Morphological differences were found in shape, color, elevation, edges, surface, and hyphae size, as well as the type of spore violation. The surface texture of colonies was smooth, rough, powdery, and opaque, usually appearing after 7-12 days of isolation. The isolates also inhibited growth of A. porri, causing the mycelium thins, and a clear zone of inhibition between pathogens and Actinomycetes forms. Isolates BCW9 caused the highest suppression of fungus growth 57.78%. This study is the first experiment to evaluate the diversity of phyllosphere Actinomycetes from Liliaceae plants, which are able to control purple blotch disease caused by A. porri in Indonesia. The phyllospheric Actinomycetes were isolated from the same habitat of A. porri. These investigation show the prospect of phyllospheric Actinomycetes as biocontrol agents against another fungal diseases on leaves of another plants.

Urgensi Etika Pejabat Publik dan Peranan Generasi Z dalam Studi Administrasi Publik

This paper aims to explore how the phenomenon of demoralizations and ethical dysfunction in the realm of public administration has developed massively, so there is a risk of creating a wave of public distrust. It’s necessary to have a critical study of public ethics, along with the transformation of service ethics assessment standards in accordance with the time and paradigms. This study used library research with data collection technique is carried out by reviewing scientific journals that are considered relevant to this study. The results of this study indicate that there are two types of ethical violations that are mostly done by public official in Indonesia, namely abuse of power and maladministration. Factors causing the proliferation of ethical violations in Indonesia are weak law enforcement and public permissiveness towards unethical behavior. The active role of Generation Z is needed to maintain a healthy democratic climate and reduce public permissiveness toward various forms of ethical violations.

Implementation of blockchain technology in the system of accounting and analytical support for the public sector

The study addressed the problem of developing a mechanism for introducing blockchain technology into the system of accounting and analytical support for public sector entities. In the course of the research, the volumes and types of financial violations by public sector entities were analyzed. Identified violations were committed by public sector entities, and their significant share fell on the system of accounting and analytical support, in particular, financial reporting, budget execution. Legal restrictions on the introduction of blockchain technology for public sector entities were outlined. The absence of a number of acts in the field of digitization, protection of state secrets, cyber security, international standards, etc. in the legal field was established. The characteristics and mechanisms of blockchain technology were described, the types of blockchains based on permission models (open, closed) were defined. The technological characteristics of the use of blockchain platforms in the system of accounting and analytical support of public sector entities have been determined. The need to use blockchain applications such as smart contracts was indicated. It is noted that the use of smart contracts can be developed on blockchain platforms such as Ethereum, NXT, and Hyperledger; their key characteristics were described. A comparative description of transactions of state funds in the traditional accounting system and with the use of blockchain systems is given. The problem of the materiality of the transaction cost when transferring large volumes of data was outlined using the Ethereum platform as an example; its shortcomings were identified. The development of a mechanism for introducing blockchain technology into the system of accounting and analytical support using the Hyperledger platform, which has an open-source community focused on the development of a set of stable frameworks, tools, and libraries for deploying enterprise-level blockchains, was described. The advantages and disadvantages of introducing blockchain technology into the system of accounting and analytical support have been determined.

METHODOLOGY FOR MAKING EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT DECISIONS TO ENSURE THE PHYSICAL SECURITY OF CRITICAL FACILITIES

The article discusses the issues of evaluating the effectiveness of the system of physical protection of critical facilities and the development of control solutions to ensure the necessary requirements for it. The relevance of the presented tasks is due to the increase in the number and types of violations, the improvement of the technical capabilities of violators, the complexity and variety of objects of protection. The presented methodology for making effective management decisions to ensure the physical security of critical facilities is a comprehensive study of physical protection systems. With the help of a simulation model, the probability of a safe state of the object on the specified routes of penetration of the intruder is estimated. The method of principal components revealed latent connections between routes, on the basis of which the decomposition of the complex task of managing the physical security of the object was carried out to obtain more reliable dependences of the probability of the safe state of the object on the parameters (characteristics and structure) physical protection systems. For each group of routes the probability of a safe state of the object of which is insufficient, a regression equation is constructed using a complete factorial experiment – a unique function of the object’s safety management. The analysis of the coefficients of the regression equations makes it possible to make effective management decisions to modernize the structure of the physical protection system, increasing its effectiveness to the required value.Obtaining management functions is the author’s methodology for making effective management decisions to ensure the physical security of critical facilities and determines the scientific novelty of the work.

Automated detection, categorisation and developers’ experience with the violations of honesty in mobile apps

Human values such as honesty, social responsibility, fairness, privacy, and the like are things considered important by individuals and society. Software systems, including mobile software applications (apps), may ignore or violate such values, leading to negative effects in various ways for individuals and society. While some works have investigated different aspects of human values in software engineering, this mixed-methods study focuses on honesty as a critical human value. In particular, we studied (i) how to detect honesty violations in mobile apps, (ii) the types of honesty violations in mobile apps, and (iii) the perspectives of app developers on these detected honesty violations. We first develop and evaluate 7 machine learning (ML) models to automatically detect violations of the value of honesty in app reviews from an end-user perspective. The most promising was a Deep Neural Network model with F1 score of 0.921. We then conducted a manual analysis of 401 reviews containing honesty violations and characterised honesty violations in mobile apps into 10 categories: unfair cancellation and refund policies; false advertisements; delusive subscriptions; cheating systems; inaccurate information; unfair fees; no service; deletion of reviews; impersonation; and fraudulent-looking apps. A developer survey and interview study with mobile developers then identified 7 key causes behind honesty violations in mobile apps and 8 strategies to avoid or fix such violations. The findings of our developer study also articulate the negative consequences that honesty violations might bring for businesses, developers, and users. Finally, the app developers’ feedback shows that our prototype ML-based models can have promising benefits in practice.

Assessing Gender Differences in Prison Rule Enforcement: A Focus on Defiance

This study focuses on gender disparities in defiance prison ­infractions—an understudied and highly discretionary type of rule violation—which have important implications for individuals’ prison experiences and outcomes. Using administrative data on a release population in a large western state (N = 23,818), we employed multilevel modeling techniques to test whether (1) women were more likely than men to receive defiance infractions; (2) whether women received a greater number of defiance infractions than men, and (3) whether the gender differences observed for defiance were unique from other types of infractions (e.g. any infraction, nonviolent, violent) net of individual- and prison unit-level controls. Results confirmed that defiance infractions are uniquely gendered, which subjects incarcerated women to harsh consequences for far less serious behavior than their male counterparts. Our work fills key gaps in the literature and contributes to recent policy reform efforts aimed at prison disciplinary reform.

ПРО ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ СУДАМИ КАТЕГОРІЇ «ПУБЛІЧНИЙ ПОРЯДОК» ЩОДО РІШЕНЬ МІЖНАРОДНОГО КОМЕРЦІЙНОГО АРБІТРАЖУ

The article examines the negative tendency towards excessive interference of state courts of Ukraine in international commercial arbitration by cancelling and refusing to enforce arbitral awards on grounds that go beyond the principle of legal certainty as an element of the Rule of Law. It was concluded that the expansive interpretation of the category of public order, applied in some decisions of the Supreme Court, will prevent the normal functioning of international commercial arbitration as an alternative way of commercial disputes' resolution in Ukraine, which not only undermines the investment prospects of Ukraine's economy, but also destroys the possibility of classifying Ukraine as a legal systems of civilized countries of the world, creates ample opportunities for abuses in the process of contesting and recognizing in Ukraine decisions of international commercial arbitration. It is substantiated that a violation of public order as a basis for refusing to recognize and enforce international commercial arbitration awards in Ukraine can be qualified in the case of clear disregard for direct prohibitions established by the state regarding the protection of sovereignty, fundamental human rights and freedoms. One of the ways to solve these problems is to the establish a legal ban on the execution of an arbitral awards in favour of the occupying country and persons related with it. Types of violations of the arbitration procedure as grounds for contesting an international commercial arbitration award or refusing to enforce it are comprehensively regulated in the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York, 1958), and cannot be based on expansive interpretation by the court of the arbitration procedure from the point of view of compliance with the norms established by the Civil Procedure Code and the Economic Procedure Code of Ukraine.

Understanding Shadow IT usage intention: a view of the dual-factor model

PurposeDespite the growing concern about security breaches and risks emerging from Shadow IT usage, a type of information security violation committed by organizational insiders, this phenomenon has received little scholarly attention. By integrating the dual-factor theory, unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) and social control theory, this research aims to examine facilitating and deterring factors of Shadow IT usage intention.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was performed to obtain data. As this study aims at investigating the behavior of organizational insiders, LinkedIn, an employment-oriented network site, was chosen as the main site to reach the potential respondents.FindingsThe results show that while performance expectancy, effort expectancy and subjective norms considerably impact intention to use Shadow IT, personal norms and sanctions-related factors exert no influence. Besides, an organizational factor of ethical work climate is found to significantly increase individual perceptions of informal controls and formal controls.Originality/valueThis work is the first attempt to extend the generalizability of the dual-factor theory and UTAUT model, which primarily has been utilized in the context of system usage, to the new context of information security. This study is also one of few studies that simultaneously take both organizational and individual factors into consideration and identify its impacts on user's behaviors in the information security context.

Illegal incidents and violations related to Atlantic salmon fishing in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, during 2001–2020

AbstractResource user compliance is a key element in effective fisheries management. Herein, we examine two decades of enforcement records pertaining to Atlantic salmon from Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Illegal incidents were negatively correlated with the number of licensed anglers but not salmon abundance. Over two decades, illegal incidents declined by 66%, even after correcting for the positive relationship between enforcement effort and illegal incidents. This decline was primarily driven by a 67% reduction in netting and jigging‐related violations, which were likely to impose the highest levels of mortality on adult salmon among violations examined. Additionally, illegal incidents and violation types did not increase as a result of management changes. While Newfoundland and Labrador remains one of the last strongholds for Atlantic salmon, we encourage other jurisdictions to monitor fisheries compliance to better understand the social‐ecological landscape that is crucial to supporting healthy fisheries.

Drinking water quality and social vulnerability linkages at the system level in the United States

Growing recognition of water quality concerns, particularly in socially vulnerable communities in the United States, has prompted recent policies and investments to improve drinking water system performance. Current environmental justice tools limit measurement of drinking water quality issues to proximity to point-source contamination, such as superfund sites and social vulnerability to county level or zip code level data. We examined relationships between health-based (HB) drinking water quality violations and social vulnerability using a new database of community water system (CWS) service areas and a modified Social Vulnerability Index, which we specifically designed for drinking water quality. CWSs with HB violations disproportionately impact socially vulnerable communities, with ∼70% of such systems characterized by high social vulnerability. Increased risks of drinking water quality violations in high socially vulnerable communities are attributed in part to violations related to pervasive, naturally occurring contaminants (e.g. arsenic) requiring treatment and difficulties for small systems to implement and maintain treatment systems. Notably, recurrence of any HB violation is also related to social vulnerability (R = 0.73). The relative importance of different social parameters, including socioeconomic status, race and language, and demographics and housing characteristics, varies with the type of violation. Further understanding linkages between drinking water quality violations and social vulnerability is essential for optimizing the deployment of, and motivating the next tranche of newly available drinking water infrastructure funding that is heavily prioritized toward disadvantaged communities.

국제투자규범에서 유효수단 조항의 고찰

The International Investment Agreement (IIA) provides to investment and investor protection of contracting party’s obligations. It stipulates that if an investment and investor are damaged in violation of IIA’s protection clause, they will be subject to Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS). Among the IIA's contracting party’s obligations, it does not provide for direct regulation of the conduct in judicial court of host countries.
 Regulations on the conduct of judicial courts are generally included in the category of ‘denial of justice’ in customary international law under the IIA’s ‘Minimum Standard of Treatment’ clause. It is established in the ISDS precedent. Recently, this is included in IIA's illegal indirect expropriation. The ISDS arbitral tribunal formed the legal principle of judicial expropriation. Judicial expropriation deals with deprivation of investment asset, indirect expropriation, and judicial procedures and substantive judgments.
 Regarding the conducts of the judicial authorities, it is regulated by the US model BIT and the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) of the effective means clause of Article 12(10).
 The effective means clause provision be limited to the IIA. It was introduced as a US Model BIT policy in the 1980’s, and is regulated in a number of US BIT’s concluded by this model BIT. And, like the US model BIT, ECT also includes provisions on the receiving country's effective means clause for investor’s claims and rights enforcement.
 First, this paper examines the background of the introduction of the effective means clause in the IIA. Examining the legislative background can look into the criteria for interpreting provisions.
 Second, the specific types of violations of the provisions of effective means in ISDS arbitration cases were reviewed.
 Third, the relationship between the effective means clause of the IIA and judicial refusal was reviewed.
 In the case of the ISDS arbitration award, the violation of the ‘denial justice’ of the minimum standard treatment clause and the effective means clause was raised at the same time. The effective means clause is more flexible in interpretation and application than a denial justice. The effective means clause does not require the ‘Exhaustion of Local Remedies’ Rule. In the ISDS case of White vs. India, there is a case in which the MFN clause was invoked and an effective means clause was application. The effective means clause can be a useful guide for interpreting the access to justice clause in the Korea-Japan BIT and the Korea-China-Japan BIT.

Fading Futures: Understanding the Connection of Early Marriage, Child Rights Violations, and Abusive Behaviors

This research explores into the complex ties among early marriage, child rights violations, and abusive behaviors, shedding light on its global implications. Through an exploration in Bogura's Khatiamari village, it uncovers a web of socio-political, cultural, and economic factors behind this issue. The study's objectives encompass investigating the factors behind early marriage's prevalence, understanding the types of child rights violations associated with it, and identifying the short-term and long-term consequences of these violations. Qualitative research methods, including case studies, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions, were employed to gather insights from the community. The findings emphasize that early marriage is deeply rooted in poverty and economic insecurity, often forcing families into decisions driven by desperation. This practice results in a range of child rights violations, including disrupted education, compromised health, diminished agency, and exposure to abusive behaviors. The emotional and psychological toll on children, particularly girls, is significant, as they are denied the opportunity to grow, develop, and participate fully in society. The study underscores the urgent need for multi-dimensional solutions. It calls for strengthening legal frameworks, awareness campaigns, and community engagement to challenge harmful norms and ensure child rights protection. Gender equality emerges as a pivotal element in addressing this issue comprehensively. The study calls for united action by governments, organizations, families, and individuals to end early marriage. This empowers children to reach their potential, free from tradition and discrimination. Despite challenges, this path offers hope to reshape societies, nurture dreams, and uphold every child's rights.

Peculiarities of protection of personal non-property intellectual rights on the internet

Using a documentary analysis method, it examines the legal issues that exist in the field of application and protection of non-proprietary personal intellectual rights on the Internet. The first section examines the legal consequences of the active development of information technologies and their impact on relations in the field of intellectual property. It identifies some issues that arise when placing intellectual property objects on the Internet. The second section of the article provides an overview of approaches to the legal regulation of intellectual property relations under the legislation of Ukraine. The third section highlights the types and features of violations of non-proprietary personal intellectual rights on the Internet, as well as legislative and technical methods of their protection. It is noted that the main types of violations of non-proprietary personal intellectual rights on the Internet are piracy and plagiarism. It is concluded that, among the problems that hinder the adequate protection of intellectual property rights on the Internet, the main ones are the legal uncertainty of many key concepts or their insufficient development and the lack of effective mechanisms for the protection of personal non-property rights.

Same but different: The latency of a shared expectation signal interacts with stimulus attributes

Predictive coding theories assert that perceptual inference is a hierarchical process of belief updating, wherein the onset of unexpected sensory data causes so-called prediction error responses that calibrate erroneous inferences. Given the functionally specialised organisation of visual cortex, it is assumed that prediction error propagation interacts with the specific visual attribute violating an expectation. We sought to test this within the temporal domain by applying time-resolved decoding methods to electroencephalography (EEG) data evoked by contextual trajectory violations of either brightness, size, or orientation within a bound stimulus. We found that following ∼170 ms post stimulus onset, responses to both size violations and orientation violations were decodable from physically identical control trials in which no attributes were violated. These two violation types were then directly compared, with attribute-specific signalling being decoded from 265 ms. Temporal generalisation suggested that this dissociation was driven by latency shifts in shared expectation signalling between the two conditions. Using a novel temporal bias method, we then found that this shared signalling occurred earlier for size violations than orientation violations. To our knowledge, we are among the first to decode expectation violations in humans using EEG and have demonstrated a temporal dissociation in attribute-specific expectancy violations.

Subsequent risky driving behaviors, recidivism and crashes among drivers with a traffic violation: A scoping review

PurposeDrivers who have committed a traffic violation are a particularly high-risk group, yet studies conducted among this group are scarce. We analyzed and synthesized the current literature concerning subsequent risky driving behaviors, recidivism, and crashes among drivers with a traffic violation. MethodsWe searched PubMed, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), Academic Search Complete, Web of Science, and Scopus for articles published in English between January 1, 1999, and May 31, 2023. A total of 25 articles met the selection criteria and were included in the final analysis. Two coders independently extracted and analyzed the selected articles to identify common categories across the articles, including study design, study population, type of traffic violation, and study outcomes including subsequent driving behaviors, recidivism, and crash risks. ResultsOf the 25 selected articles, 19 (76%) involved both male and female participants. Fourteen (56%) studies were interventions/evaluation studies, with the other 11 (44%) being observational. Nineteen (76%) studies included alcohol-impaired driving violations, and 23 (92%) studies examined recidivism as an outcome measure. Over half of the observational studies demonstrated that traffic offenders were more likely to commit a subsequent traffic violation or had elevated risk of crashes. Most of the intervention/evaluation studies demonstrated a significant reduction in driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol among the study participants. However, such positive effects observed during the active intervention period were not always sustained. ConclusionsTraffic offenders are a high-risk group for subsequent violations and crashes. Evidence from this review calls for more effective interventions implemented following a traffic violation to prevent recidivism, crashes, and crash-related injuries and deaths.

Legal Analysis in the Settlement of SHM Forgery Crimes that Result in Losses to Other Parties is Associated with (Study of Decision Number 252/Pid. B/2015/ PN. PMS) in Indonesia

The purpose of the study was to find out and analyze criminal law studies on forgery of letter evidence and analyze the judge's legal considerations in solving the crime of forgery of Property Rights related to the study of Decision Number 252 / Pid.B / 2015 / PN. This type of research is normative and juridical. The nature of the research used is analytical-descriptive research. This research uses library data collection techniques. Data collection tools are carried out through document studies. The data analysis used in this thesis research is qualitative. The act of forgery is a type of violation of truth and belief with the aim of gaining an advantage for oneself or others. That the form of stamp or stamp code in front of the certificate cover, namely Certificate of Property Rights Number 1525 Bantan Village in the name of Yuniarti, SH, has the code 02.02, which is correct at the office of the National Land Agency of Pematang Siantar City with the code 02.03; Considering that, in accordance with the above considerations, Yuniarti, SH, as the wife of the defendant, has used a letter in the form of a falsified certificate as a credit guarantee to PT Perkreditan Diori.